Wind Load Analysis for Hipped Roof
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Fasika AbebayehuWind Load Analysis for Hipped Roof
Uploaded by
Fasika AbebayehuHawassa University Civil Engineering Department
WIND LOAD ANALYSIS FOR ROOF
1. Hipped Roof
External reference height, Ze=h=17.11m
External Pressure:
We = qref * Ce(Ze)*Cpe
Internal Pressure:
Wi = qref * Ce(Ze)*Cpi
Where qref = reference mean wind velocity pressure
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref ,Vref =22m/s from EBCS 1, 1995
ρ =air density
Ce(Ze) =Exposure coefficient accounting for terrain and above the ground level.
The variation of air density with attitude is give in table 3.1 of EBCS , 1995
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref
The site is in Addis Ababa with altitude of 220m above sea level.
Hence, ρ = 0.94Kg/m3 .
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref =1/2*0.94*222 =227.48 N/m2
=0.227KN/m2
Terrain category:
The area is categorized under category IV and from EBCS-1,Table 3.2 the related
parameters are:
KT =0.24 , Zo =1m, Z min = 16m
Roughness Coefficient :
Cr(z) =KT*ln ( Z/Zo ) , for Zmin ≤ Z ≤ 200m
Cr(z) = Cr(Zmin), for Z < Zmin
Z=17.11m > Zmin
Cr(17.11 = 0.24 * ln (17.11/1 ) =0.682
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Topographic coefficient:
The topographic coefficient for the increase of mean wind speed or isolated
hills and escarpments .
In Our case it is assumed that the topography is un affected.
Ct = 1 , for ф < 0.05
Exposure coefficient:
Ce(Z) = Cr2(Z)*Ct2(Z)*[ 1+7KT / Cr(Z)*Ct(Z)
Ce(17.11) = 0.6822*12 * [ 1+7*0.24 / 0.682* 1] = 1.61
Now let’s calculate the external pressure coefficient Cpe:
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e/10=2.32m
8.58m
e = b or 2h , which is the smaller of the two value
b =23.22m , h =17.11m , 2h =34.22m
b <2h 23.22m < 34.22m ,
e =23.22m
e/10 = 23.22m/10 = 2.32m , e/4 =23.22/4 =5.805m
The calculated areas for the zones are:
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Zone F G H I J K L M
Area 2.711 43.1056 48.4499 42.1744 10.1835 33.9930 15.48 14.45
(m2)
External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs using the area A of of the zones .
External pressure coefficients, Cpe are calculated as follows:
Cpe = Cpe ,1 if A≤ 1m2
Cpe = Cpe ,1 + (Cpe ,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe ,10 , if A ≥ 10m2
The external pressure coefficient for hipped roof from EBCS-1 1995 and the pitch angle of
16o is interpolated as folliws
Pitch
angle Zone for wind direction 900
αo=for
ѳ=0
F G H I J K L M N
αo=for Cpe,10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe,10 Cpe1 Cpe,10 Cpe1 Cpe,10 Cpe1 Cpe,10 Cpe1 Cpe,10 Cpe1 Cpe,10 Cpe1 Cpe,10 Cpe1
ѳ=90o
15 -0.9 -2.0 -0.8 - -0.3 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -1.2 - -1.4 - -0.6 1.2 -0.3
1.5 2.0 2.0
0.2 0.2 0.2
16 - - - - -0.29 -0.49 - - - - -1.4 - - - -0.29
0.87 0.29 0.78 1.5 0.98 1.48 1.15 1.9 2.0 0.61 0.08
0.22 0.233 0.21 1.12
30 -0.5 -1.5 -0.5 - -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -1.2 -0.5 -1.4 - -0.8 -1.2 -0.2
1.5 2.0
0.5 0.7 0.4
Cpe is for zone G,H,I,J,K,L and M=Cpe=Cpe,10
Cpe for zone F is calculated as follows
Cpe = Cpe ,1 + ( Cpe ,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
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For Cpe,10=-0.8 and Cpe,1=-0.2
