Advanced_Soil_mechanics_Assignment_____2018

Advanced Soil mechanics Assignment 2018
Assignment-1
Braja M. Das
ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 1

Q1. From Advanced Soil Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Braja Das (Solve Problem 6.4, 6.6,
6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.14)
6.4. A25 cm total consolidation settlement of the two clay layers shown in Figure P6.1is expected owing
to the application of the uniform surcharge q. Find the duration after the load application at which 12.5
cm of total settlement would take place.
Given
 2-clay layer
 ST = 25 cm,
 Sd = 12.5 cm
 Cv1 = 0.13cm2/min
 Cv2 = 0.13cm2/min
Solution
Settlement = Uav*ST
12.5 = Uav*25
12.5
Uav= x100
25
Uav= 0.5x100≈ 50%
π Uav% 2
From Terzaghi's suggested that for Uav = 0-50%, Tv= 4( )
100
π 50 3+1.5
Tv = 4(100)2 = 0.1963 , H = =2.25m
2
𝐶𝑣𝑡𝑐 Tv(H/2)2 0.1963x(225cm)2
Tv=(𝐻/2)2, ∴ t = =
𝐶𝑣 (0.13cm2/min)
t = 76463.04min = 1274.38 hours
= 53.1 days…………………… (ANSWER)

6.6. Due to a certain loading condition, the initial excess pore water pressure distribution in a 4-m-thick
clay layer is shown in Figure P6.2. Given that Cv=0.3mm2/s, determine the degree of consolidation after
100 days of load application.
A2
A1
Given
 tc= 100 days,

 H= 4m = 4000mm,
 Cv= 0.3mm2/s
Solution
𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑣𝑡 (0.3( )𝑥100𝑥24𝑥60𝑥60)
TV = (H/2)2 = 𝑠 ⁄ = 0.648
(2000)2
∴ Tv = 0.648
A1 = 100KN/m2 x 4m = 400KN/m
4 𝜋𝑧
A2 = ∑𝑧=4
𝑧=0 ∫0 80 sin 4 dz
4 𝜋𝑧 4 320
= 80x𝜋 (-cos 4 ) = (1+1) = 203.72 KN/m
0 𝜋
For A1, Tv= 0.648 from table 6.1 --------> Uav1 = 83.6% (Constant ui)
For A2, Tv= 0.648 from table 6.1 --------> Uav2 = 79.8% (Sinusoidal ui)
(Uav1A1 + Uav2A2) (83.6∗400+79.8∗203.72)

Uav= =
(A1+A2) (203.72+400)
Uav = 82.3% …..……………… (ANSWER)

6.7 A uniform surcharge of 96kN/m2 is applied at the ground surface of a soil profile, as shown in Figure
below. Determine the distribution of the excess pore water pressure in the 3m thick clay layer after 1 year
of load application. Use the numerical method of calculation given in Sec. 6.4. Also calculate the average
degree of consolidation at that time using the above results.
Given
Let zR = 3m and UR = 0.96
3 𝑈 96 zR 1
So z̅ =3 = 1, U̅ = UR =0.96 = 100, and∆z̅ = = 3 = 0.333
z̅
Cv=9.3 x 103 cm2/yr
Let ∆t = 0.25 yr
Solution
1
(∆z̅)2= 3= 0.333 (∆zR)2
Cv∆t (9.3𝑥(10)3 c𝑚2𝑥0.25𝑦𝑟
∆t̅ = = = 0.0258
(zR)2 (300)2
∆ t̅ 0.0258
= = 0.233< 0.5 ……..ok!!!
(∆z̅ )2 (0.333 )2
For t = 0.25yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(0+100-2(100)) +100 = 76.7
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(100+0-2(100)) +100 = 76.7
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
For t = 0.5yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(0+76.7-2(76.7)) +76.7 = 58.83
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(76.7+0-2(76.7)) +76.7 = 58.83
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
For t = 0.75yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(0+58.83-2(58.83)) +58.83 = 45.12
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(58.83+0-2(58.83)) +58.83 = 45.12
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0

For t = 1.0yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (∆zR)2 (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(0+45.12-2(45.12)) +45.12 = 34.61
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (∆zR)2 (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.233(45.12+0-2(45.12)) +45.12 = 34.61
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
So excess pore water pressure u after 1 year of load application: u = U̅*UR

At z = 0, .….u = U̅*UR = 0*0.96 = 0
At z = 1m, ….u = U̅*UR = 34.61*0.96 = 33.23
At z = 2m, ….u = U̅*UR = 34.61*0.96 = 33.23
At z = 3m, ….u = U̅*UR = 0*0.96 =0 …..……………… (ANSWER)
Average degree of calculation at t = 1 year

𝐶𝑣𝑡𝑐 9.3∗103 ∗1
TV = = = 0.413
(H/2)^2 (300/2)^2
For Tv = 0.413, from table 6.1 --------> Uav1 = 70.7% (Constant ui) …..……………… (ANSWER)
6.8 A two-layered soil is shown in Figure below. At a given time t = 0, a uniform load was applied at the
ground surface so as to increase the pore water pressure by 60kN/m2 at all depths. Divide the soil profile
into six equal layers. Using the numerical analysis method, find the excess pore water pressure at depths
of−3m, 6m,9m, 12m,15m, and −18m at t = 25 days. Use t = 5 days.
Given
Let zR= 18m and UR = 0.60

18 𝑈 60 1
So z̅ = 18 = 1, and U̅ = UR = 0.60 = 100cm2, ∆z̅ = 6 = 0.167
Let ∆t = 5 days
Solution
For layer - 1
Cv∆t 1.1cm2/daysx5days
∆ t̅ (1) = = = 1.698x10-6
(zR)2 (1800)2
∆ t̅ 1.698x10−6
= = 6.088x10-5< 0.5 ……..ok!!!
(∆z̅ )2 (0.167)2
For layer - 2
Cv∆t 4.4cm2/days∗5days
∆ t̅ (1) =
(zR)2
= (1800)2
= 6.79x10-6
∆ t̅ 6.79x10−6
= = 2.435x10-4< 0.5 ……..ok!!!
(∆z̅ )2 (0.167)2

