The given residential building roof type is namely duo-pitch roof.

Roof is mainly designed for wind

load and self-weight of the roof. Therefore, analysis of wind load is required to design the roof as per
ES EN. The building is of category H according to the accessibility. The recommended imposed
loads on the H category roof are qk = 0.4kn/m2, and Qk = 1kn.

Wind load on the roof

The Variation in pressures at different locations on a building is complex to the point that
Pressures may become too analytically intensive for precise consideration in design. To simplify
the complexity in analysis of wind load different codes provides specifications for wind load by
considering basic static pressure zones on a buildings representative of peak loads that are likely
to be experienced.

The effect of wind load on the structure depends on the:

 Wind velocity direction

 Height of the structure
 Topographical location of the structure
 Orography
 Roughness of the surrounding
Wind pressure on the structure may be external wind pressure or internal wind Pressure. External
wind pressure (We) is the wind pressure acting on the external surfaces of a structure and internal
wind pressure (We), is the wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure.

1.1.1. Wind pressure on the duo-pitch roof

The external wind pressure acting on external surfaces of a structure can be obtained from

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝(𝑧𝑒) ⋅ 𝑐𝑝𝑒

Where (𝑧𝑒) is peak velocity pressure on external surface

𝑐𝑝𝑒is external pressure coefficient

𝑧𝑒 is reference height for external pressure

Internal Pressure
The wind pressure acting on internal surfaces of a structure, wi, shall be obtained from
𝑊𝑖 = 𝑞𝑝(𝑧𝑖) ⋅ 𝑐𝑝𝑖

Where (𝑧𝑖) is peak velocity pressure on internal surfaces

𝑐𝑝𝑖is internal pressure coefficient

𝑧𝑖 is reference height for internal pressure

 Table 1. 1 Terrain categories and terrain parameters (EBCS 2015)

Where 𝑍0, is 0.05m (terrain category II)

Since our Building Location is in Tepi town Category III is suitable
𝑧0 = 0.3𝑚 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑚

Mean wind velocity ((𝑧)) at height z

(𝑧) = (𝑧) ⋅ 𝐶0(𝑧) ⋅ 𝑣𝑏
Where 𝑣𝑏 is the basic wind velocity given by;

𝑣𝑏 = 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟 ⋅ 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ⋅ 𝑣𝑏,0,

= 22 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 = 22𝑚/𝑠

𝑚
𝑣 (𝑧 ) = 𝑐 (𝑧 ) ⋅ 𝑐 (𝑧 ) ⋅𝑣 Where 𝑣 = 22
𝑚 𝑒 𝑟 𝑒 𝑜 𝑒 𝑏 𝑏 𝑠

Reference height (ze)

B 2B (7.5 11.982(7.5))
The wind ward face should be divided into two parts
 Ze1= b=7.5 m, Ze2= h=11.98 m

Roughness factor ((𝑧𝑒))

The recommended procedure for the determination of the roughness factor at height z is given
by
z
Cr (z)  Kr  ln( ) for min  Z  Zmax
z0
Z
Cr (z)  Cr (Zmin ) for Z Zmin
 Where 𝑧0 is the roughness length

𝐾𝑟 is terrain factor depending on the roughness length 𝑧0 calculated using

Where 𝑍0, is 0.05m (terrain category II)

Since our Building Location is in Tepi town Category III is suitable
𝑧0 = 0.3𝑚 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑚

Part – 1 with reference height Ze1= b=7.5 m

Zmin Ze1 Zmax, 30

Kr=0.19 = Cr(ze1) =Kr.ln( ) =0.215*ln(7.5/0.3) =0.69

= 0.215
Part – 2 with reference height, Ze2 = h=11.98 m
Zmin Ze2 Zmax, 30
Cr(ze2) =Kr.ln( ) = Cr(ze2) = 0.215.ln(11.98/0.3) = 0.792
Orography factor co (z)
Neglect the effect of orography i.e assume the site is on flat terrain.
co (z) is the orography factor, taken as 1,0
Co (Ze1) = Co (Ze2) =1