Cpe =-0.2+(-0.8+0.2)log2.711
=-o.46
For Cpe,10=0.22 and Cpe,1=0.22
Cpe =0.22+(0.22-0.22) log2.711
=0.22
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e = b or 2h which is the smaller of the two value
b =10.90m, h =17.11m , 2h=34.22m
b < 2h 10.90m < 34.22m, Hence e = 10.90m, e/10 =12.50/10 =1.250m ,
e/4 = 12.50/4 =3.125m ,
e/2 =10.90/2 =5.45m ,e/10 =1.09m
The calculated areas for the zones are :
Zone F G H I J L M N
Area 2.3761 5.9405 19.0019 15.2764 7.2130 7.2130 7.6382 82.5402
(m2)
External presure coefficients, Cpe are calculated as follows:
Cpe = Cpe, 1 if A≤ 1m2
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Cpe = Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 - Cpe, 1 ) log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe, 10 , if A ≥ 10m2
External pressure coefficient for hipped roofs :
For zone’s F , G , J ,L & M Cpe can be calculated by :
Cpe = Cpe ,1 + ( Cpe ,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10 m2
For zone’s H , I & N Cpe can be obtained :
Cpe = Cpe, 10 , if A ≥ 10m2
Cpe for zone F : F0r Cpe,1o=-o.8 and Cpe,1=-0.2
Cpe=-o.2+(-0.8+0.2)log2.3761
=-0.43
F0r Cpe, 1o=0.22 and Cpe,1=0.22
Cpe=0.22
Cpe for zone G : F0r Cpe,1o=-o.78 and Cpe,1=-1.5
Cpe=-1.5+(-0.78+1.5)log5.9405
=-o.94
F0r Cpe, 1o=0.233 and Cpe,1=0.233
Cpe=0.233
Cpe for zone J: For Cpe, 1o=-0.98 and Cpe,1=-1.48
Cpe=-1.48+(-0.98+1.480.2)log7.2130
=-1.05
Cpe for zone L : For Cpe,1o=-1.4 and Cpe1=-2.0
Cpe=-2.0+(-1.48+2.0)log7.2130
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=-1.55
Cpe for zone M: For Cpe, 1o=-0.61 and Cpe1=-0.08
Cpe=-0.08+(-0.61+0.08.0)log7.6382
=-0.47
For Cpe, 1o=0 and Cpe1=1.12
Cpe=1.12+(0.0+1.12)log7.6382
=2.11
There for, the maximum positive and sanction External pressure coefficients in the two cases
are:-
Max Cpe(+ve) value=2.11
Max Cpe(-ve) value=-2.0
INTERNAL WIND PRESSURE
The extreme values of internal pressure coefficients for a building with in internal
partition and opening are:
Cpi = 0.8 or Cpi = -0.5
MAXIMUM NET Cpe VALUE
Cpe(+ve)-Cpi(-ve) =2.91
Cpe(-ve)-Cpi(+ve) =-2.50
NET WIND PRESSURE:
Net pressure= We -Wi= qref * Ce(Ze)*(Cpe-Cpi)
=0.227KN/m2*1.61*2.91
=1.0641KN/m2 ……………………………….Max
Positive pressure
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=0.227KN/m2*1.61*-2.91
=-0.914 KN/m2 …………………………Max suction pressure
DESIGN OF PURLIN
Imposed load on sloping roofs
UDL Live load , qk =0.25 KN/m2
Concentrated load , Q k = 1 KN
Use 0.6mm thick EGA 600 sheet for roof cover
Unit weight γ =77KN/m3
Weight of roof cover = t * γ
=0.0006 * 77 = 0.0462 KN/m 2
Purlin spacing = 0.9m
Truss spacing=3.6m
UDL live load per meter=0.25*0.9=0.225KN/m on the purlin
Perpendicular to the rafter=0.225*Cos 16=0.216KN/m
Parallel to the rafter=0.225*sine16=0.062KN/m
Weight of roof cover per meter = 0.0462*0.9=0.0416KN/m
Perpendicular to the rafter=0.0416*Cos 16=0.04KN/m
Parallel to the rafter =0.0416*sin16=0.0115KN/m
Concentrated live load=1KN =16 ̊
Perpendicular to the rafter=1*Cos 16=0.96KN/m
Parallel to the rafter=1*sine16=0.276KN/m
Net pressure= We -Wi= qref * Ce(Ze)*(Cpe-Cpi)
=0.227KN/m2*1.61*2.91
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=1.0641KN/m2 ……………………………….Max
Positive pressure and
=0.227KN/m2*1.61*(-2.91)
=-0.914 KN/m2 …………………………Max sanction pressure
UDL wind load per meter=1.0641*0.9=0.9576KN/m ….from positive pressure
