Advanced BDU CIVI AND

computation WATER RESOURCE

method ENGINEERING
Assignment DEPARTMENT

Sub by: Haileysus Acha

ID: BDU1300789

Sub to: Dr, Ing Henok

 Advanced computation method Assignment

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Question:

1) Analyze the pore water pressure, settlement and average degree of consolidation of the
soil layer after 2 years of consolidation using FDM.

Solution:

Excess pore pressure at different depth and for different time interval can be calculated by the following
FDM formula and tabulated as shown below.

Important formulae,

At Pervious Boundary, u=0

Non boundary nodes or interior nodes

Ui,j+1 = Ui,j + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (Ui+1,j – 2Uij + Ui-1,j)

Impermeable Boundary condition

Ui,j+1 = Ui,j + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (2 * Ui-1,j – 2 * Ui,j)

Therefore the pore water pressure, settlement and average degree of consolidation will be analyzed for
different load scenarios as follows.

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Case 1: constant load scenario: a uniform load of 89 kPa is applied onto the soil layer at once.

Given: CV = 2m2/year, Mv = 0.00083m3/KN

Let’s take and tyear and the values are tabulated as follows;

Case 1: constant scenario

S(mm)
T(Yrs) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
q(Kpa) 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89
Z=0m
Z=1m
Z=2m
Z=3m
Z=4m
Uavg(%)
Table 1: Constant load scenario given parameter

Sample Calculation: pore pressure

At the top i.e. at z = 0m (permeable boundary), the pore pressure is zero.

Interior Nodes

At Z = 1m and t=0.2year,

Ui,j+1 = Ui,j + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (Ui+1,j – 2Uij + Ui-1,j)

= 89 + (2 * 0.2/1) * (89 – (2 * 89) + 0)

= 89 – 35.6

Ui,j+1 = 53.4

At Z = 2m and t=0.2year,

Ui+1,j+1 = Ui+1,j + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (Ui+2,j – 2Ui+1,j + Ui,j)

=89 + (2 * 0.2/1) * (89 – 2* 89 +89)

= 89 + 0

Ui+1,j+1 = 89

At Z = 3m and t=0.2year,

Ui+2,j+1 = Ui+2,j + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (Ui+3,j – 2Ui+2,j + Ui+1,j)

= 89 + (89 – 2 * 89 +89)

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

= 89 + 0

Ui+2,j+1 = 89

For impervious boundary (at z = 4m, t=0.2year), i.e. no flow can occurs across it, hence, the following
equation has to be used.

Accordingly, one typical calculation has been carried out as follows;

Ui+3,j+1 = Ui+3,j + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (2 * Ui+2,j – 2 * Ui+3,j)

= 89 + (2 * 0.2/1) * (2 * 89 – 2 * 89)

Ui+3,j+1 = 89

Sample calculation: Average Degree of Consolidation,Uav(%)

At t = 0 year, ∫ = (0 + 89)/2 + (89 + 89 + 89) = 311.5

At t =0.2 year, ∫ = (0 + 89)/2 + (53.4 + 89 + 89) = 275.9

Therefore Uav(%) at t = 0.2year is;

U(avg) = [1 – (275.9/311.50) ] * 100 = 11.43%

At t =0.4 year, ∫ = (0 + 89)/2 + (46.28 + 74.76 + 89) = 254.54

U(avg) = [1 – (254.54/311.5)] * 100 = 18.29%

Sample calculation: Settlement, S(mm)

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Where,

Mv= 0.00089m2/KN

σ = 89 Kpa

H= 4m

Settlement at t = 0.2 year is

S={0.00083*89*4 – 0.00083*[(0+89)/2 + 53.4 + 89 + 89)]} * 1000 = 66.48mm

Settlement at t =0.4 year is;

S={0.00083*89*4 – 0.00083 * [(0+89/2 + 46.28 + 74.76 + 89)]} * 1000 = 84.21mm

Similarly other components of excess pore pressure, Average degree of consolidation and settlement can
be calculated with the help of spread sheet and tabulated as shown in table below.

Column j j+1 j+2 j+3 j+4 j+5 j+6 j+7 j+8 j+9 j+10
Row s(mm) 66.48 84.21 99.58 112.58 124.35 135.04 144.98 154.21 162.86 170.95
t(yrs) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
q(kpa) 0 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89
i-1 z=0m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i z=1m 89 53.4 46.28 39.16 35.46 32.21 29.92 27.81 26.04 24.38 22.87
i+1 z=2m 89 89 74.76 69.06 62.80 58.70 54.57 51.19 47.93 45.00 42.22
i+2 z=3m 89 89 89.00 83.30 79.89 74.87 70.77 66.41 62.49 58.67 55.13
i+3 z=4m 89 89 89 89 84.44 80.80 76.06 71.83 67.49 63.49 59.63
311.5 275.9 254.54 236.028 220.364 206.181 193.2966 181.3282 170.2027 159.7869 150.0354
Uavg(%) 0 11.43 18.29 24.23 29.26 33.81 37.95 41.79 45.36 48.70 51.83

Table 2: Pore water pressure distribution, settlement and average degree of consolidation
at different depth levels and years for a uniform load of 89kPa

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Case 2: Variable Load Scenario: a fill having a unit weight 15 kN/m3 is placed at a rate of
0.26m/month during the first year and the filling stops after one year.