For t = 5days
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (∆zR)2 (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5(0+100-2(100))+100 = 99.99
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5(100+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.5, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (∆zR)2 (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t =2.435x10-4(100+100-2(100))+100 = 100
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.667, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5 (100+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5 (100+0-2(100)) +100 = 99.99
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
For t = 10 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5x(0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 = 99.99
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (99.99+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.5, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 2.435x10-4x (100+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.667, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 2.435x10-4x (100+99.99-2(100)) +100 = 100
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+U̅0,t = 2.435x10-4x (99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 = 99.81
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
For t = 15 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5x(0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 = 99.99
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+U̅0,t = 2.435x10-4 x(99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 = 99.81
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0

For t = 20 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 = 99.99
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅0,t̅ +∆t= (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 2.435x10-4 x(99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 = 99.81
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
For t = 25 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 = 99.99
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅0,t̅ +∆t= (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 2.435x10-4 x(99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 = 99.81
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
So excess pore water pressure u after 25 year of load application: u = U̅*UR
At z = 3m, ….u = U̅*UR = 99.99*0.60 = 59.99

At z = 6m, ….u = U̅*UR = 100*0.60 = 60
At z = 9m, ….u = U̅*UR = 100*0.60 = 60
At z = 12m,….u = U̅*UR = 100*0.60 = 60
At z = 15m,….u = U̅*UR = 99.81*0.60 = 59.89
At z = 18m,….u = U̅*UR = 0*0.60 = 0 …..……………… (ANSWER)

6.9. Refer to Figure below. A uniform surcharge q is applied at the ground surface. The variation of q
with time is shown in Figure P6.5b. Divide the 10-m-thick clay layer into five layers, each 2m thick.
Determine the excess pore water pressure in the clay layer at t = 60 days by the numerical method.
Solution
Let ZR = 10m and UR = 1.5KN/m2

𝑧 10
z̅ = 𝑍𝑟 = 10 = 1
For t = (0 – 10) days U̅ = u/UR = 165/1.5 = 110
For t = (10 – 20) days U̅ = u/UR = 40/1.5 = 26.67
For t = (20 – 30) days U̅ = u/UR = 20/1.5 = 13.33
For t = (30 – 40) days U̅ = u/UR = 10/1.5 = 6.67
Cv∆t
Let ∆z = 2m and ∆t = 10days ∆t̅ = = 2*10-210/102 = 0.002
(rR)2
∆z̅ = 2/10 = 0.2. ………. ∆t̅ /∆z̅2 = 0.02/0.22 = 0.05 < 0.5 ……………….. OK!!
For t = 10 days
At z = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z = 2m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x(0+110-2(110)) +110 = 104.5
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z = 4m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05 x (110+110-2(110)) +110 = 110
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z = 6m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x (110+110-2(110)) +110 = 110
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z = 8m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x (110+0-2(110)) +110 = 104.5
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 10m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0

For t = 20 days U̅ will increase by 26.67
At z = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z = 2m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x(0+110-2(104.5)) +104.5 = 99.55
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 99.55 + 26.67 = 126.22
∆𝑡
At z = 4m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05 x (104.5+110-2(110)) +110 = 109.72
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 109.72 + 26.67 = 136.40
∆𝑡
At z = 6m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x (104.5+110-2(110)) +110 = 109.72
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 109.72 + 26.67 = 136.4
∆𝑡
At z = 8m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x (110+0-2(104.5)) +104.5 = 99.55
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 99.55 + 26.67 = 126.22
At z̅ = 10m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
At z = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
At z = 2m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x(0+136.4-2(126.22)) +126.22 = 120.42
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 120.42 + 13.33 = 133.75
∆𝑡
At z = 4m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05 x (126.22+136.4-2(136.4)) + 136.4 = 135.89
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 135.89 + 13.33 = 149.21
∆𝑡
At z = 6m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x (136.4+126.22-2(136.4)) +136.4 = 135.89
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 135.89 + 13.33 = 149.21
∆𝑡
At z = 8m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x (136.4+0-2(126.22)) +126.22 = 120.42
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 120.42 + 13.33 = 133.75
At z̅ = 10m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
At z = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 127.84 + 6.67 = 134.51
∆𝑡
At z = 4m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t= (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x(133.75+133.75-2(149.21)) + 149.21 = 148.45
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 148.45 + 6.67 = 155.12
∆𝑡
At z = 6m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t= (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x(133.75+133.75-2(149.21)) + 149.21 = 148.45
(∆zR)2

U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 148.45 + 6.67 = 155.12

∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 127.84 + 6.67 = 134.51
At z̅ = 10m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
For t = 50 days
At z = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z = 4m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x(134.51+155.12-2(155.12))+155.12 = 154.01
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z = 6m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+U̅0,t = 0.05x(155.12+134.51-2(155.12))+155.12 = 154.01
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 10m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
For t = 50 days
At z = 0, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z = 4m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+ U̅0,t = 0.05x(128.81+154.01-2(154.01))+154.01 = 152.83
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
At z = 6m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅1,t+ U̅3,t -2U̅0,t)+U̅0,t = 0.05x(154.01+128.81-2(154.01))+154.01 = 152.83
(∆zR)2
∆𝑡
(∆zR)2
At z̅ = 10m, U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 0
Therefore the variation of u with depth at t = 60 days is given by u = U̅*UR
At z = 0m, …..u = U̅*UR = 0*1.5 = 0

At z = 2m, …..u = U̅*UR = 123.63*1.5 = 185.40
At z = 4m, …..u = U̅*UR = 152.83*1.5 = 229.24
At z = 6m,……u = U̅*UR = 152.83*1.5 = 229.24
At z = 8m,……u = U̅*UR = 123.63*1.5 = 185.40
At z = 10m,..…u = U̅*UR = 0*1.5 = 0 …..……………… (ANSWER)

6.10 Refer to Figure below. The uniform surcharge is time dependent. Given q (kN/m2)=2t (days)(for t≤
100 days), and q = 200kN/m2 (for t≥ 100 days), determine the average degree of consolidation for the
clay layer at t = 50 days and t= 1 year. Use Figure 6.8c.
Given
For t ≤ 100 days ---- q (kN/m2) = 2t (days)