=-0.914*0.9=-0.8226KN/m …. From suction pressure
From KALITI METAL PRODUCTOIN FACTORY metal products selection chart ,
select RT- 84 for purlin section properties as follows :
for purlin RT- 84:-
Nominal size (mm) =100 *60 *4 (mm)
Weight per meter =9.22Kg
Purlin weight = ( 9.22 *9.81 )/1000 = 0.09044KN /m
Perpendicular to the rafter=0.09044xCos16=0.0869KN/m
Parallel to the truss=0.09044xSin16=0.0249KN/m
Total dead load:
=0.0462 * 0.9 + 0.0869 = 0.128 KN/m
LOAD COMBINATION
The following possible load combinations are considered :
i. Dead load + Distributed live load
1.3 DL +1.6LL
=1.3(0.127)+1.6(0.216)=0.5107KN/m
ii. Dead load + concentrated live load
1.3 DL + 1 .6 LL
1.3(0.127)+1.6(1)=1.77KN/m
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iii. Dead load + suction wind load
0.9 DL + 1.6 WL
0.9(0.127)+1.6(-0.8226)=-1.202KN/m
iv. Dead load + posetive wind load
0.9 DL + 1.6 WL
0.9(0.127)+1.6(0.9576)=1.65KN/m
v. Dead load + Distributed live load + suction wind load
0.8(1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 WL)=0.8(0.5107+1.6(-0.8226))=0.644 KN/m
vi. Dead load + Concentrated live load + Suction wind load
0.8 (1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 WL)
0.8(1.77+1.6(-0.8226)) =0.363KN/m
vii. Dead load + Distributed live load + positive wind load
0.8 (1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 W)
0.8(0.363+1.6(0.9576)) =1.5162KN/m
viii. Dead load + concentrated live load + positive wind load
0.8 (1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 WL)
0.8(1.77+1.6(0.9576))=2.642KN/m
The critical loading situation for the loads perpendicular to the rafter happens in
comb (viii ) . The loading on the purlin is as shown below:
3.6m
Picture from sap output (Comb VIII)
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Required plastic section modulus: For Fe430 steel grade, fy=275MPa. Thus
235 235
= 𝑓𝑦
=
275
= 0.92
For RT84 (100X60X3)
H=100mm
b = 60 mm
t =3mm t = tf = tw =3mm
Weight per meter = 7.07
h mm d
Kg
Area = 9.01cm2 = 901
mm2
Sx=24.11cm3, Sy=18.22cm3, A=9.1cm2
Wply=20.79cm3, Wplx=29.57cm3, tf=3mm=tw, d=h-3t=100-3*3=91mm, b=60mm,
c=b/2=30mm
Outstanding element of compression flange:
b/tf=60/3=20, c/tf=30/3=10≤15 =13.8, the section is class III
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Web with neutral axis at mid depth, d/tw=91/3=30.33mm≤79
The section is class I section
The whole section is class III section
Check the section for pure bending
Mc,Rd=Wply*fy/Mo
=20790*275/1.1
=5.197KNm>3.36KNm………….. hence Safe(3.36KNm from SAP)
Check the section for shear
Vpl , Rd = Av,eff * ( fy /√3 )/γmo
= Ah/(b+h) * ( fy /√3 )/γmo
=901*100/(100+60)*(275/√3)/1.1
=81.28KN>>3.093KN ………………………………OK!(3.093KN
from SAP comb8)
For purlin the recommended limiting value for vertical deflection is L/350 (EBCS 3, table 5.1)
Spacing/350=360/350=1.029mm
From SAP the vertical deflection =0.1136mm ………………..hence it is OK
Shear buckling resistance:
Vba , Rd = dw * tw * τ ba /γm
λw = (d / tw) / (37.4 ε √kτ )
kτ = 5.34;for webs with transverse stiffener at the support but no
intermediate transverse steffeners; (EBCS-3, section [Link](3 a))
ε = √235/fy = √235/275 =0.9244
λw = (91/ 4) / (37.4 *0.92 * √5.34 ) = 0.286
for λw < 0.8 , τba = fyw /√3 = 275/√3 = 158.771 Mpa
Vba , Rd = 91 * 3 * 158.771 /1.1
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=39.404KN > 3.093KN OK!!