Here load during the 1st year = 15Kpa/m3 * 0.26 *12 month/year

= 46.8Kpa/year is placed

But at t = 0.1 year, 46.8Kpa/year * 0.1 year = 4.68Kpa load is placed

t = 0.2 year, 46.8Kpa/year * 0.2 year = 9.36Kpa load is placed

t = 0.3 year, 46.8Kpa/year * 0.3 year = 14.04Kpa load is placed

Therefore, as t is increased by 0.2year, the load to be placed is increased by 9.36kpa until

t = 1year. At t = 1year, the load is = 46.8Kpa/year * 1 year = 46.8Kpa

Therefore, by taking ∆t=0.1year and ∆Z=1m, the values are tabulated as follows:

Settlement
(mm)
t(yrs) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
q(Kpa) 0 4.68 9.36 14.04 18.72 23.4 28.08 32.76 37.44 42.12 46.8
Z=0M 0
Z=1M 0
Z=2M 0
Z=3M 0
Z=4M 0
Table 3: Variable load scenario

Case 2: variable load scenario (continued): after 1 year the load is constant which is equal to 46.8Kpa

Settlement (mm)

t(yrs) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
q(kPa) 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8
z=0 m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
z=1 m 4.68
z=2 m 4.68
z=3 m 4.68
z=4 m 4.68
Uave(%) 4.68
Table 4: Variable load scenario (continued)

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Sample Calculation: pore pressure

At z=0m i.e. at the top the pore pressure is zero (permeable boundary).

Interior Nodes

At z = 1m and t=0.2year,

Ui,j+2 = Ui,j+1 + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (Ui+1,j+1 – 2Ui,j+1 + Ui-1,j+1)+ variable load

= 4.68 + (2 * 0.1/1) * (4.68 – (2 * 4.68) + 0) + 4.68

=8.42Kpa

At z = 2m and t=0.4year,

Ui+1,j+2 = Ui+1,j+1 + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (Ui+2,j – 2Ui+1,j+1 + Ui,j+1) +variable load

= 4.68 + (2 * 0.2/1) * (4.68 – (2 * 4.68) + 0) + 4.68

Ui+1,j+2 = 9.36Kpa

Sample calculation: Average degree of consolidation, Uav(%)

At t=1 year

U =( + (27.25 + 39.84 + 44.65) = 134.65……………………………………………………..………… (Ans)

At t = 1.1

U =( + (24.32+38.25+43.92) = 129.165…………………………………………………………………… (Ans)

Uave = (1-( = 4.05 % ……………………………………………………………………………………………. (Ans)

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Sample calculation: Settlement

Where

Mv = 0.00083m^2/KN

Δ = 9KN/M^2/).1 yr

H = 4m

S at t= =.1 year

S={0.00083*4.68*4-0.00083*[(0+4.68)/2+4.68+4.68+4.68)]} =0.0037535*1000=1.942m

Similarly, other components of excess pore pressure, consolidation and settlement can be
calculated with the help of spread sheet and tabulated as shown in table below

Column,j j j+1 j+2 j+3 j+4 j+5 j+6 j+7 j+8 j+9 j+10 Remark
Row, i

Settlement (mm) 1.942 4.661 8.0019 11.9 16.206 20.96 26.106 31.61 37.45 43.614
t(yrs) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
q(kpa) 0 4.68 9.36 14.04 18.7 23.4 28.08 32.76 37.44 42.12 46.8
i-1 z=0m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pervious Boundary
i z=1m 0 4.68 8.42 11.61 14.41 16.95 19.29 21.46 23.49 25.42 27.25
i+1 z=2m 0 4.68 9.36 13.85 18.12 22.17 26.03 29.70 33.22 36.59 39.84
i+2 z=3m 0 4.68 9.36 14.04 18.68 23.26 27.75 32.14 36.42 40.59 44.65
i+3 z=4m 0 4.68 9.36 14.04 18.72 23.39 28.01 32.59 37.09 41.50 45.82 Impervious Boundary
Uav(%)

Table 5: Pore water pressure, settlement and average consolidation analysis for a variable load