For t ≥ 100 days----- q = 200kN/m2
tc = 100days
Cv = 2*10-2m2/day
Ht = H = 10m
Required
Uav @ t = 50 days and t = 1 year
Solution
𝐶𝑣𝑡𝑐
Tc = (H)2 = 0.02*100/102 = 0.02
Uav @ t = 50 days
𝐶𝑣𝑡
Tv = (H)2 = 0.02*50/102 = 0.01
From fig 6.8c for Tc = 0.02 and Tv = 0.01, Uav = 8% …..……………… (ANSWER)
Uav @ t = 1 years
𝐶𝑣𝑡
Tv = (H)2 = 0.02*365/102 = 0.073
From fig 6.8c for Tc = 0.02 and Tv = 0.073, Uav = 25%…..……………… (ANSWER)

Q2. The results of laboratory consolidation test on a clay sample are given below:
Pressure, Void ratio,

P (KN/m2) e
23.940 1.112
47.760 1.105
95.760 1.080
191.520 0.985
383.040 0.850
766.080 0.731
Draw
a. An e-log p plot
b. Determine the pre-consolidation pressure, pc
c. Find the compression index, Cc
Solution
a) An e-log p plot

b) Determine the pre-consolidation pressure, ’c
By using graphical procedure suggested by casagrande, steps are
1. Visually determine the point P

2. Draw horizontal line PQ.
3. Draw tangent line PR at P
4. Draw line PS bisecting the angle QPR.
5. Produce straight line portion of the e-versus logᵟ' plot intersect PS at T.
6. The effective pressure corresponding to point T is pre-consolidation pressure, ’c
Therefore, from the above table chart 𝛔’c ≈ 150 KN/m2 …..……………… (ANSWER)
c) Find compression Index Cc?
From the above table, we have e1, e2, ’1, ’2…. Hence Cc is computed below as:
Δe (e1−e2) (0.90−0.78)
Cc = 𝜎2 = 𝜎2 = 520 = 0.5 …..……………… (ANSWER)
log( ) log( ) log( )
𝜎1 𝜎1 300

Q3. From Advanced Soil Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Braja Das (Solve Problem 8.3, 8.4,
8.7, 8.8, 8.9)
8.4. A rectangular foundation is shown in Figure below, given B = 2m_ L= 4m q = 240kN/m2_ H = 6m,
and Df= 2m.
(a) Assuming E = 3800KN/m2, calculate the average elastic settlement. Use Eq. (8.24).
(b) If the clay is normally consolidated, calculate the consolidation settlement.
Use Eq. (8.35) and sat = 17.5kN/m3, Cc = 0.12, and e0 = 1.1.
Given
B = 2m, L= 4m, Df = 2m, H = 6m

E = 3800KN/m2
sat = 17.5kN/m3, Cc = 0.12, and e0 = 1.1
q̅̅ = 240KN/m2
Solution
a) Average elastic settlement

𝐻 6 𝐿 4
=2 = 3 and =2 = 2 using this two value we read from chart which is Christian and carrier
𝐵 𝐵
1978 we get 𝜇 1 = 0.7 and 𝜇 0 = 0.95
μ1= correction factor finite thickness of elastic soil layer, H, as shown in figure 8.6
μ0= correction factor for depth of embedment of foundation, Df, as shown in figure 8.6 Se(average) =
qB
μ1 μ0 , (𝑣 = 0.5)
E
240KN/m2x2m
Se(average)= 0.7x0.95x = 0.084m = 8.4cm …..……………… (ANSWER)
3800KN/m2
b) Consolidation settlement for NCC

∆eHt
Sc =
1+e0
∆ σav
1
= 6(∆𝜎t +4∆𝜎m+∆𝜎b)
∆σi= q̅̅ {1 − (1| (𝑧 ) 2 + 1) 2}
𝑏 3

∆σm = 240 {1 − (1| (3) 2 + 1) 2} = 101.752 KN/m2

2 3
∆σb = 240 {1 − (1| (6) 2 + 1) 2} = 35.084 KN/m2

2 3
∆σav= 6(240+4(101.75)+35.084)𝜎 ’0 +∆𝜎av 𝜎 ’0

1
∆σav= 113.68 KN/m2

∆e=Cc log(σ’0 + ∆σav)/(σ’0) , σ’0 = 62 (17.5-9.81) = 23.07 KN/m2
∆e=0.12 log(23.07 + 113.68)/(23.07) = 0.09275
0.0928x6
Sc = = 0.265m = 26.5cm …..……………… (ANSWER)
1+1.1
8.7. A permanent surcharge of 100kN/m2 is to be applied on the ground surface of the soil profile shown
in Figure P8.3. It is required to eliminate all of the primary consolidation in 3 months. Estimate the total
surcharge 𝜎 = 𝜎s + 𝜎f needed to achieve the goal.
Given
𝜎f = 100 KN/m2, t= 300 month 𝜎 = 𝜎s + 𝜎f needed to achieve 1502
Solution
tCv
Tv = H2
T 30𝑥3𝑥24𝑥60𝑥13𝑥10−3
v= = 0.7488
(150)2
From fig 8.3 for Tv=0.7488 and U(f+s) ≈0.78
σ’0= 17.3(1.5) + 1.5(19.5-9.81) + 1.5(17.3-9.81) = 51.72 KN/m2
σf 100
= = 1.933
σ’0 51.72
σf σs
From fig 8.25 for U (f+s) ≈0.78 and = 1.93 we get = 0.65
σ’0 σf
∴ σs = 0.65x 𝜎f= 0.65 x 100 = 65 KN/m2
σ = σs + σf = 100+65 = 165 KN/m2 …..……………… (ANSWER)

Q4. It is proposed to construct an overhead tank on a raft foundation of size 8 x 16 m with the
foundation at a depth of 2m below ground level. The subsoil at the site is stiff homogeneous clay
with the water table at the base of the foundation the subsoil is divided into 3 layers and the
properties of each layer are shown given in figure below. Estimate the consolidation settlement
by the Skempton-Bjerrun Method.
Given
Raft foundation 8x16 m

Df = 2m below ground
level
Solution
The average pore pressure coefficient is

0.74+0.83+0.58
A= = 0.7167
3
Layer Log
Hi (m) Po(KN/m2) P(KN/m2) Cc eo Soed(cm)
No
1 5 58.725 123.22 0.18 0.85 0.0973 0.491 0.23
2 6 108.92 58.25 0.16 0.73 0.0925 0.186 0.103
3 5 163.62 39.175 0.13 0.68 0.0773 1.242 0.48
 0.813
σ’o(1) = 2x1.85 + (18.5-9.81)x2.5 = 58.725KN/m2
σ’o(2) = 2x18.5 +5(18.5-9.81) + (19.3-9.81)x3 = 108.92KN/m2