(𝑧𝑒1) = (𝑧) ⋅ 𝐶0(𝑧) ⋅ 𝑣𝑏 = 0.69*1*22m/s = 15.18m/s

(𝑧𝑒1) = (𝑧) ⋅ 𝐶0(𝑧) ⋅ 𝑣𝑏 = 0.792*1*22m/s = 17.42 m/s

Wind Turbulence Intensity(lv (z))

The recommended rules for the determination of wind turbulence lv(z) are given by
kl 
lv (z)  for z min  z  zmax
co (z)  ln( z z )
o

lv (z)  lv (zmin ) for z  zmin

Where

𝑘𝑙 is the turbulence factor. The recommended value is 𝑘𝑙=1.0

1
lv (ze1) = = 0.31
7.5
1 ∗ ln( 0.3 )

lv (ze2) = 0.272

Peak velocity pressure ((𝑧)) at height z = 13.34m, 𝜌 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.25 kg m 3

(𝑧) = [1 + 7 ( (𝑧)] *1/2* 𝜌 * 𝑣𝑀 2(𝑧)

 (𝑧e1) =[1+7*(0.31)]*0.5*1.25*15.182m/s = 456.54 N/m2

(𝑧e2) =[1+7*(0.272)*0.5*1.25*17.42 2m/s = 550.77 N/m2

Pressure coefficient (Cpe and Cpi)
Wind load on the roof

1) Reference height ( ze )
ze is the maximum height above the ground of building h including height of parapet hp.
ze  h  h p  11.98 0  11.98 m

1) Peak wind velocity ( qp (z) )

qp (ze )  qp (ze2 )  0.551 N/m2
Pressure zones (F, G, H and I)
e  min{b, 2h}  min{7.5, 23.96}  7.5m
e / 4 = 1.875m , e/9.65 = 0.78, e/2 = 3.75

Pressure coefficient (Cpe and Cpi) External pressure coefficient (Cpe

Zone – F A= (1.875) *(0.78) = 1.4625 m2

Zone – G A= (7.5-2*1.875) (0.78) = 2.925 m2
 Zone – H A= (7.5-1.875) (7.5) = 42.19 m2
Zone –I A= (9.65-7.5) (7.5) = 16.13m2

External pressure co efficient for each zones.

1 m2  A  1.4625m2  10m2
Zone – F
Table 1. 2 External pressure coefficient for duo-pitch 0-0 (EBCS 2015)

Zone for wind direction = 00

Pitch H I J
F G
Angle  cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1

-45° -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.7 -1.0 -1.5

-30° -1.1 -2.0 -0.8 -1.5 -0.8 -0.6 -0.8 -1.4

-15° -2.5 -2.8 -1.3 -2.0 -0.9 -1.2 -0.5 -0.7 -1.2

+0.2 +0.2
-5° -2.3 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 -0.8 -1.2

-0.6 -0.6
-1.7 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 -0.6 -1.2 +0.2
5° +0.0 +0.0 +0.0
-0.6
-0.6
-0.9 -2.0 -0.8 -1.5 -0.3 -0.4 -1.0 -1.5
15° +0.2 +0.2 +0.0 +0.0 +0.0
+0,2
-0.5 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5
30°
+0.7 +0.7 +0.4 +0.0 +0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.2 -0.3
45°
+0.7 +0.7 +0.6 +0.0 +0.0

600 +0.7 +0.7 +0.7 -0.2 -0.3

750 +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 -0.2 -0.3

NOTE 1 At □= 0° the pressure changes rapidly between positive and negative values on the windward face around a pitch angle
of □= -5° to +45°, so both positive and negative values are given. For those roofs, four cases should be considered where the
largest or smallest values of all areas F, G and H are combined with the largest or smallest values in areas I and J. No mixing of
positive and negative values is allowed on the same face.

NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be used between values of the same sign. (Do not
interpolate between □= +5° and □= -5°, but use the data for flat roofs in 7.2.3). The values equal to 0,0 are given for
interpolation purposes

Zone F

cpe  cpe,1  (cpe,1  cpe,10 ) log10 A

cpe,1  2.5 and cpe,10  1.7
cpe  2.5  (2.5  (1.8)) log10 (1.4625)
cpe  2.38
 cpe  cpe,1  (cpe,1  cpe,10 ) log10 A
Zone G
cpe,1  2.5 and cpe,10  1.7
cpe  2.5  (2.5  (1.7)) log10 (2.925)
cpe  2.127

Zone – H A> 10 m2 cpe,10  0.7

Zone – I A> 10 m2 cpe,10  0.2
Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) Cpi  0.2 or Cpi  0.3

1) External and internal wind pressure (We  qp (ze )  cpe

External wind pressure
Zone – F we= (0.5507) (-2.38) = -1.31 kN/m2
Zone – G we= (0.5507) 2.127) = -1.17 kN/m2
Zone – H we= (0.5507) (-0.7) = -0.385 kN/m2
Zone – I we= (0.5507) (-0.2) = -0.11 kN/m2
we= (0.5507) (0.2) = 0.11 kN/m2
Internal wind pressure
wi= (0.5507) (0.2) = 0.11 kN/m2 or
wi= (0.5507) (-0.3) =-0.165 kN/m2

Net wind pressure (wnet) wnet = we  wi

Zone – F wnet =  -1.31- 0.11 = -1.42 kN 2
m
Zone – G wnet = -1.17  0.11  -1.28 kN m2
Zone – H wnet -0.385 - 0.11  0.495 kN m2
Zone – I wnet - 0.11- 0.11)  0.22 kN m2
wnet 0.11 – (-0.165)  0.275 kN 2
m
 d

Figure 1. 4 Zones for duo-pitch roof 900

The Doupitch roofs as per ES-EN 1991-2015

1) The roof, including protruding parts, should be divided in zones as shown in figure

2) The reference height ze should be taken as h.

For all parts, the following figure represents the dimension used to compute areas 900
Zone – F A= (1.875) *(0.78) = 1.4625 m2
Zone – G A= (7.5-2*1.875) (0.78) = 2.812 m2

Zone – H A= (7.5-1.875) (7.5) = 22.5 m2

Zone –I A= (9.65-3.75) (7.5) = 44.25m2
Table 7.4b — External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
Zone for wind direction θ□= 90□
Pitch
F G H I
Angle  cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1

-45° -1,4 -2,0 -1,2 -2,0 -1,0 -1,3 -0,9 -1.2

-30° -1,5 -2,1 -1,2 -2,0 -1,0 -1,3 -0,9 -1.2

-15° -1,9 -2,5 -1,2 -2,0 -0,8 -1,2 -0.8 -1.2

-5° -1,8 -2,5 -1,2 -2,0 -0,7 -1,2 -0,6 -1.2

5° -1.6 -2.2 -1.3 -2.0 -0.7 -1.2 -0.6

15° -1.3 -2.0 -1.3 -2.0 -0.6 -1.2 -0.5

300 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4 -2,0 -0,8 1,2 -0.5

 45° -1.1 -1.5 1.4 2,0 0.9 1.2 -0.5

60° -1.1 -1.5 -1.2 -2.0 -0.8 -1.0 -0.5

75° -1.1 -1.5 -1.2 -2.0 -0.8 -1.0 -0.5

External pressure co efficient for each zones.

Zone – F 1 m2  A  1.4625m2  10m2
cpe  cpe,1  (cpe,1  cpe,10 ) log10 A
cpe,1  2.2 and cpe,10  1.6
cpe  2.2  (2.2 (1.6)) log10 (1.4625)
cpe  2.1
cpe  cpe,1  (cpe,1  cpe,10 ) log10 A
Zone G m2  A  2.812m2  10m2
cpe,1  2 and cpe,10  1.3
cpe  2  (2  (1.3)) log10 (2.812)
cpe  1.686

Zone – H A> 10 m2 cpe,10  0.7 cpe,1 = -1.2

Zone – I A> 10 m2 cpe,10  - 0.6 cpe,1 = - 0.6
Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) Cpi  0.2 or Cpi  0.2

1) External and internal wind pressure (We  qp (ze )  cpe

External wind pressure

Zone – F we= (0.5507) (-2.1) = -1.156 kN/m2

Zone – G we= (0.5507) 1.686) = -0.928 kN/m2

Zone – H we= (0.5507) (-0.7) = -0.385 kN/m2
Zone – I we= (0.5507) (-0.6) = -0.33 kN/m2
we= (0.5507) (0.2) = 0.11 kN/m2
Internal wind pressure
wi= (0.5507) (0.2) = 0.11 kN/m2 or
wi= (0.5507) (0.2) =0.11 kN/m2

