Pranita Giardini / 1606836995

Hidrologi Teknik

TUGAS HIDROLIKA TEKNIK BAB 2

1. A reservoir has the following inflows and outflows (in cubic meters) for the first three
months of the year. If the storage at the beginning of January is 60 m3, determine the storage
at the end of March.

Jawab:
Storage = Inflow – Outflow
Storage = 60 + (4 -8) + (6 – 11) + (9-5)
= 55 m3 (At the end of march)
2. Compute the constant draft from a 500-hectare reservoir for a 30-day period during which
the reservoir level dropped half a meter despite an average upstream inflow of 200,000
m3/day. During the period, the total seepage loss was 2 cm, the total precipitation was 10.5
cm, and the total evaporation was 8.5 cm. (1 hectare = 104 m2).

Jawab:

1
The reservoir level dropped half a meter (∆𝑇) = 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, so the storage dropped over 30
2

days is ∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (500 Ha x 104 m2) x 0.5 m2 = 250 x 104 m3

∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (500 Ha x 104 m2) x 0.5 m2

= 250 x 104 m3

∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = Inflow + Precipitation– Seepage Loss – Evaporation – Qd

-250 x 104 m3 = [200,000 m3/day x 30 days] + [(10.5-2-8.5) x 10-2 m x 104 m2] - Qd

Q = 600 x 104 m3 + 250 x 104 m3

Q = 8.5 x 106 m3 / 30 day

Q = 2.83 x 105 m3/days

Pranita Giardini / 1606836995
Hidrologi Teknik

3. From the hydrologic records of over 50 years on a drainage basin of area 500 km2, the
average annual rainfall is estimated as 90 cm and the average annual runoff as 33 cm. A
reservoir in the basin, having an average surface area of 1700 hectares, is planned at the

basin outlet to collect available runoff for supplying water to a nearby community. The
annual evaporation over the reservoir surface is estimated as 130 cm. There is no
groundwater leakage or inflow to the basin. Determine the available average annual
withdrawal from the reservoir for water supply.

Jawab:

A Basin = 500 Km2 = 5 x 108 m2

Average rainfall = 90 cm = 0.9m

Average runoff = 33 cm = 0.33m

A reservoir = 1700 Ha = 0.17 x 108 m2

Evaporation = 130 cm = 1.3 m

❖ ∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

= [Runoff + Rainfall] – [Evaporation + Withdrawl of reservoir]

= [(0.33 x 5 x 108 m2) + (0.9 x 0.17 x 108 m2)] – [(1.3 x 0.17 x108 m2) + Qd]

Qd = (1.65 x 108 m3) + (0.153 x 108 m3) - (0.221 x 108 m3)

Qd = 1.582 x 108 m3

4. Calculate the velocity and flow rate of a uniform flow 1m deep in a 30 m-wide stream with
approximately rectangular cross section, bed slope 1 percent, and Manning's n of 0.035.
Check that the criterion for fully turbulent flow is satisfied.

Jawab:

A = 30 x 1 = 30 m2

P = (30) + (2 x 1) = 32 m2

𝐴 30
R=𝑃= = 0.9375
32
Pranita Giardini / 1606836995
Hidrologi Teknik

Slope = 0.01

n = 0.035

2 1 2 1
1 1
❖ Velocity = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑅3 𝑥 𝑆2 = 𝑥 (0.9375)3 𝑥 (0.01)2 = 2.74 m/s
0.035

❖ 𝑛6 √𝑅 𝑆 = (0.035)6 √0.9375 𝑥 0.01 = 1.7798 x 10-10

❖ Karena 1.7798 x 10-10 ≥ 1.1𝑥10−13 , maka merupakan fully turbulent.

5. A rectangular open channel 12 m wide and 1 m deep has a slope of 0.001 and is lined with
cemented rubble (n =0.025). Determine (a) its maximum discharge capacity, and (b) the
maximum discharge obtainable by changing the crosssectional dimensions without
changing the rectangular form of the section, the slope, and the volume of excavation. Hint:
the best hydraulic rectangular section has a minimum wetted perimeter or a width-depth
ratio of 2.

A = 12 X 1 = 12 m2

P = 12 + (2 x 1) = 14 m

R = (A/P) = (12/14) = 0.857

2 1 2 1
1 1
Velocity = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑅3 𝑥 𝑆2 = 𝑥 (0.857)3 𝑥 (0.001)2 = 1.14 m/s
0.025

a) Maximum Discharge = A x V = 12 m2 x 1.14 m/s = 13.68 m3/s

b) Maximum Discharge with best hydraulic design

b = 2h

A = 2h x h = 2h2

2h2 = 12 h = √6; b = 2√6

√6 𝑋 2√6 1
R = A/P = 2√6 + (2 𝑋√6 ) = √6 = 1.225
2

2 1 2 1
1 1
Velocity = 𝑥 𝑅3 𝑥 𝑆 2 = 𝑥 (1.225)3 𝑥 (0.001)2 = 1.448 m2/s
𝑛 0.025

Qmax = A x V = 12 x 1.448 = 17.38 m3/s

Pranita Giardini / 1606836995
Hidrologi Teknik

6. Water is flowing over a short grass surface, and the velocity measured at 20 cm elevation is
1 m/s. Calculate the shear velocity and plot the velocity profile from the surface to height 4
m. Assume zo — 1 cm. Calculate the turbulent momentum flux at heights 20 cm and 2 m
and compare the values. Assume Km = 0.15 m2/s and p = 1000 kg/m3 for water. v = 1.51 x
10-6 m2/s.

- At z = 20 cm, v = 1 m/s

𝑢 1 𝑧
= 𝐼𝑛 ( )
𝑢∗ 𝑘 𝑧0

1 1 0.2
∗
= 𝐼𝑛 ( )
𝑢 0.4 0.01

𝑢∗ = 0.133 𝑚/𝑠

𝑑𝑢 𝑢∗ 0.133
• = = = 1.6625 𝑠 −1
𝑑𝑧 𝑘𝑧 0.4 𝑥 0.2

• Lamniar
𝑑𝑢
𝜏 = 𝜌𝜐 = 1000 𝑥 1.51 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 1.6625 = 2.57 𝑥 10−3 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑑𝑧
• Turbulent
𝑑𝑢
𝜏𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = 𝜌𝐾𝑚 = 1000 𝑥 0.15 𝑥 1.6625 = 249.375 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑑𝑧
• Ratio of laminar and turbulent

2.57 𝑥 10−3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 1.03 𝑥 10−5
249.375

- At z = 4m
𝑢 1 4
= 𝐼𝑛 ( )
0.133 0.4 0.01
𝑢 = 1.992 𝑚/𝑠
Pranita Giardini / 1606836995
Hidrologi Teknik

Velocity Profile
4,2
3,7
3,2
Elevation z (m)

2,7
2,2
1,7
1,2
0,7
0,2
1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2
Velocity u (m/s)

7. The incoming radiation intensity on a lake is 200 W/m2. Calculate the net radiation into the
lake if the albedo is a = 0.06, the surface temperature is 30oC, and the emissivity is 0.97.

The radiation emission is calculated by Stefan-Boltzmann law:

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝜎𝑇 4

𝑅𝑒 = 0.97𝑥 5.67 𝑥 10−8 (30 + 273)4

𝑅𝑒 = 463.58 𝑊/𝑚2

❖ So, The net radiation is:

𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑖 (1 − 𝛼) − 𝑅𝑒

𝑅𝑛 = 200(1 − 0.06) − 463.58

𝑅𝑛 = −275.58 𝑊/𝑚2
Pranita Giardini / 1606836995
Hidrologi Teknik