σ’o(3) = 2(18.5) + 5(18.5-9.81) +6(19.3-9.81) + 2.5(20.3-9.81) = 163.62 KN/m2
For H/B = 16/8 = 2, A = 0.72 using this value, from settlement coefficient versus pore pressure
coefficient chart we get 𝛽 = 0.8
Using the following equation fill the table for each layers
∆σt = 150 KN/m2

1
∆σm = 150(1- b )=
[( )2+1]3/2
z
1
σb = 150(1- b )=
[( )2+1]3/2
z
1
σav= 6 (∆σt + 4∆σm + σb)
Cc Po+∆p
Soe = Hi Log
1+eo Po
Sc= 𝛽Soe= 0.72 x 81.30 cm = 58.54cm …..……………… (ANSWER)

Q5. A footing of size 10x10 m is founded at a depth of 2.5 m below ground level on sand
deposit. The water table is at the base of the foundation. The saturated unit weight of soil from
ground level to a depth of 22.5 m is 20 KN/m3. The compressible stratum of 20 m below the
foundation base is divided into three layers with corrected SPT values (N) and CPT values (qc)
constant in each layer as given below
Layer No Depth from foundation level (m) Ncor(av) qc (av) MPa
From To
1 0 5 20 8
2 5 11 25 10
3 11 20 30 12
Compute the settlement by Schemertmann’s method.
Assume the net contact pressure at the base of the foundation is equal to 70 KPa and t= 10 years
Solution
𝛾s=20KN/m2
0
s =20KN/m2
2.5
11
20
P0 = effective average overburden pressure at depth below ground level.

𝐵 10
20KN/m2 x 2.5 + (20KN/m2–9.8KN/m2)x20 = =[2+ ] = [2+ ] = 7m
2 2
P’0= 20KN/m2 x 2.5 + (20KN/m2–9.8KN/m2)x20 = 253.8 KN/m2

The depth of the compressibility layer = 2B = H = 20m.
P’0 253.8
Influence factorΙz(max= 0.5 + 0.1√ = 0.5 + 0.1√ = 0.553
qn 70

qn = 70 Kpa
4
B/2=5
6
10
12
14
16
18
2B= 20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
𝑞0 2.5𝑥20
C1 = 1- 0.5 qn = 1- 0.5 = 0.643
70
𝑡 10
C2 = 1+0.2log0.1 = 1+0.2log0.1 = 1.4
Es = 4qc for qc<10MPa

Es = (2qc + 20) for 10<qc< 50Iz∆z
𝐼𝑧∆𝑧
Layer No ∆z(cm) q(mpa) Es(mpa) Iz (av)
𝐸𝑠
1 5 8 32 0.35 0.0547
2 6 10 40 0.55 0.0825
3 9 12 44 0.45 0.0921
Total 0.229m
Then substituting in the equation for settlement S, we have
I ∆z
Se = C1C2qn ∑ zE = 0.643x1.4x0.07x22.9 = 1.443cm = 14.43mm …..……………… (ANSWER)
s

Q6. Square rigid footing of size 10x10m is founded at a depth of 2m below ground level. The
type of strata met at the site is
Depth below G.L (m) Type of soil

0 to 5 Sand
5 to 7m Clay
Below 7m Sand
The water table is at the base level of the foundation. The saturated unit weight of soil above the
foundation base is 20 KN/m3. The coefficient of volume compressibility of clay, mv, is
0.0001m2/KN, and the coefficient of consolidation Cv is 1 m2/year. The total contact pressure qn
= 100KN/m2.
Compute primary consolidation settlement.
Given
mv= 0.0001 m2/KN

Cv= 1m2/year
qn = 100KN/m2
First calculate effective stress at the middle of in each layer
𝜎’o(1)= 2x10.19 +5x10.19 + 0.5x10.19 = 76.43KN/m2

𝜎’o(2)= 76.43 + 1(10.19) = 86.62KN/m2
Then let us calculate excessive pressure ∆𝜎’0 + ∆𝜎’1
1 1
∆𝜎1 = q(1- 𝑏 ) = 100(1- 5 ) = 54.66KN/m2
[( )2+1]3/2
𝑧 [(6
)2+1]3/2
1
∆𝜎2 = 100(1- 5 ) = 46.12KN/m2
[(7)2+1]3/2
∆𝜎’0 + ∆𝜎’1
∆e =Cclog ∆𝜎’0
Layer No H(cm) (Mpa) e

(m)
1 1 76.43 0.096 0.046
2 1 86.62 0.076 0.036
Total 0.082

Assignment-2
Mid Exam

Q1. Explain in detail the components of settlement and different methods to determine
settlements. Choose the best method for clay soils.
 Components of settlement
Immediate Settlement: Occurs immediately after the construction. This is computed using elasticity
theory (Important for Granular soil)
Primary Consolidation: Due to gradual dissipation of pore pressure induced by external loading and
consequently expulsion of water from the soil mass, hence volume change.
(Important for Inorganic clays)
Secondary Consolidation: Occurs at constant effective stress with volume change due to rearrangement
of particles. (Important for Organic soils)
 Different methods to determine settlements
A. Immediate settlement
I. Elastic settlement: H H
     s  x   s  y  dz
1
Se    z dz  z
0
Es 0
II. Strain Influence Factor Method for Sandy Soil: Schmertmann and Hartman (1978):
z2
Se  C1C2  q   D f  
Iz
z
0 Es
III. Burland and Burbidges method for sandy soils:

B. Primary Consolidation Settlement
C. Secondary Consolidation Settlement
 Choose the best method for clay soils.
Secondary consolidation settlement is more important in case of organic and highly-compressible

inorganic clays.