Column,j j+11 j+12 j+13 j+14 j+15 j+16 j+17 j+18 j+19 j+20 Remark
Row, i

Settlement (mm) 48.14 52.17 55.87 59.299 62.5 65.57 68.47 71.24 73.89 76.45
t(yrs) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
q(kpa) 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8
i-1 z=0m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 pervious Bdry
i z=1m 24.32 22.25 20.67 19.41 18.36 17.47 16.69 15.99 15.37 14.80
i+1 z=2m 38.28 36.62 35.04 33.58 32.25 31.03 29.91 28.86 27.87 26.95
i+2 z=3m 43.92 43.08 42.13 41.10 40.04 38.96 37.88 36.80 35.74 34.69
i+3 z=4m 45.35 44.78 44.10 43.31 42.43 41.47 40.47 39.43 38.38 37.32 Impervious Bdry
Uav(%) 4.05 7.66 10.96 14.03 16.92 19.65 22.24 24.72 27.09 29.38

Table 6: Pore water pressure, settlement and average consolidation analysis for a variable load (continued)

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Case 3: abrupt change of load scenario: In the abrupt change of load scenario, the soil layer
will be loaded with fill of 23.4 kPa and after one year, an additional fill of 46.8 kPa will be
laid on the existing fill.

Solution:

Settlement
(mm)
t(yrs) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
q(Kpa) 0 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4
Z=0M 0
Z=1M 0
Z=2M 0
Z=3M 0
Z=4M 0

Table 7: abrupt change of load scenario

Settlement
(mm)
t(yrs) 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
q(Kpa) 0 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4
Z=0M 0
Z=1M 0
Z=2M 0
Z=3M 0
Z=4M 0

Table 7: abrupt change of load scenario (continued)

Sample Calculation: pore pressure

CV t
u i , j 1  u i , j  (u i 1, j  2u i , j  u i 1, j )
(z ) 2

2 * .0.1
u i , j 1  75  (75  2 * 75  0) = 60 at interior node…………………………. Ans
(1) 2

CV t 2 * 0.1
u i , j 1  u i , j  (2u i 1, j  2u i , j )  75  (2 * 75  2 * 75) =75 at the impermeable
(z ) 2
(1) 2
boundary ……………………………………………………………………………… Ans

At time t = 1.2 yr, the load is increased to 130KN

Hence, at this time the pore pressure will be calculated as by adding the pore pressure at t=1 year
to the additional load which is 55 KN/m^2.

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

CV t
u i , j  6  u i , j 5  (u i 1, j 5  2u i , j 5  u i 1, j 5 ) +Δ
(z ) 2

2 * 0.1
ui , j 6  38.67  (66.04  2 * 38.67  0) +55 = 91.41 ………………………………… Ans
(1) 2

Similarly, other nodes can also be calculated.

 Sample calculation: consolidation

H
Average degree of consolidation
u t ti dz
U (%)  1  0
H

u
0
t 0 dz
Where

 u0  un  n 1 
H

0 udz   2    i 1
ui  z

At t = o

U = (0+75)/2 + (75 + 75 + 75) =262.5

At t = 0.2

U = (0+75)/2 + (60 + 75 +75) = 247.5

U(ave) = [1-(247.5/262.5)] = 5.7143%............................................................................. Ans

 Sample calculation: Settlement

Where,

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Mv= 0.00083m^2/KN

 = 75 KN/m^2/0.1 year

H = 4m

S at t = 0.1 year

S = {0.00083*75*4- 0.00083*[(0+75)/2 +60+75+75]} *1000 = 43.575mm……………… (Ans)

Column,j j j+1 j+2 j+3 j+4 j+5 j+6 j+7 j+8 j+9 j+10 j+11 j+12 j+13 j+14 j+15 j+16 j+17 j+18 j+19 j+20
Row, i

Settlement (mm) 13.6 16.7 19.344 21.7 23.782 25.72 27.52 29.21 30.81 32.329 72.624 -58.057 -181 -297.98 -409.89 -517.36 -620.82 -720.59 -816.93 -910.04
t(yrs) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
q(kpa) 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2
i-1 z=0m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i z=1m 23.4 18.7215.91 14.04 12.69 11.67 10.85 10.19 9.63 9.15 8.74 31.77 78.24 114.44 144.86 171.59 195.74 217.96 238.66 258.11 276.52
i+1 z=2m 23.4 23.4022.46 21.34 20.26 19.27 18.38 17.59 16.87 16.22 15.63 61.87 103.48 146.98 189.39 229.94 268.57 305.40 340.58 374.28 406.63
i+2 z=3m 23.4 23.4023.40 23.21 22.88 22.44 21.95 21.42 20.87 20.31 19.75 65.99 112.24 157.56 202.70 247.45 291.52 334.74 376.99 418.21 458.36
i+3 z=4m 23.4 23.4023.40 23.40 23.33 23.15 22.86 22.50 22.07 21.59 21.08 67.34 113.60 159.86 205.74 251.32 296.57 341.35 385.51 428.90 471.43
77.2273.48 70.29 67.49 64.95 62.61 60.44 58.41 56.48 54.65 193.30 350.75 498.90 639.81 774.64 904.12 1028.78 1148.98 1265.05 1377.23
4.82 8.95 12.58 15.87 18.89 21.71 24.35 26.84 29.21 -150.39 -81.45 -42.24 -28.24 -21.07 -16.72 -13.79 -11.68 -10.10 -8.87
Uav(%) 5.71 10.29 14.17 17.60 20.70 23.55 26.20 28.69 31.04 33.27 -208.72 -460.18 -696.79 -921.84 -1137.17 -1343.97 -1543.05 -1735.03 -1920.40 -2099.56

