NAME: John Mark G.

Payawal STUDENT ID: 2076971

DEPARTMENT: ICT Convergence Marine Smart City PROFESSOR: 박현우
COURSE TITLE: Introduction to Digital Twin Part 1

Homework - Deriving Almansi strain in terms of displacement.

From the derived Green’s Strain Equation given as,
1 𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑎
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = (𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛼 𝛽 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝑗
where 𝛼 denotes the reference coordinate of “after deformation”, deformation can be expressed as 𝑢(𝑥) =
𝑎(𝑥 ) − 𝑥 which can be written as 𝑢𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 by using indicial notation. This is where the subscript 𝑖 ranges
from 1 to 3 with respect to three dimensions.

1 𝜕𝑎𝛼 𝜕𝑎𝛽
𝑎𝛼 from the equation 𝐸𝑖𝑗 = (𝛿𝛼𝛽 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ) is then expressed as 𝑥𝛼 + 𝑢𝛼 where the subscript 𝑖 is
2 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
switched to 𝛼 that yields a partial derivative with respect to 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑥𝑗 equal to,
1 𝜕(𝑥𝛼 + 𝑢𝛼 ) 𝜕(𝑥𝛽 + 𝑢𝛽 )
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = (𝛿𝛼𝛽 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ).
2 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
Taking 1 as the the partial value of 𝑥𝛼 and 𝑥𝑖 when 𝛼 = 𝑖, we obtain a new equation,
1 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛽 1
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = 𝛿𝛼𝛽 (𝛿𝛼𝑖 + ) (𝛿𝛽𝑗 + ) − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 . Otherwise, it becomes zero.
2 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗 2

Expanding the equation yields to five terms as shown below.

1 𝜕𝑢𝛽 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛽
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = (𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛿𝛼𝑖 𝛿𝛽𝑗 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛿𝛼𝑖 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛿𝛽𝑗 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ).
2 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗

Now using a dummy index:

• The product of 𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛿𝛼𝑖 is equal to 𝛿𝛽𝑖 .
1 𝜕𝑢𝛽 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛽
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = ((𝛿𝛽𝑖 )𝛿𝛽𝑗 + (𝛿𝛽𝑖 ) + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛿𝛽𝑗 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ).
2 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
• The product of 𝛿𝛽𝑖 𝛿𝛽𝑗 is equal to 𝛿𝑖𝑗 .
1 𝜕𝑢𝛽 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛽
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = (𝛿𝑖𝑗 + (𝛿𝛽𝑖 ) + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛿𝛽𝑗 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ).
2 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝜕𝑢𝛽 𝜕𝑢𝑖
• The product of 𝛿𝛽𝑖 is
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗
1 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛽
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = ( + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝛿𝛽𝑗 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 ).
2 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
Following these procedures simplifies the Green Strain 𝐸𝑖𝑗 in terms of displacement 𝑢.
𝟏 𝝏𝒖𝒊 𝝏𝒖𝒋 𝝏𝒖𝜶 𝝏𝒖𝜶
𝑬𝒊𝒋 = ( + + ).
𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝒋 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝝏𝒙𝒋

In small deformation, 𝐸𝑖𝑗 can be expressed as

𝟏 𝝏𝒖𝒊 𝝏𝒖𝒋 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝝏𝒖𝜶 𝝏𝒖𝜶
𝜺𝒊𝒋 = ( + ) where | | ≪ 1 where the higher order form equal to the expression is zero.
𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝒋 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝝏𝒙𝒋

Here, 𝑬𝒊𝒋 = 𝒆𝒊𝒋 = 𝜺𝒊𝒋 making the Green Strain(𝑬𝒊𝒋 ), and Almansi Strain(𝒆𝒊𝒋 ) identical to Cauchy’s
infinitesimal Strain(𝜺𝒊𝒋 ).
The derivation of the Almansi Strain(𝒆𝒊𝒋 ) is done when consider a line segment with end points 𝑥 and 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 as shown.

The strain can be defined in terms of the change in the squared length of the segment—that
is, 𝑑𝑙2 − 𝑑𝑙𝑜2 The squared length of the segment prior to deformation is
𝑑𝑙𝑜2 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖 = 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗 where 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 1, 𝑖 = 𝑗 and 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0 otherwise.

Following the deformation, the coordinates of the end points are ξ and ξ + d ξ. Then, the squared length of
the segment following deformation is
𝑑𝑙𝑜2 = 𝑑ξ𝑚 𝑑ξ𝑚 = 𝛿𝑚𝑚 𝑑ξ𝑚 𝑑ξ𝑛 .

When we can consider the final coordinates to be a function of the initial coordinates ξ𝑖 = ξ𝑖 (𝑥)or,
conversely,the initial coordinates to be a function of the final coordinates 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 (ξ). Adopting the former
approach, for the moment,and writing the total differential 𝑑ξ𝑚 as
𝜕ξ𝑚
𝑑ξ𝑚 = 𝑑x𝑗 , and
𝜕x𝑗
𝜕ξ𝑚 𝜕ξ𝑛
𝑑𝑙2 = 𝛿𝑚𝑛 𝑑x𝑖 𝑑x𝑗
𝜕x𝑖 𝜕x𝑗
Thus, the change in the squared length of the line segment is
𝜕ξ𝑚 𝜕ξ𝑛
𝑑𝑙2 − 𝑑𝑙𝑜2 = 𝛿𝑚𝑛 𝑑x𝑖 𝑑x𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗
𝜕x𝑖 𝜕x𝑗
𝜕ξ 𝜕ξ
𝑑𝑙2 − 𝑑𝑙𝑜2 = (𝛿𝑚𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 )𝑑x𝑖 𝑑x𝑗
𝜕x 𝜕x 𝑖 𝑗
𝒅𝒍𝟐 − 𝒅𝒍𝟐𝒐 = (𝟐𝑬𝒊𝒋 )𝒅𝐱𝒊 𝒅𝐱𝒋 where 𝑬𝒊𝒋 is equal to Green Strain.

Simplifying the equation relates to using the value 𝑬𝒊𝒋 yields to

1 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑗 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛼
𝑑𝑙2 − 𝑑𝑙𝑜2 = 𝑒𝑖𝑗 = (2𝐸𝑖𝑗 )𝑑x𝑖 𝑑x𝑗 = (2(𝐸𝑖𝑗 = ( + + )))𝑑x𝑖 𝑑x𝑗
2 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝟏 𝝏𝒖𝒊 𝝏𝒖𝒋 𝝏𝒖𝜶 𝝏𝒖𝜶
𝒆𝒊𝒋 = ( + − )
𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝒋 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝝏𝒙𝒋