More topics for finite element method

What will be presented

 Direct stiffness method

 Consistent nodal force

 Finite element programming

Dept. of Civil Eng., Dong-A Univ. Structural Analysis Lab.

 Direct stiffness method
Direct stiffness method (1)

 Most common implementation of FEM

 Convenient and efficient for composing global stiffness matrix
because no compatibility and equilibrium matrix are needed.
 The basis for most commercial and free source finite element
software.

 How it works
 Directly add components of element stiffness matrix to the
proper locations in the global stiffness matrix.
 The proper locations are determined by the compatibility
between local degree of freedom of each element and global
degree of freedom.
 Direct stiffness method can be implemented systematically by
using connectivity matrix in which the mapping between local
and global node numbers are provided.

Dept. of Civil Eng., Dong-A Univ. Structural Analysis Lab.

 Example (2D CST elements)
Direct stiffness method (2)

Dept. of Civil Eng., Dong-A Univ. Structural Analysis Lab.

 2-D Isoparametric FE element
Consistent nodal force (1)

 Element system equation in actual coordinate

∫𝑉𝑉 𝑒𝑒 𝐁𝐁 𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇
𝐂𝐂𝐁𝐁𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐮𝐮𝑒𝑒 − ∫𝑉𝑉 𝑒𝑒 𝐍𝐍𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇
𝐛𝐛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑒𝑒 𝐍𝐍𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇
𝐭𝐭𝑑𝑑𝑆𝑆 = 0 ⇒ 𝐤𝐤 𝑒𝑒 𝐮𝐮𝑒𝑒 = 𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒
𝑡𝑡
𝐤𝐤 𝑒𝑒 𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒
where 𝐤𝐤 : element stiffness matrix, 𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒 : consistent nodal force vector
𝑒𝑒

 Element system equation in 2-D natural ξ − 𝜂𝜂 coordinate

1 1 𝑇𝑇 1 1 𝑇𝑇 1 𝑇𝑇
∫−1 ∫−1 𝐁𝐁 𝑒𝑒 𝜉𝜉, 𝜂𝜂 𝐂𝐂 𝐁𝐁 𝑒𝑒 𝜉𝜉, 𝜂𝜂 𝑡𝑡|𝐉𝐉 𝜉𝜉, 𝜂𝜂 |𝑑𝑑𝜉𝜉𝑑𝑑𝜂𝜂 𝐮𝐮𝑒𝑒 − {∫−1 ∫−1 𝐍𝐍𝑒𝑒 𝜉𝜉, 𝜂𝜂 𝐛𝐛 𝑡𝑡 𝐉𝐉 𝜉𝜉, 𝜂𝜂 𝑑𝑑𝜉𝜉𝑑𝑑𝜂𝜂 + ∫−1 𝐍𝐍𝑒𝑒 1, 𝜂𝜂 𝐭𝐭 𝑡𝑡 𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠 1, 𝜂𝜂 𝑑𝑑𝜂𝜂 } = 0 ⇒
𝐤𝐤 𝑒𝑒 𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒
𝐤𝐤 𝑒𝑒 𝐮𝐮𝑒𝑒 = 𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒
where 𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠 𝜂𝜂 = = 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂 𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂

𝐭𝐭

𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒
Natural (intrinsic) coordinate system Actual coordinate system
Dept. of Civil Eng., Dong-A Univ. Structural Analysis Lab.
 2D example for Q8 element
Consistent nodal force (2)

 Example in Week 11 (Q8 element)

 Consistent nodal force /wo body force using 2pts GQ rule
1 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒 = ∫−1 𝐍𝐍𝑒𝑒 1, 𝜂𝜂 𝐭𝐭 𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠 𝜂𝜂 𝑑𝑑𝜂𝜂 ≈ ∑𝐺𝐺𝑃𝑃,𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 𝐍𝐍𝑒𝑒 1, 𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖 𝐭𝐭𝑡𝑡 𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠 1, 𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖
𝑁𝑁1 0 𝑁𝑁2 0 … 0 𝑁𝑁8 0
where 𝐍𝐍𝑒𝑒 = , 𝐭𝐭 = 𝑞𝑞, 0 .
0 𝑁𝑁1 0 𝑁𝑁2 … 𝑁𝑁7 0 𝑁𝑁8
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒
 Note that 𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠 𝜂𝜂 = = 𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑖 =2, 3, 6) with 𝑠𝑠2 = 0, 𝑠𝑠3 = 2 and 𝑠𝑠6 = 1. Therefore,
𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂 𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂 𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁3 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁6 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁
𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠 𝜂𝜂 = 𝑠𝑠2 + 𝑠𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑠6 = 2 3 + 6
𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂 𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂 𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂 𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂 𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜂

Dept. of Civil Eng., Dong-A Univ. Structural Analysis Lab.

 Finite element procedures
Finite element programming (1)

 Overall procedures
 Governing equations in the domain, boundary conditions on the
boundary
 Derive weak form of the G.E. and B.C. by using variational formulation
 Discretize the given domain and boundary with finite elements
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉 1 ⋃𝑉𝑉 2 ⋃ … ⋃𝑉𝑉 𝑛𝑛 , 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆 1 ⋃𝑆𝑆 2 ⋃ … ⋃𝑆𝑆 𝑛𝑛
 Assume approximate displacement by using shape functions and nodal
values of finite elements
𝑢𝑢� 𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒 = 𝐍𝐍 𝑒𝑒 𝐮𝐮𝑒𝑒
 Calculate element stiffness matrix and assemble it by using compatibility

𝐤𝐤 𝑒𝑒 = ∫𝑉𝑉 𝑒𝑒 𝐁𝐁 𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇 𝐂𝐂𝐁𝐁 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝐊𝐊 = ∑𝒆𝒆 𝐤𝐤 𝑒𝑒

 Calculate consistent nodal force and assemble it according to the
equilibrium

𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒 = ∫𝑉𝑉 𝑒𝑒 𝐍𝐍 𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇 𝐛𝐛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑒𝑒 𝐍𝐍 𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇 𝐭𝐭𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝐅𝐅 = ∑𝒆𝒆 𝐟𝐟 𝑒𝑒

𝑡𝑡
 Apply displacement BCs and solve the stiffness equation
 Calculate strain, stress and reaction force

Dept. of Civil Eng., Dong-A Univ. Structural Analysis Lab.

 Schematic flow
Finite element programming (2)

Dept. of Civil Eng., Dong-A Univ. Structural Analysis Lab.