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Case 4: constant Load with variable Cv: the Cv is assumed to decrease with a rate of
0.026m2/year.

Solution:

Settlement
(mm)
Cv 2 1.974 1.948 1.922 1.9 1.87 1.844 1.818 1.792 1.766 1.74 1.714 1.688
Time 0 0.1 0.20 0.3 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
(years)
Q(kpa) 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8
Z= 0 0
Z= 1 100
Z= 2 100
Z= 3 100
Z= 4 100
Uave(%) 0

Table 9: constant load and variable Cv scenario

Settlement
(mm)
Cv 1.662 1.636 1.61 1.584 1.558 1.532 1.506 1.48
Time 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
(years)
Q(kpa) 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8
Z= 0
Z= 1
Z= 2
Z= 3
Z= 4
Uave(%)

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Table 9: constant load and variable Cv scenario (continued)

 Sample Calculation: pore pressure

Ui,j+2 = Ui,j+1 + (Cv*∆t/∆Z2) * (Ui+1,j+1 – 2Uij+1 + Ui-1,j+1)

= 37.56 + (1.974 * 0.2/1) * (46.8 – (2 * 37.56) + 0)

Ui,j+2 = 32.04

H
Average degree of consolidation
u t ti dz
U (%)  1  0
H

u
0
t 0 dz

 u0  un  n 1 
H

0 udz   2    i 1
ui  z

Where

At t = 0

U = (0+46.8)/2 + (46.8+46.8+46.8) = 172.2

At t = 0.2 years

U = (0+46.8)/2 + (32.04+45+46.8) = 150.55

U(avg) = [1-(300.8/350)]*100 = 10.11%

Sample calculation: Settlement

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789

 Advanced computation method Assignment

Where,

Mv = 0.00083m^2/KN

H = 4m

S at t = 0.1 year

S = {0.00083*46.8*4-0.00083[(0+46.8)/2 + 46.8 +46.8)] *1000 = 27.09mm

Similarly, other components of excess pore pressure, consolidation and settlement can be
calculated with the help of spread sheet and tabulated as shown in table below.

Column,j j j+1 j+2 j+3 j+4 j+5 j+6 j+7 j+8 j+9 j+10 j+11 j+12 j+13 j+14 j+15 j+16 j+17 j+18 j+19 j+20 Remark
Settlement (mm) 27.09 33.16 38.482 42.9 46.904 50.53 53.859 56.96 59.85 62.574 65.183 67.69 70.11 72.44 74.69 76.87 78.99 81.04 83.03 84.96
Row, i

t(yrs) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
Cv(m^2/yr) 2 1.974 1.948 1.922 1.9 1.87 1.844 1.818 1.792 1.766 1.74 1.714 1.688 1.662 1.636 1.61 1.584 1.558 1.532 1.506 1.48
q(kpa) 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8
i-1 z=0m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pervious Bdry
i z=1m 46.8 37.56 32.04 28.23 25.63 23.66 22.10 20.82 19.76 18.85 18.06 17.36 16.72 16.14 15.61 15.11 14.64 14.20 13.78 13.39 13.01
i+1 z=2m 46.8 46.80 45.00 42.77 40.71 38.84 37.18 35.70 34.37 33.18 32.08 31.06 30.11 29.21 28.35 27.54 26.76 26.01 25.29 24.59 23.92
i+2 z=3m 46.8 46.80 46.80 46.44 45.81 45.02 44.12 43.18 42.20 41.22 40.25 39.28 38.31 37.35 36.41 35.48 34.57 33.67 32.80 31.94 31.11
i+3 z=4m 46.8 46.80 46.80 46.80 46.66 46.34 45.85 45.22 44.49 43.68 42.83 41.93 41.01 40.07 39.12 38.18 37.24 36.31 35.39 34.49 33.60 Impervious Bdry
Uav(%) 0.00 5.64 10.11 14.02 17.29 20.21 22.88 25.33 27.61 29.74 31.74 33.66 35.50 37.28 38.99 40.65 42.26 43.81 45.32 46.79 48.21

By Haileysus Acha ID=BDU1300789