Vsd /Vpl, Rd = 3.093 /81.28 = 0.038 < 0.5
So no need of checking for both effects of shear and bending.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF TRUSS
Truss spacing=3.6m
From KALITI METAL PRODUCTOIN FACTORY metal products selection chart;
RT-42=40x20x2 ……for bracing members
RT-64=60x40x3…….for external and internal members
RT-75=70x50x3…….at the two supports only
For truss RT- 42:-
Nominal size (mm) =40 *20 *2 mm
Weight per meter =1.68Kg,
Wplx=2.61cm3, Wply=1.60cm3
Area=2.14cm2, Ix=4.05cm4
For truss RT- 64:-
Nominal size (mm) =60 *40 *3 mm
Weight per meter =4.24Kg,
Wplx=10.53cm3, Wply=7.94cm3
Area=5.41cm2, Ix=25.38cm4
For truss RT- 75:-
Nominal size (mm) =70 *50 *3 mm
Weight per meter =5.19Kg,
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Wplx=15.40cm3, Wply=12.21cm3
Area=6.61cm2, Ix=44.05cm4
From ETABS output by 6.14KN loading and self weight;
Loading from wind load, EGA sheet and purlin
After analyzing using ETABS version 9.2.0 for
= (self weight of the truss *1.3) + maximum reaction coming from the
purlin
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Maximum BM=1.66KNm
Maximum Shear force=26.06KN
Maximum tensile force=46.77KN
Maximum compressive force =-122.65KN
Section provided for truss members
For Fe430 steel grade, fy=275MPa. Thus
235 235
= = = 0.92
𝑓𝑦 275
For truss RT- 42:- Tension=46.77KN, Compression=42.44KN
Nominal size (mm) =40 *20 *2 mm
Weight per meter =1.68Kg, Msd=0.4KNm, Vsd=1.12KN
Wplx=2.61cm3, Wply=1.60cm3
Area=2.14cm2, Ix=4.05cm4
tf=2mm= tw, d=h-3t =40-3*2=34mm, b=20mm,c=b/2=20/2=10mm
Internal element of compression flange: c/tf =10/2=5≤26=23.92 ----- class I
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Web subjected to compression only: d/tw=34/2=17≤39=35.88-------class I
The section as whole is class one (plastic) section.
Check for compression member
Nt,sd= -42.44KN(max.)
The design plastic resistance of the gross section
Npl,Rd=A*fy/ gM1
Npl,Rd =214*10-6*275*106/1.1
Npl,Rd =53.5KN >42.44KN……………….safe!
Buckling resistance of axially loaded compression member
Nb,Rd=X*A* A* fy/gM1
For class one section A =1
Fy =275MPa, gM1=1.1
For all cold formed RHS buckling curve b (table 4.11of EBCS-3) is used
Fyb =fy
Le (for the longest compressive member)=0.45m
Radius of gyration ( i ) =ry=0.79cm
l = Le /i
= 45/0.79
=56.96
For Fe430, l1=93.3e=85.84
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ly=(ly/l1)/(bA)
=(56.96/85.84)/(1)
=0.664
From table 4.9 of EBCS-3 the reduction factor X for curve b and
ly=0.664 is interpolated between 0.6 and 0.7
0.6…………………….0.8371
0.664…………………...0.8029 (interpolated)
0.7……………………..0.7837
X=0.664 for l=0.8029 and
Nb,Rd=X* A* A* fy/gM1
=0.8029*1*214*275/1.1
=42.955KN > 42.44KN ………………………safe!
