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EXPERIMENT 6 - All Pass Filter (Phase Shifter)

Under the guidance of Prof. T Laxminidhi

Submitted by:
Gautam Sivakumar(221EC120)
Arjun Singh Tak(221EC110)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SURATHKAL, KARNATAKA – 575025
NOVEMBER 2023
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1. Aim

The aim of this experiment is to design and analyze a μA741 operational amplifier-based all-pass filter,
commonly known as a phase shifter. The primary objectives include understanding the fundamental
principles of all-pass filters and the operational characteristics of the μA741 op-amp, exploring the
frequency response of the filter, and verifying theoretical predictions through practical experiments.
Students will investigate the impact of different resistor and capacitor values on the filter's performance,
analyze noise and distortion effects, and discuss real-world applications of phase shifters. The experiment
aims to provide hands-on experience in designing, building, and testing analog circuits, fostering a deeper
understanding of signal processing concepts and enhancing practical skills in circuit construction and
analysis. Students will document their procedures, results, and critical analysis in a formal report,
consolidating their learning in the realms of analog electronics and signal processing.

2. Circuit Diagram

Phase Lag Circuit

Fig 1.
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Phase Lead Circuit

Fig 2.

3. Theory and Working

An all-pass filter is a type of filter that allows all frequencies to pass through but introduces a varying
phase shift to different frequencies. The key characteristic of an all-pass filter is that it does not affect the
amplitude of the input signal but alters the phase relationship between the input and output signals.

Expressions for Transfer Function, Gain and Phase Angle

Can be obtained by using Superposition theorem

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Fig 3.

Step 1: Considering input at the inverting terminal only

−𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜' = 𝑅1
× 𝑉𝑖𝑛

As 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅1,

𝑉𝑜' = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛

Step 2: Considering input at the non - inverting terminal only

Fig 4.
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𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜'' = [1 + 𝑅1
] × 𝑉𝐴

𝑅 −𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑜'' = [1 + 𝑅
] 𝑅−𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑖𝑛

−2𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑜'' = 𝑅−𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑖𝑛

Step 3: By superposition theorem,

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜' + 𝑉𝑜''

−2𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 + 𝑅−𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑖𝑛

−2𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑜 = [− 1 + 𝑅−𝑗𝑋𝑐
] 𝑉𝑖𝑛

1
But, the reactance of a capacitor is given by 𝑋𝑐 = 2 π𝑓𝐶
,

2
−𝑗 2π𝑓𝐶
𝑉𝑜 = [− 1 + 2π𝑓𝑅𝐶−𝑗 ] 𝑉𝑖𝑛
2π𝑓𝐶
−2𝑗
= [− 1 + −𝑗+2π𝑓𝑅𝐶
] 𝑉𝑖𝑛
−𝑗−2π𝑓𝑅𝐶
= [ −𝑗+2π𝑓𝑅𝐶 ] 𝑉𝑖𝑛

Dividing the numerator and denominator by -j,

2π𝑓𝑅𝐶
1− −𝑗
𝑉𝑜 = 2π𝑓𝑅𝐶 𝑉𝑖𝑛
1+ −𝑗

1
But −𝑗
= 𝑗,

1−𝑗2π𝑓𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑜 = 1+𝑗2π𝑓𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝑜
But, 𝑉𝑖𝑛
= 𝐻(𝑗ω) = 𝐻(𝑠) , and ω = 2π𝑓 ,
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1−𝑗ω𝑅𝐶 1 − 𝑠𝑅𝐶
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐻(𝑗ω) = 1+𝑗ω𝑅𝐶
= 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶

2
1−𝑗ω𝑅𝐶 1+(ω𝑅𝐶)
Therefore, gain = |𝐻(𝑗ω)| = | 1+𝑗ω𝑅𝐶
| = 2
=1
1+(ω𝑅𝐶)

−1 𝑦
Phase angle, ϕ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥

−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (−2π𝑓𝑅𝐶)
Hence, ㄥ −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2π𝑓𝑅𝐶)

−1 −1
ϕ = ㄥ𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− 2π𝑓𝑅𝐶) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2π𝑓𝑅𝐶)

−1 −1
ϕ= − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2π𝑓𝑅𝐶) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2π𝑓𝑅𝐶)

−1
ϕ= − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2π𝑓𝑅𝐶)

−1
ϕ= − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 (ω𝑅𝐶)

Fig 5.