Q2. Derive the basic differential equation for one dimensional consolidation which was
developed by Terzaghi's (1943)? Use all necessary steps
Solution
𝜕𝑣
Rate of change of volume of soil element is =(𝑞𝑧 + 𝑑𝑞𝑧 ) − 𝑞𝑧 = 𝜕𝑡
where 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑞𝑧 - is flow rate = 𝑘𝑧 𝑖𝑧 𝐴𝑧 and 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕ℎ 𝜕2 ℎ 𝜕ℎ
Therefore (𝑞𝑧 + 𝑑𝑞𝑧 ) − 𝑞𝑧 = 𝑘 (𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕2 ℎ 𝑢
= 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 2
, but h- is pressure head = then
𝜕𝑡 𝛾𝑤
𝜕𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑣
= 𝑘𝛾 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 , but during one dimensional consolidation or compressibility of soil, = ,
𝜕𝑡 𝑤 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑣
but 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑠 𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑠 =
1+𝑒
𝜕𝑣𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑘 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝑡 𝛾𝑤 𝜕𝑧2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑣 𝜕𝑒 𝑘 𝜕2 𝑈
= 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 but 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑒 𝜕𝑡 𝛾𝑤 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑒 𝑘 𝜕2 𝑈
= 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
1+𝑒 𝜕𝑡 𝛾 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑤
1 𝜕𝑒 𝑘 𝜕2 𝑈
= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑒 = −𝑎𝑣 𝜕(∆𝜎 ′ ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝜎 ′ = 𝑢
1+𝑒 𝜕𝑡 𝛾𝑤 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑎𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝑘 𝜕2 𝑈 𝑎𝑣
= 𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣 then
1+𝑒 𝜕𝑡 𝛾𝑤 𝜕𝑧 2 1+𝑒
𝑘 𝜕2 𝑈 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑘 𝜕2 𝑈 𝑘
= 𝑚𝑣 ↔ = but 𝑐𝑣 = then substitute 𝑐𝑣 in equation
𝛾𝑤 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝒌𝝏𝟐 𝒖
→ = 𝒄𝒗 = ... is differential equation of 1D-Consolidation developed by Terzaghi
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒛𝟐 𝒎𝒗 𝜸𝒘 𝝏𝒛𝟐

Q3. Laboratory test on a 25mm thick clay specimen drained at both top and bottom show
that 45% consolidation (Tv=0.4) takes place in 8.5minutes. How long it takes for a similar
clay layer in the field, 4m thick but drained at the top only, to undergo 65% consolidation
(Tv=0.34)
Solution
From Terzaghi's suggestion the consolidation Time unit less is equal at the field and in the lab
(𝑐𝑣 𝑡)𝑙𝑎𝑏 (𝑐𝑣 𝑡)𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

𝑇𝑣(𝑙𝑎𝑏) = 2 = 𝑇𝑣(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) = 2 then calculate the value of time (𝑡)𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐻𝑑𝑟(𝑙𝑎𝑏) 𝐻𝑑𝑟(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
a) Time for 45% consolidation at field

2
(𝑐𝑣 )𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐻𝑑𝑟(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) 2
(𝑐𝑣 )𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐻𝑑𝑟(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
= 2 (𝑐𝑣 )𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
therefore 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 2 (𝑐𝑣 )𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
*𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐻𝑑𝑟(𝑙𝑎𝑏) 𝐻𝑑𝑟(𝑙𝑎𝑏)
where (𝑐𝑣 )𝑙𝑎𝑏 = (𝑐𝑣 )𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 are 45%
8.5𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ (4000mm)2
𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 45% = = 8.704 ∗ 105 min
(12.5𝑚𝑚)2
𝒕𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝟒𝟓% = 1.656 years…..……………… (ANSWER)
b) Time for 65% consolidation at field

(𝑐𝑣 𝑡)45%
𝑇𝑣(45%) 2
𝐻𝑑𝑟 2
= (𝑐𝑣 𝑡)65% = 𝑐𝐻𝑣𝑡245 𝐻𝑑𝑟
𝑇𝑣(65%) 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑐𝑣 𝑡65
𝐻𝑑𝑟
𝑇𝑣(45%) 𝑡45% 𝑡45% 𝑇𝑣(65%)

= then 𝑡65% =
𝑇𝑣(65%) 𝑡65% 𝑇𝑣(45%)
0.34∗1.656
𝑡65% = 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 3.754 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
0.15
𝒕𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝟔𝟓% = 3.754 years…..……………… (ANSWER)

Q4. Consider the case of initial excess pore water that is constant with depth i.e. Ut=Uo. For
Tv=0.4. Determine the degree of consolidation at a depth H/3 measured from the top of the
layer.
Solution
𝑻𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝒁 = 𝑯/𝟑 and 𝑼𝒕 = 𝑼𝟎 but

2 𝑀𝑍 2𝑇 )
𝑈𝑎𝑣 = 1 − ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑀 sin 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑀 𝑣 Where 𝑀 = (2𝑚 + 1)𝜋/2 and
𝐻
𝑚 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … … . ∞
Let’s prepare a tabular form for more clarity
Sin 𝟐 𝑴𝒁
𝟐𝑻 𝟐
Step Tv Z/H M M MZ/H 2/M (MZ/H 𝒆𝒙𝒑(−𝑴 𝒗)
𝑴
𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝑯
𝒆𝒙𝒑(−𝑴 𝑻𝒗)
)
1 0.4 1/3 0 1.6 0.52 1.27 0.50 0.3730809 0.237521883
2 0.4 1/3 1 4.7 1.57 0.42 1.00 0.00014 5.94615E-05
3 0.4 1/3 2 7.9 2.62 0.25 0.50 1.973E-11 2.51885E-12
𝟐 𝑴𝒁 (−𝑴𝟐 𝑻𝒗 )
∑∞
𝒎=𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆𝒙𝒑 = 0.237581345
𝑴 𝑯
Note in the above table we need not go beyond m=3, since the expiration in step 3 is negligible for m ≥ 3
Therefore the value of Uav is calculated from the table above

2 𝑀𝑍 2𝑇 )
𝑈𝑎𝑣 = 1 − ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑀 sin 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑀 𝑣
𝐻
𝑈𝑎𝑣 = 1 −0.237581345 = 0.762418655
Uav = 0.7624
Uav = 76.24% …..……………………………..……… (ANSWER)

Q5. A square footing of size 8*8m at a depth of 2m below the ground surface in loose to
medium dense sand with qn =120KN/m2 (net contact pressure at the base of foundation ),
standard penetration tests conducted at the site give the following corrected N60 Values. The
water table is at the base of foundation. The saturated unit weight of soil from ground level
to depth of 18m is 16.5KN/m3.
Use the Equation Es = 250 (Avg Ncor +15) for computing the modulus of Elasticity of the sand. Assume
µ=0.3 and the depth of the compressible layer =2B= 16m (=H)
Estimate the elastic settlement by Schmetmann's method by making use of the relationship qc = static
cone penetration value in kg/cm2. Assume settlement is required at the end of 3 years.
Layer No. Depth from (m) Foundation level Average