Shear
Av=1.04htw,
=1.04x40x2
=83.2mm2
Vpl,Rd=Av(fy/3)/Mo
Vpl,Rd=83.2(275/3)/1.1
=12.01KN>1.12KN ………hence OK
Moment
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Resistance to pure bending
Mpl,Rd=Wplfy/Mo, Msd=0.4KNm
Mpl,Rd=1.60x275/1.1
=0.4KNm=0.4KNm ……………..hence OK
For truss RT- 64:- Tension, no tension member exists, Compression=122.65KN
Nominal size (mm) =60 *40 *3 mm
Weight per meter =4.24Kg, Msd=1.19KNm, Vsd=4.04KN
Wplx=10.53cm3, Wply=7.94cm3
Area=5.41cm2, Ix=25.36cm4
tf=3mm= tw, d=h-3t =60-3*3=51mm, b=40mm,c=b/2=40/2=20mm
Internal element of compression flange: c/tf =20/2=10≤23=21.16 ----- class I
Web subjected to compression only: d/tw=51/2=25.5≤39=35.88-------class I
The section as whole is class one (plastic) section.
Check for compression member
Nt,sd= 122.65KN(max.)
The design plastic resistance of the gross section
Npl,Rd=A*fy/ gM1
=541*10-6*275*106/1.1
=135.25KN >122.65KN……………….safe!
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Buckling resistance of axially loaded compression member
Nb,Rd=X*A* A* fy/gM1
For class one section A =1
Fy =275MPa, gM1=1.1
For all cold formed RHS buckling curve b (Table 4.11of EBCS-3) is used
fyb =fy
Le (for the longest compressive member)=0.45m
Radius of gyration ( i ) =ry=13.44cm
l = Le /i
= 45/13.44
=3.35
For Fe430, l1=93.3e=85.84
ly=(ly/l1)/(bA)
=(3.35/85.84)/(1)
=0.039
From table 4.9 of EBCS-3 the reduction factor X for curve b and
ly=0.039 is less than 0.2
X=1.000 for l=0.039 and
Nb,Rd=X* A* A* fy/gM1
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=1*1*541*275/1.1
=135.25KN > 122.65KN ………………………safe
Shear
Av=1.04htw,
=1.04x60x3
=187.2mm2
Vpl,Rd=Av(fy/3)/Mo
Vpl,Rd=187.2(275/3)/1.1
=27.02KN>4.04KN ………hence OK
Moment
Resistance to pure bending
Mpl,Rd=Wplfy/Mo, Msd=1.19KNm
Mpl,Rd=15.40x275/1.1
=3.85KNm>1.19KNm ……………..hence OK
For truss RT- 75:- Tension, no tension member exists, Compression=118.52KN
Nominal size (mm) =70 *50 *3 mm
Weight per meter =5.19Kg, Msd=3.014KNm, Vsd=26.06KN
Wplx=15.40cm3, Wply=12.21cm3
Area=6.61cm2, Ix=44.05cm4
tf=3mm= tw, d=h-3t =70-3*3=61mm, b=50mm,c=b/2=50/2=25mm
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Internal element of compression flange: c/tf =25/2=12.5≤23=21.16 ----- class I
Web subjected to compression only: d/tw=61/2=20.5≤39=35.88-------class I
The section as whole is class one (plastic) section.
Check for compression member
Nt,sd= 118.52KN(max.)
The design plastic resistance of the gross section
Npl,Rd=A*fy/ gM1
=661*10-6*275*106/1.1
=165.25KN >118.52KN……………….safe!