The operational amplifier circuit shown in the above figure implements a single-pole active all-pass filter
that features a low-pass filter at the non-inverting input of the opamp. The filter’s transfer function is
given by:

1−𝑗ω𝑅𝐶 1 − 𝑠𝑅𝐶
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐻(𝑗ω) = 1+𝑗ω𝑅𝐶
= 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶
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It has one pole at -1/RC and one zero at 1/RC (i.e., they are reflections of each other across the imaginary
axis of the complex plane). The magnitude and phase of H(iω) for some angular frequency ω are:

Fig 6.

2
1−𝑗ω𝑅𝐶 1+(ω𝑅𝐶)
|𝐻(𝑗ω)| = | 1+𝑗ω𝑅𝐶
| = 2
=1
1+(ω𝑅𝐶)
−1
ϕ= − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 (ω𝑅𝐶)

The filter has unity-gain magnitude for all ω. The filter introduces a different delay at each frequency and
reaches input-to-output quadrature at ω=1/RC (i.e., phase shift is 90°).

This implementation uses a low-pass filter at the non-inverting input to generate the phase shift and
negative feedback.

● At high frequencies, the capacitor is a short circuit, creating an inverting amplifier (i.e., 180°
phase shift) with unity gain.
● At low frequencies and DC, the capacitor is an open circuit, creating a unity-gain voltage buffer
(i.e., no phase shift).
● At the corner frequency ω=1/RC of the low-pass filter (i.e., when input frequency is 1/(2πRC)),
the circuit introduces a 90° shift (i.e., output is in quadrature with input; the output appears to be
delayed by a quarter period from the input).
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4. Design

Fig 7.

The chosen circuit configuration involves an op-amp with 3 resistors (Rx,Rx,R​) and a capacitor (C​) in the
feedback loop. The input signal (Vin​) is applied to both the inverting and non-inverting pins (pins 2 and 3
respectively), and the output signal (Vout) is taken from the output pin (pin number 6) of the op-amp. This
configuration ensures that the op-amp provides high input impedance and low output impedance.

The selection of Rx, R and C values is critical to achieving the desired filter characteristics. Larger values
of Rx, R and C will result in a lower cutoff frequency and a larger phase shift at lower frequencies.
Careful consideration of the application requirements, desired phase shift range, and the frequency range
of interest guides the choice of these values.

Real-world considerations, such as the availability of standard resistor and capacitor values, op-amp
limitations, and stability, are taken into account during the design process. Practical constraints may
influence the final selection of component values.

Our circuit values will depend on the phase shift we wish to obtain with our filter. As our gain should be
1, we must choose R1 and R2 to have the same value. We choose a resistance of 1kΩ for ease of
availability and convenience. The value of R and C must be calculated from the phase we wish to obtain.
Using the formula,

−1
ϕ= − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2π𝑓𝑅𝐶)

Input signal: 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(4000π𝑡)

π
Desired output: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(4000π𝑡 − 3
)
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π
In our setup, the phase shift is 3
degrees so we plug in our values into the equation and choose R = 4.7kΩ
and C = 0.01µF for their easy availability and convenience.

5. Components and Instruments Required

The components required are as follows:

● 2 1kΩ resistors
● 1 4.7kΩ resistor
● 1 0.01µF capacitor
● 1 µA741 op-amp
● Function Generator
● Digital Storage Oscilloscope
● Probes of an oscilloscope
● DC Power Supply
● Connecting Wires
● Breadboard

Importantly, the selection of resistor and capacitor values in the design of an all-pass filter is contingent
upon the specific phase shift requirements. The experimenter must determine the desired phase shift range
and calculate the corresponding values accordingly. Additionally, practical constraints, such as the
availability of standard resistor and capacitor values, should be considered during the selection process.
The flexibility of the design allows experimenters to adapt the RC values based on the components at
their disposal. Consequently, this adaptability ensures that the design aligns with both theoretical
specifications and the practical constraints of component availability. Ultimately, the careful consideration
of these factors contributes to the successful realization of an all-pass filter tailored to the specific needs
of the experiment or application.

6. Step-by-Step Procedure

Step 1: Define Circuit Configuration: Choose an appropriate circuit configuration for the all-pass filter.
A common choice involves using an operational amplifier (op-amp) with a resistor (R) and a capacitor
(C​) in the feedback loop.

