FACAULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

BEE 2106

MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

ASSIGNEMENT 3

BY

BYONABYE MOSES BU/UG/2022/1625

SUBMITED TO

LECTURER: MR BWIRE JOHNBOSSCO

COURSE: BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

YEAR OF STUDY: TWO

SEMESTER: ONE
1(a)
Required
Unknown element at balance

Figure 1 Wien’s Bridge Circuit diagram

From the figure above;
Let
Impedances be given by
𝑗
𝑍1 = 𝑅1 − , 𝑍 = 𝑅2 , 𝑍4 = 𝑅4 … … .∗
𝑤𝐶1 2
And the admittance of the arm 3 is given by
1
𝑌3 = + 𝑗𝑤𝐶3 … … … … … … ∗∗
𝑅1
Using the bridge balance equation
𝑍1 𝑍4 = 𝑍2 𝑍3 … … … … … … … … ∗∗∗
𝑍1 𝑍4
𝑍2 =
𝑍3
But
1
= 𝑌3
𝑍3
Therefore;
𝑍2 = 𝑍1 𝑍4 𝑌3 … … … … … … … ∗∗∗∗
Substuting equation * and ** in ****
𝑍2 = 𝑌3 𝑍1 𝑍4
 𝑗 1
𝑅2 = 𝑅4 {(𝑅1 − ) ( + 𝑗𝑤𝐶3 )}
𝑤𝐶1 𝑅1

𝑅1 𝑅4 𝐽𝑅4 𝐶3 𝑅4
𝑅2 = ( )−( ) + (𝑗𝑤𝐶3 𝑅1 𝑅4 ) + ( )
𝑅3 𝑤𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶1
Therefore;

𝑅1 𝑅4 𝐶3 𝑅4 𝑅4
𝑅2 = ( + )−𝑗( − 𝑤𝐶3 𝑅1 𝑅4 )
𝑅3 𝐶1 𝑤𝐶1 𝑅2

Equating real and imaginary parts

𝑅1 𝑅4 𝐶3 𝑅4
𝑅2 = ( + )
𝑅3 𝐶1

𝑅1 𝐶3
𝑅2 = 𝑅4 ( + )
𝑅3 𝐶1
𝑅2 𝑅1 𝐶3
= +
𝑅4 𝑅3 𝐶1
Equating the imaginary part
𝑅4
− 𝑤𝐶3 𝑅1 𝑅4 = 0
𝑤𝐶1 𝑅2
1 1
= 𝑤𝐶3 𝑅1 ,𝑤 =
𝑤𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶3 𝑅1
1 1
(2𝜋𝑓)2 = , 𝑤2 =
𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶3 𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶3 𝑅1
1
𝑓=
2𝜋√𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶3 𝑅1
1(b)
Precautions to be taken while using a bridge.
1. Proper use of personal protective equipment’s and avoiding to touch the components in order
to minimize accidents
2. Ensure that the capacitor is well grounded to avoid potential shock hazards
3. Keep accurate records of measurements including the frequency at which balance is achieved
to allow for later analysis and verification
4. Be aware of the frequency range of the bridge and select a frequency appropriate for the
component
5. Use stable power supply to provide consistent voltage to the bridge circuit.
Question two
Given;
At room temperature i.e.; (𝑻𝒐 = 𝟐𝟓𝒐 𝒄, 𝑻𝒐 = (𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑) = 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝑲 ) 𝑽 = 𝟐𝑽,

When the thermistor is used 𝑽 = 𝟒𝑽,

𝑽𝑻 = 𝟐𝟎𝑽, 𝑹𝒄 = 𝟏𝑲Ω, 𝜷 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑲, let the voltage across , 𝑹𝒄 be given by , 𝑽𝟐 , internal
resistance of a voltmeter (r) = 100Ω
Required;
The temperature of the measured material (T);

Figure 2 equivalent circuit

Solution
From ohms law 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 , therefore 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑅𝑐 ∗ 𝑟
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅𝑇 + … … (𝑖)
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑟
𝑅𝑐 ∗ 𝑟
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼 {𝑅𝑇 + } … … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑟
𝑉𝑇
𝐼= … … … … … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓

The voltage across , 𝑹𝒄 is given by;

, 𝑽𝟐 = 𝐼𝑹𝒄 … … … … … … … . . (𝒊𝒗)
Substuting equation (iii) into equation (iv) gives
𝑅𝑐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑻
𝑅𝑐
𝟐= 𝟐𝟎
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓
 𝟎. 𝟏𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐 ∗ 𝑟
𝟎. 𝟏 {𝑅𝑇 + } = 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑟
𝑅𝑐 ∗ 𝑟
{𝑅𝑐 − ( ) } = 0.1𝑅𝑇
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑟
0.1𝑟
𝑅𝑐 {1 − ( ) } = 0.1𝑅𝑇
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑟
1 ∗ 103 0.1 ∗ 100
𝑅𝑇 = {1 − ( )}
0.1 1 ∗ 103 + 100
𝑅𝑇 = 9909.09Ω
𝑅𝑇 = 9.90909𝐾Ω
Therefore, at room temperature the resistance of the thermistor will be 𝑅𝑇 = 9.90909𝐾Ω = 𝑅𝑜
When the thermistor is introduced to the material whose temperature is to be measured V= 4V
Therefore;
𝑅𝑐
𝟒= 𝟐𝟎
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝟎. 𝟐𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐 ∗ 𝑟
𝟎. 𝟐 {𝑅𝑇 + } = 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑟
𝑅𝑐 ∗ 𝑟
{𝑅𝑐 − ( ) } = 0.2𝑅𝑇
𝑅𝑐 + 𝑟
1 ∗ 103 0.2 ∗ 100
𝑅𝑇 = {1 − ( )}
0.2 1 ∗ 103 + 100
𝑅𝑇 = 4909.09Ω
𝑅𝑇 = 4.90909𝐾Ω
At the temperature equal to the temperature of the material, the resistance of a thermistor is
𝑅𝑇 = 4.90909𝐾Ω = 𝑅
From;
1 1
𝛽(𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 𝑒 𝑜

1 1
4.90909 = 9.90909𝑒 4000(𝑇−298)
4.90909 1 1
= 𝑒 4000(𝑇−298)
9.90909
Introducing natural logarithm;
 1 1
4000( − )
𝐼𝑛(0.4954) = 𝐼𝑛 {𝑒 𝑇 298 }

𝐼𝑛(0.4954) 1 1
= { − }
4000 𝑇 298
1 𝐼𝑛(0.4954) 1
= +
𝑇 4000 298
𝑇 = 314.454𝐾
𝑇 = 41.454𝑜 𝑐

Question 3
given;
𝑅𝑜 = 10𝐾Ω, at 00 𝐶 = 273 𝐾

𝑅 = 250Ω, at 1000 𝐶 = 373 𝐾

Required;

1) 𝛽 = Constant for the Thermistor material

Solution;
From;

1 1
𝛽(𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 𝑒 𝑜

1 1
250 = 10 ∗ 103 𝑒 𝛽(373−273)
250 𝛽(
1
−
1
)
= 𝑒 373 273
10 ∗ 103
Introducing natural logarithm;
250 1 1
𝐼𝑛 ( 3
)=𝛽 { − }
10 ∗ 10 373 273
101829
𝛽= − (𝐼𝑛 (0.025))
100
𝛽 = 3756.34𝐾
2) New temperature 𝑻𝒏𝒆𝒘
Given;
𝑹𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎Ω,
𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎,

1 1
𝛽(𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑅𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑅𝑜 𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑜
1 1
3 3756.34(𝑇𝑛𝑒𝑤 −273)
150 = 10 ∗ 10 𝑒
Introducing natural logarithm
150 1 1
𝐼𝑛 ( ) = 3756.34 { − }
10 ∗ 103 𝑇𝑛𝑒𝑤 273
1 𝐼𝑛(0.015) 1
= +
𝑇𝑛𝑒𝑤 3756.34 273

𝑻𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝑲

𝑻𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟑𝒐 𝑪

3) Thermistors are temperature dependent resistors, from the above the resistances
change with temperature i.e., the resistance increase with decrease in temperature and
therefore
The resistances are inversely proportional to temperature.