From To Ncor
1 2 5 9
2 5 11 12
3 11 18 17
Solution
𝑰
𝑺𝒆 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 (𝒒) ∑ 𝑬𝒛 ∆𝒁
𝒒 𝒕
Where 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓 ( 𝒒𝟎 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟎.𝟏)
First calculate the value of Iz at the middle of each layer and ∆Z
𝒒 𝟎.𝟓
𝑰𝒛(𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌) = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏 (𝝈 ) q is net pressure =120KN/m3
𝟎
where 𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘) = 0.5𝐵 = 0.5 ∗ 8 = 4𝑚 then determine the stress at Z peak
𝜎𝑜(𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘) = (2 + 4) ∗ 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝐾𝑁
= (2 + 4) ∗ 16.5 𝑚3 = 6 ∗ 16.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝑜(𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘) = 𝟗𝟗𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐 and 𝑞0 = 16.5 ∗ 2 = 33𝑘𝑛/𝑚2
𝐼𝑧 = 0.1 𝑎𝑡 𝑍 = 0
120 0.5
𝐼𝑧(𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘) = 0.5 + 0.1 ( 99 ) = 0.647
𝑰𝒛(𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟕
𝐼𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑍 = 𝑍𝑜 = 2𝐵
Using the above value of Iz and draw the diagram to determine the Iz at the middle of each layer
Layer Depth in m from Average Es=250( Ncor +15)

foundation level Ncor
1 2m-5m 9 6000
2 5m-11m 12 6750
3 11m-18m 17 8000

qn=120 KN/m2
Df =2m
IZ
E=6000Mpa 1
3
2
E=6750Mpa
4 B/2=5
3
E=6750Mpa
4
E=8000Mpa
16
0 0.1 0.647= Iz(peak)
2B=Z0=16m
Using the Tabular form calculate the value of E from the given equation (𝐸𝑠 = 250(Avg 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑟 + 15) and
the value of Iz at the middle of each layer from the above diagram.
Layer Average Es (Kpa) ∆Z Iz 𝐼𝑧

Ncor (m) ∆𝑧
𝐸
1 9 6000 3m 0.305125 0.0001526
2 9 6000 1m 0.578625 9.644E-05
3 12 6750 5m 0.51221 0.0003794
4 17 8000 7m 0.18871 0.0001651
𝐼
∑ 𝑧 ∆𝑧 =0.0007935
𝐸
𝑰
𝑺𝒆 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 (𝒒) ∑ 𝑬𝒛 ∆𝒁
𝑞 33
Where 𝐶1 = 1 − 0.5 ( 𝑞0 ) = 1 − 0.5(120) =0.8625 and
𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 = 1 + 0.2 log (0.1)=1.295424
𝐼
𝑆𝑒 = 𝐶1 𝐶2 (𝑞) ∑ 𝐸𝑧 ∆𝑍 = 0.8625 ∗ 1.295 ∗ 120 ∗ 0.0007935
𝑺𝒆 =0.106394m =106.394mm …..……………………………..……… (ANSWER)

Assignment-3
Final Exam

Q1. A 5-m-thick clay layer, drained at the top only, has some sand drains. A uniform
surcharge is applied at the top of the clay layer. Calculate the average degree of
consolidation for combined vertical and radial drainage after 100 days of load application,
given Cvr= Cv= 4mm2/ min, de = 2m, and rw= 0.2m. Use the equal-strain solution.
Solution
Given
𝐻𝑑𝑟 = 5𝑚 ,𝑡 = 100 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠, 𝐶𝑣𝑟 = 𝐶𝑣 = 4𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑖𝑛, 𝑑𝑒 = 2𝑚, 𝛾𝑤 = 0.2𝑚
𝑈𝑣𝑟 = 1 − (1 − 𝑈𝑟 )(1 − 𝑈𝑣 )
𝐶𝑣 𝑡
First calculate for Vertical drainage Tv , 𝑇𝑣 = 2
𝐻𝑑𝑟
4𝑚𝑚2 ∗24∗60∗100𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑇𝑣 = (5000𝑚𝑚)2
= 0.02304
𝐶𝑣𝑟 𝑡
Calculate Radial drainage of Tr where 𝑇𝑟 = 2
𝑑𝑒
2
4𝑚𝑚 ∗ 24 ∗ 60 ∗ 100 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑟 = = 0.144
(2000𝑚𝑚)2
𝑻𝒓 = 0.144
Then calculate the radial consolidation and vertical degree of consolidation
Radial Degree of consolidation Ur
−8𝑇 𝑛2 3𝑛2 −1
𝑈𝑟 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( 𝐹(𝑛)𝑟 ) where 𝐹(𝑛) = 𝑛2 −1 𝑙𝑛(𝑛) − 4𝑛2
𝑟 𝑑𝑒 2𝑚
but 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 = = = 1𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑤 = 0.2𝑚
𝑤 2 2
1𝑚
then 𝑛 = 0.2𝑚 = 5
52 3∗52 −1 25 74
Therefore 𝐹(𝑛) = 52 −1 𝑙𝑛(5) − = 𝑙𝑛(5) − 100
4∗52 24
𝑭(𝒏) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟓
−8 ∗ 0.144
𝑈𝑟 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) = 0.708
0.9365
𝑼𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟖
Then calculate the vertical degree of consolidation using table 6.1 or the below formula
2
𝑈𝑧 = 1 − ∑∞ 2
𝑚=0 𝑀2 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑀 𝑇𝑣 ) using the tabular form calculate Uz
M M 2 where 𝑀 = (2𝑚 + 1)𝜋/2 where m= 0,1,2,3,4...... ∞
𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑀2 𝑇𝑣 )
𝑀2
0 𝜋/2 0.766596
1 3𝜋/2 0.054077
2 5𝜋/2 0.007847 for m≥4 the value is almost negligible
2
3 7𝜋/2 0.001024 𝑈𝑧 = 1 − ∑∞ 2
𝑚=0 𝑀2 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑀 𝑇𝑣 ) = 1 − 0.829645
4 9𝜋/2 0.000101
𝑼𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕
∑∞
𝒎=𝟎 = 0.829645
Now calculate the 𝑈𝑣𝑟
𝑈𝑣𝑟 = 1 − (1 − 𝑈𝑟 )(1 − 𝑈𝑣 )
𝑈𝑣𝑟 = 1 − (1 − 0.17)(1 − 0.708) = 0.758
𝑼𝒗𝒓 = 0.758 = 75.8% …..……………………………… (ANSWER)