Step 2: Determine Transfer Function: Derive the transfer function of the all-pass filter based on the
chosen circuit configuration. The transfer function for a first-order phase lead all-pass filter is given by:

1−𝑗ω𝑅𝐶 1 − 𝑠𝑅𝐶
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐻(𝑗ω) = 1+𝑗ω𝑅𝐶
= 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶

−π
Step 3: Determine Component Values: Given the desired phase shift of 3
​for an input signal
V=2sin⁡(4000πt), adjust the values of R​and C in the transfer function such that the resulting phase shift
matches the requirement.
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Step 4: Circuit Implementation: Construct the circuit using the calculated resistor and capacitor values.
Ensure proper connections and consider practical aspects such as the availability of standard component
values.

Step 5: Experimental Verification: Apply the input signal 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(4000π𝑡)

to the circuit and measure the output signal. Use an oscilloscope to confirm that the output phase is
π
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(4000π𝑡 − 3
)

Step 6: Frequency Response Analysis: Perform frequency response analysis by applying different
sinusoidal input signals with varying frequencies. Measure the magnitude and phase angle of the output
signal for each frequency. Plot the frequency response graph.

Step 7: Justify Observations: Justify the observations through the transfer function and phase shift
equations. Confirm that the circuit behaves as expected and provides the desired phase shift for the
specified input signal.

Step 8: Phase Lead Circuit: Repeat the entire procedure for a phase lead circuit. The transfer function
for a first-order phase lead all-pass filter is given by:

−(1−𝑗ω𝑅𝐶) −(1 − 𝑠𝑅𝐶)

𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐻(𝑗ω) = 1+𝑗ω𝑅𝐶
= 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶

Compare the results, similarities, and differences between the phase lag and phase lead circuits.

Step 9: Final Analysis and Report: Compile the results, including waveforms, frequency response plots,
and observations. Provide a detailed analysis of the circuit's behavior, and discuss any challenges or
deviations from theoretical expectations. Conclude the experiment with insights into the characteristics of
both phase lag and phase lead all-pass filters.
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. Results and Discussion

Phase Lag Circuit

Fig 8.

Green - Input
Blue - Output

The above figure indicates that a phase lag circuit is present .

For t = 0.1ms when V input = 0.5V then V output =1.9 V.
For t = 0.36ms when V output = 0 and V input =-1.0 V

Phase Lead Circuit

Fig 9.
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Green - Output
Blue - Input

The above figure indicates that a phase lead circuit is present .

For t = 0.1ms when V input = -0.6V then V output =1.9 V.
For t = 0.2ms when V output = 1.2V and V input =-2.0 V

1.The above analysis is a comprehensive report on both types of all pass filters.
2. All pass filters are a signal processing filter that passes all frequencies equally in gain but changes
phase relationship among various frequencies.
3. We obtain the phase relationship using the concepts of superposition principle, non inverting adder in
op amp, voltage division technique.
4. We designed the circuit from the phase frequency relationship enabling us to obtain the value of resistor
and capacitor.

Phase Lag Circuit Table

Frequency(Hz) Gain Time Phase(in degrees)

Difference(in µs) (∆𝑡 × 𝑓 × 360)
100 1.01 98 2.52
200 1.01 88 5.76
500 1.02 83 15.84
1k 1.04 80 34.56
1.5k 1.04 81 34.56
2k 1.08 86 61.92
2.5k 1.04 86 63.46

3k 1.02 78 84.24
4k 1.02 71 102.74
5k 1.04 65 117
Fig. 10
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The above table indicates as the frequency increases the phase also increases. The gain remains constant
as R2=R1. Note that at f = 2kHz the phase is 60 degrees.

Phase Lead Circuit Table

Frequency(Hz) Gain Time Phase(in degrees)

Difference(in µs) (∆𝑡 × 𝑓 × 360)
100 1.01 5.24 ms 88.64
200 1.01 2.60 ms 76.32
500 1.02 1.06 ms 110.16
1k 1.04 612 151.2
1.5k 1.04 420 86.4
2k 1.08 160 58.72
2.5k 1.04 76 57.6

3k 1.02 64 64.8
4k 1.02 60 54.72
5k 1.04 38 57.6

Fig. 11

The above table indicates as the frequency increases the phase also decreases. The gain remains constant
as R2=R1. Note that at f = 2kHz the phase is 60 degrees.

8. References

The below references provided invaluable insight into all pass filters and we would like to thank them

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/all-pass-filters
2. https://www.eeeguide.com/all-pass-filter-design/
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3. http://zakerhaghighi.ir/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Sergio-Franco-Design-With-Operational-Am
plifiers-And-Analog-Integrated-Circuits-McGraw-Hill-Series-in-Electrical-and-Computer-Engine
ering-c2015.pdf
4. https://www.uaudio.com/blog/allpass-filters/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q80nt0Q4ofs