Buckling resistance of axially loaded compression member
Nb,Rd=X*A* A* fy/gM1
For class one section A =1
Fy =275MPa, gM1=1.1
For all cold formed RHS buckling curve b (Table 4.11of EBCS-3) is used
fyb =fy
Le (for the longest compressive member)=0.35m
Radius of gyration ( i ) =ry=1.99cm
l = Le /i
= 35/1.99
=17.59
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For Fe430, l1=93.3e=85.84
ly=(ly/l1)/(bA)
=(17.59/85.84)/(1)
=0.205
From Table 4.9 of EBCS-3 the reduction factor X for curve b and
ly=0.205 is interpolated between 0.2 and 0.3
0.2-----------------1.000
0.205----------------0.9982 (interpolated)
0.3-----------------0.9641
X=0.9982 for l=0.205 and
Nb,Rd=X* A* A* fy/gM1
=0.9981*1*661*275/1.1
=164.93KN > 122.65KN ………………………safe
Shear
Av=1.04htw,
=1.04x70x3
=214.4
Vpl,Rd=Av(fy/3)/Mo
Vpl,Rd=214.4(275/3)/1.1
=30.95KN>26.06KN
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Moment
Resistance to pure bending
Mpl,Rd=Wplfy/Mo, Msd=3.014KNm
Mpl,Rd=15.40x275/1.1
=3.85KNm>3.014KNm ……………..hence OK
Truss connection design
Truss members are connected each other by welding. Fillet weld is choosed
Fillet welds will be used for connecting parts where the fusion faces
from an angle of between 60to 120. Smaller angles also permitted
how ever in such cases the weld shall be considered to be partial
penetration butt weld.
Effective length of fillet weld should not be less than 40mm.
The effective length of fillet weld should not be greater than 0.707
times the effective leg width <s>.
The throat thickness of fillet weld should not be less than3mm.
Joint at the intersection of members inner rafter is chosen to
be deigned.
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3
4
member Axial force(P) Cross section Steel grade
KN (mm) used
1 163.93 60*40*3 Fe430
2 9.47 40*20*2 Fe430
3 13.00 40*20*2 Fe430
4 156.48 60*40*3 Fe430
Connection of member 2 with bottom chord
Design load =F2=9.47KN
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Assume leg length, s= 6mm
Throat thickness , a=0.707*s =0.707*6
=4.242mm≥3mm
Steel grade ,Fe430 MPa, fy=275MPa
The design shear strength of fvw, d of a weld
2
Fvw,d =0.65 fy/mw=0.65*430/1.25=223.6N/mm
The design shear strength of a 6mm fillet weld
Fvw, Rd= fvw,d(a)=223.6*6=948.5112N/mm
The length of weld required can be obtained by equating the forces
Fvw, Rd*L=axial force
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L=9.47KN/0.948KN/mm=9.984mm<40mm
Use L=40mm, L/4=40/4=10mm on each face to connect member 2 with bottom
chord.
Connection of member 3 with bottom chord
Design load =F3=13.00KN
4
3
Assume leg length, s= 6mm
Throat thickness , a=0.707*s =0.707*6
=4.242mm>3mm
Steel grade ,Fe430 MPa→fy=275MPa
The design shear strength of fvw, d of a weld
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2
Fvw,Rd =0.65 fy/mw=0.65*430/1.25=223.6N/mm
The design shear strength of a 6mm fillet weld
Fvw, Rd= fvw,d*a=223.6*6=948.5112N/mm
The length of weld required can be obtained by equating the forces
Fvw, Rd*L=axial force
L=13.00KN/0.948KN/mm=13.71mm<40mm
Use L=40mm, L/4=40/4=10mm on each face to connect member 3 with bottom
chord.
2. Doupitch Roof
Live load
The roof is categorized as H roof not accessible except normal
maintenance, repair and painting.