Q2. Figure 1 represents a steady state one dimensional seepage situation in which the
upstream and downstream water levels are maintained constant. The container in which
the soil (permeability K=1.2*10-5m/sec, and porosity n=0.2) has been placed consists of two
sections having different diameters. The area of upper (AU) and Lower (AL) sections are
28cm2 and 14cm2 respectively.
a) Determine the rate of seepage flow through the soil.
b) Calculate the actual velocity of the flow through the upper section of the soil.
c) Plot the total head, pressure Head and elevation head along the tube.
(Hint; Firstly it is necessary to establish an arbitrary datum from which the elevation head may be
measured. Let this datum be located a distance of 4cm below the lower boundary of the soil.)
Solution
a) the rate of seepage flow through the soil is 𝑞 = 𝑘𝐴𝑖

Where A & i is vary for the given soil sample but the rate of seepage is equal in the upper and lower.
∆𝐻
i.e. 𝑞𝑢𝑝 = 𝐴𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑢𝑝 𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 = 𝐿
𝑢𝑝
∆𝐻
= 𝐴𝑢𝑝 𝑘 𝐿
𝑢𝑝
but from continuity of equation the flow of rate are equal for inflow and outflow
∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤
so, 𝑞𝑢𝑝 = 𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑤 → 𝐴𝑢𝑝 𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑘𝑙𝑜𝑤 but 𝒌𝒍𝒐𝒘 =
𝐿𝑢𝑝 𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝒌𝒖𝒑 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠

∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤
then from the above equation find ∆𝐻𝑢𝑝
∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐿 ∗𝐴𝑢𝑝 28𝑐𝑚2 ∗20𝑐𝑚

= 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∗𝐿 = 14𝑐𝑚2 ∗16𝑐𝑚
∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑝
∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤
= 2.5 then ∆𝑯𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ ∆𝑯𝒖𝒑 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝒆𝒒𝟏
∆𝐻𝑢𝑝
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 but
ℎ𝑒 = 44𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝑝 = 20𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝑡 = ℎ𝑒 + ℎ𝑝 = 44𝑐𝑚 + 20𝑐𝑚 = 𝟔𝟒𝒄𝒎
𝒉𝒕 = 𝟔𝟒𝒄𝒎 but ∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤 + ∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤 + ∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 = 64𝑐𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞1 𝑛𝑜𝑤 where ∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2.5∆𝐻𝑢𝑝
2.5∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 + ∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 = 64𝑐𝑚 → 3.5∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 = 64𝑐𝑚

64𝑐𝑚
∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 = = 18.29𝑐𝑚 → ∆𝑯𝒖𝒑 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟗𝒄𝒎
3.5
∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2.5∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 = 2.5 ∗ 18.29 → ∆𝑯𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝒄𝒎
∆𝑯𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝒄𝒎
from this, now we calculate the value of q rate of seepage flow

∆𝐻𝑢𝑝 18.29𝑐𝑚
Where 𝑞𝑢𝑝 = 𝑘𝐴𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑢𝑝 , 𝑖𝑢𝑝 = =
𝐿𝑢𝑝 16𝑐𝑚
18.29𝑐𝑚
𝑞𝑢𝑝 = 1.2 ∗ 10−5 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ 28𝑐𝑚2 = 38.41 ∗ 10−3 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
16𝑐𝑚
∆𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑤 45.71𝑐𝑚
𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑘𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤 , 𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤 = =
𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑤 20𝑐𝑚
45.71𝑐𝑚
𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 1.2 ∗ 10−5 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ 14𝑐𝑚2 = 38.41 ∗ 10−3 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
20𝑐𝑚
therefore 𝒒𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝒒𝒖𝒑𝒑 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄........................................Answer
b) Calculate the actual velocity of flow through upper soil 𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑

𝑉𝑢𝑝𝑝
𝑽𝒔(𝒖𝒑𝒑) = 𝑛
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 𝑘𝑖𝑢𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 0.2 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙

18.29𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 𝑘𝑖𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 1.2 ∗ 10−5 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ = 1.372 ∗ 10−5 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
16𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑝𝑝 1.372𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑽𝒔(𝒖𝒑𝒑) = = = 6.86 ∗ 10−5 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑛 0.2
𝑽𝒔(𝒖𝒑𝒑) = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄 .............................................................................Answer
c) Calculate the total head, elevation head and pressure head

the total head= 64cm
ℎ𝑝 = 20𝑐𝑚, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
ℎ𝑒 = 44𝑐𝑚
The head at the junction of upper and lower soil is, let it say B
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡 − ℎ𝑢𝑝𝑝
ℎ𝐵 = 64𝑐𝑚 − 45.71𝑐𝑚 = 18.21𝑐𝑚

18.21+64𝑐𝑚
and let it say the center of upper ℎ𝐷 = = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎
2
The pore water pressure at the junction

9.81𝐾𝑁
𝑈𝐵 = 41.15𝑐𝑚 ∗ = 0.4115 ∗ 9.81𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝑚3
𝑼𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝑲𝒑𝒂 Then plot using the value of 𝒉𝒕 , 𝒉𝒆 , 𝒉𝒑 , 𝒉𝑩 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝑫

Q3. In a material with a Poisson ratio of µ=0.33, how much stiffer is material if its sides are
constrained (not allowed to move in or out)?
Solution
When the side is constrained means 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
∈𝑥 =∈𝑦 = 0, 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 𝑏𝑢𝑡 ≠ 0
1
∈𝑥 = 𝐸 (𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ))
1
0 = 𝐸 [𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣𝜎𝑧 ] but 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
1
0 = 𝐸 [𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣𝜎𝑧 ] → 0 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣𝜎𝑧
𝜎𝑥 𝑣
𝑣𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥 (1 − 𝑣) → = (1−𝑣) 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑘0
𝜎𝑧
𝑣 0.33
Then calculate the stiffness using the above equation 𝑘0 = (1−𝑣) = 1−0.33
𝒌𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟓 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟐𝟓% ............................................................Answer

Q4. Two identical samples of clay are isotropically normally compressed to an all round effective
pressure of 200 Kpa and are then allowed to swell back to an effective isotropic pressure of 100
Kpa. The first sample is then subjected to standard drained compression test. What is the deviator
stress at failure and what is the volumetric strain experienced by the sample at failure? The second
sample is subjected to a standard undrained compression test. What are the deviator stress and
pore pressure at failure, if there is initially a back pressure of 100 Kpa?
Assume that the soil has the following critical state properties;
𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓, 𝝀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓 , 𝜞 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔, 𝜿 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔, and N= 2.12.
Solution