Net wind pressure (wnet) wnet = we  wi

Zone – F wnet =  -1.156- 0.11 = -1.26 kN
m2
Zone – G wnet = -0.928  0.11  -1.03 kN 2
m
Zone – H wnet -0.385 - 0.11  0.495 kN 2
m
Zone – I wnet - 0.11- 0.11)  0.22 kN 2
m
wnet 0.11 + 0.11  0.22 kN 2
m

The maximum design 0.275 kN/m2 Positive and

wind is -1.42 kN/m2 Suction

1.2. Roof Cover Design

The roof system of this apartment building project is a steel truss roof system. The type of sheet
used is EGA sheet and the trusses and purlins are steel of Fe 430. The roof is classified as duo-
pitch roof as per ES-EN 1991-1-4-2015 table 7.5. The effect of wind load in both directions
(θ=0˚ & θ=90˚) were considered and the severest case was considered in the design process.

Design in this section includes:

 Design of EGA sheet

 Design of purlin
 Design of trusses
1.2.1. EGA specification
EGA 300, 0.4mm thick roof cover.
Table 1. 13 EGA 300 from kality steel manufacturing manual specification

Thickness Area Mass Moment of Section modulus

inertia

0.4mm 400mm2 3.14 Kg/m 54267mm4 1382mm3

Width = 823mm
G 28 CIS roof cover
G 30 flat iron sheet ridge with 33 cm development length
1.2.2. Self weight of roof covering
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑔𝑟𝑎(𝑁/𝑚) = 3.14 ∗ 9.81 = 30.8034𝑁/𝑚 = 0.0308 𝑘𝑁 /𝑚
0.0308 𝐾𝑛/𝑚
To convert into area load, multiply with width (0.823𝑚) = = 0.0374 𝑘𝑁 /𝑚2
0.823 𝑚

1.2.3. Imposed load (live load) the recommended loads for H roof from code are
qk = 0.4 kN /m2
Qk =1 kN Live load

Determining whether the concentrated or distributed load governs the design

Assuming 4m long, 823mm wide, EGA covering, then computing equivalent uniformly
distributed load for the concentrated Live Load (LL).

Equivalent distributed load for concentrated load

Concentrated Qk =1Kn, Equivalent distributed Qk = 1𝐾𝑛

= 0.304 kN/m2
0.823∗4𝑚

But, qk = 0.4 Kn/m2, so the qk one governs the design

Governing load combination

Pd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL + 0.9WL

EGA-300 load (DL), = 0.0308 = 0.0374 kN /m2

0.823
Critical wind load (WL) = -1.3816 kN /m2
Distributed live load (LL) = 0.4 kN /m2
For pitch angle 5 0 and 130 components of live load and dead load

Perpendicular α = 50 Perpendicular α =130

LL = 0.4cos5 = 0.398 LL = 0.4cos13=0.39
DL = 0.0374cos5=0.037 DL= 0.0374cos13=0.036
Parallel α = 50 Parallel α = 130
LL = 0.4sin5=0.035 LL = 0.4sin13=0.09
DL = 0.0374sin 5=0.0033 DL= 0.0374sin 13=0.0083
The maximum
LL = 0.398 Kn/m2
  DL= 0.037 kN/m2
The load combination, SWL= 1.42 KN/m2

Comb1: Pd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL

Comb2: Pd = 1.35DL +

1.5LL+ 0.9SWL Comb3:

Pd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL −

0.9WL Comb4: Pd = DL +

1.5LL

Comb5: Pd = DL − 1.5LL

Comb6: Pd = DL + LL for serviceablity

Comb2: Pd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL + 0.9WL

PD= 1.35(0.037) + 1.5(0.398) + 0.9(1.42)

PD = 0.0486 + 0.585 + 1.243 = 𝟏. 925𝐤𝐏𝐚

From kality manual EGA 300, 0.4mm thick, the load carrying capacity
 Figure 1. 5 Uniform load carrying capacity of EGA 300 (from Kality Manual)

1.57 = 1
(2.45-1.57)/(1.925-2.45) = (1 – 1.5)/(X-1) , X = 1.298 m
1.925 = . 𝑥 ,
2.45 = 1.5