𝑬
Q5. Derive the relationship for Bulk modulus (B); 𝑩 = , show all necessary steps and
𝟑(𝟏−𝟐𝝁)
assumptions.
Solution
𝜎
From initial bulk modulus 𝐵 = ∈ 0
𝑉𝑜𝑙
1 1
Where ∈𝑉𝑜𝑙 =∈𝑥 +∈𝑦 +∈𝑧 and ∈𝑥 = 𝐸 (𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )) , ∈𝑦 = 𝐸 (𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 ))
1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∈𝑧 = (𝜎 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑥 ))
𝐸 𝑧
But for isotropic and homogeneous soils 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∈𝑥 =∈𝑦 =∈𝑧
So ∈𝑉𝑜𝑙 =∈𝑥 +∈𝑦 +∈𝑧 = 3 ∈𝑥 = 3 ∈𝑦 = 3 ∈𝑧
𝜎0 𝜎 1
Therefore 𝐵 = ∈ = 3∈0 where ∈= 𝐸 (𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎0
𝑉𝑜𝑙
𝜎0 𝜎0
= 1 = 1
3 (𝜎0 −𝑣(𝜎0 +𝜎0 )) 3 (𝜎0 −𝑣(2𝜎0 ))
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎0 𝜎0 𝜎0
= 1 = 1 = 3
3 (𝜎0 −𝑣(2𝜎0 )) 3 (𝜎0 −𝑣2𝜎0 ) 𝜎 (1−2𝑣)
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 0
𝑬
𝑩= ............................................................Answer
𝟑(𝟏−𝟐𝒗)

Q6. Traxial test data for the soil sample collected from Ayer Tena area given below in
Table. The cell pressure (sc) = 300KPa and it was zero before application. The initial height
of the sample (Lo) = 100cm.
L (cm) 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 15 20

 300 500 720 920 1050 1200 1250
U 120 150 150 120 80 10 -60
Estimate:
a. The value of B (Skempton pore pressure parameter), state where the sample is saturated or not
b. Plot deviator stress Vs strain
c. Plot A Vs strain
Solution
a. Skempton pore pressure parameter, B
B =U/ …..……………………………… (ANSWER)
b. Deviator stress Vs strain
Strain (L/Lo
Deviator stress = 
Strain 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.15 0.2

q 200 420 620 750 900 950
1000
900
800
700
Deviatoric stress
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225
Strain

c. “A” Vs Strain
A = A’/B, A’ = U
L (cm) 2.5 5 7.5 10 15 20

Strain( 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.15 0.2
U 30 30 0 -40 -110 -180
 200 420 620 750 900 950
A' 0.15 0.07 0.00 -0.05 -0.12 -0.19
A 0.38 0.18 0.00 -0.13 -0.31 -0.47
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
A
-0.10 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
-0.50
-0.60
Strain

Advanced_Soil_mechanics_Assignment_____2018

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Advanced Soil mechanics Assignment 2018

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 1

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 2

 tc= 100 days,

(Uav1A1 + Uav2A2) (83.6∗400+79.8∗203.72)

Uav = 82.3% …..……………… (ANSWER)

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 3

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 4

So excess pore water pressure u after 1 year of load application: u = U̅*UR

Average degree of calculation at t = 1 year

Let zR= 18m and UR = 0.60

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 5

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 6

So excess pore water pressure u after 25 year of load application: u = U̅*UR

At z = 3m, ….u = U̅*UR = 99.99*0.60 = 59.99

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 7

Let ZR = 10m and UR = 1.5KN/m2

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 8

For t = 20 days U̅ will increase by 26.67

For t = 30 days U̅ will increase by 13.33

For t = 40 days U̅ will increase by 6.67

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 9

U̅0,t̅ +∆t = 148.45 + 6.67 = 155.12

Therefore the variation of u with depth at t = 60 days is given by u = U̅*UR

At z = 0m, …..u = U̅*UR = 0*1.5 = 0

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 10

For t ≤ 100 days ---- q (kN/m2) = 2t (days)

Uav @ t = 50 days and t = 1 year

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 11

Pressure, Void ratio,

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 12

b) Determine the pre-consolidation pressure, ’c

By using graphical procedure suggested by casagrande, steps are

1. Visually determine the point P

c) Find compression Index Cc?

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 13

B = 2m, L= 4m, Df = 2m, H = 6m

a) Average elastic settlement

b) Consolidation settlement for NCC

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 14

∆σm = 240 {1 − (1| (3) 2 + 1) 2} = 101.752 KN/m2

∆σb = 240 {1 − (1| (6) 2 + 1) 2} = 35.084 KN/m2

∆σav= 6(240+4(101.75)+35.084)𝜎 ’0 +∆𝜎av 𝜎 ’0

∆σav= 113.68 KN/m2

𝜎f = 100 KN/m2, t= 300 month 𝜎 = 𝜎s + 𝜎f needed to achieve 1502

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 15

Raft foundation 8x16 m

The average pore pressure coefficient is

σ’o(1) = 2x1.85 + (18.5-9.81)x2.5 = 58.725KN/m2

σ’o(2) = 2x18.5 +5(18.5-9.81) + (19.3-9.81)x3 = 108.92KN/m2

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 16

σ’o(3) = 2(18.5) + 5(18.5-9.81) +6(19.3-9.81) + 2.5(20.3-9.81) = 163.62 KN/m2

∆σt = 150 KN/m2

Sc= 𝛽Soe= 0.72 x 81.30 cm = 58.54cm …..……………… (ANSWER)

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 17

Layer No Depth from foundation level (m) Ncor(av) qc (av) MPa

Compute the settlement by Schemertmann’s method.

P0 = effective average overburden pressure at depth below ground level.

P’0= 20KN/m2 x 2.5 + (20KN/m2–9.8KN/m2)x20 = 253.8 KN/m2

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 18

Es = 4qc for qc<10MPa

Then substituting in the equation for settlement S, we have

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 19

Depth below G.L (m) Type of soil

At z = 3m, ….u = U̅UR = 99.990.60 = 59.99

At z = 0m, …..u = U̅UR = 01.5 = 0