Therefore the characteristic dead load is
Qk=1KN, qk = 0.25KN/m2
Wind load: (W.L)
According to EBCS1, Art 3.5.2, the wind pressure acting on the external
surface of a structure shall be:
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We=qref*Ce(Ze)*Cpe
And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes,
Wi=qref*Ce(Zi)*Cpi
Where: qref=reference mean wind velocity
Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure
Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure
Ze,Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1
𝜌
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 2
2
Where: ρ= air density in Kg/m3
Vref=refernce wind velocity
For Ethiopia Vref= 22m/s
Cdir=Ctemp=Calt=1
Vref=Cdir*Ctemp*Calt*Vref=22m/s
For altitude of 2200m ρ =0.94 Kg/m3 (Addis Ababa)
.94
qref = *222= 227.48N / m2 =0.22748KPa
2
The exposure coefficients Ce(Z) can be simply read from table 3.5 of EBCS 1
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Exposure Coefficient
7𝑘 𝑇
𝐶𝑒 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑟2 𝑧 𝐶𝑡2 (𝑧) 1 +
𝐶𝑟 𝑧 𝐶𝑡 (𝑧)
Where 𝑘 𝑇 =is the terrain factor
𝐶𝑟 𝑧 =is the roughness coefficient
𝐶𝑡 (𝑧)=is the topography coefficient
For terrain category IV from EBCS -1, Table 3.2
kT=0.24
Z0(m)=1, Z0 is the roughness length
Zmin(m)=16, Zmin is the minimum height
Roughness Coefficient, Cr
For terrain category IV from EBCS -1, Table 3.3 The roughness coefficient, Cr is
Cr=0.76 (by interpolation for height of the building 19.15m b/n 15 and 30m )
Or Cr(z)=kTln(z/zo) for Zmin≤z≤200m
=0.24*ln(19.15/1)
=0.709
Topographic coefficient, Ct
Ct = 1 , assuming flat area
7𝑘 𝑇
𝐶𝑒 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑟2 𝑧 𝐶𝑡2 (𝑧) 1 +
𝐶𝑟 𝑧 𝐶𝑡 (𝑧)
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7 ∗ 0.24
= 0.762 ∗ 12 1 +
0.76 ∗ 1
=1.8544
Calculation of Cpe and Cpi
Pitch Zone for wind direction Ѳ=90o
angle F G H I
Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1
15 -1.3 -2 1.3 -2 -0.6 -1.2 -0.5 -0.5
16 -1.287 -1.967 -1.307 -2 -0.613 -1.2 -0.5 -0.5
30 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4 -2 -0.8 -1.2 -0.5 -0.5
CASE 1: Wind direction at Ѳ = 0
7.36m
4.31m
e/4=0.95m F
Wind Downward face
Upward face b=3.8m
Ѳ=0o
G J
H I
Ridge
e/4=0.95m
F
e/10=0.38m e/10=0.38m
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Wind direction for Ѳ=0o
Reference height, ze
Ze= h =19.15m
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller
2h=2*19.15=38.3m
e/2=3.68m
b=3.8m
Therefore, e=3.8m
e/4=1.84m F
G H I
b=7.36m
Wind Ѳ=90o
H I
e/4=1.84m G
F
e/10=0.736m
Reference height, ze
Ze= h =19.15m
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller
b=7.36m
2h=2*19.15=38.3m
Therefore, e=7.36m
Cpe for 16o by interpolation between 15o and 30o for wind direction Ѳ=0
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Zone for wind direction Ѳ=0o
Pitch F G H I J
Angle Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1
15 -0.9 -2 -0.8 -1.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -1 -1.5
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0
16 -0.873 -1.967 -0.78 -1.5 -0.293 -0.293 -0.4 -0.4 -0.967 -1.433
0.233 0.233 0.33 0.233 0.213 0.213 0 0 0 0
30 -0.5 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0 0 0 0
For Ѳ=0o , Area of each zone and Cpe value
For Ѳ=90o , area of each zone and Cpe value
F G H I
2
Area( m ) 1.354 1.818 12.689 0.5172
Cpe cpe1+(cpe10-cpe1)logA cpe1+(cpe10-cpe1)logA cpe10 cpe1
(-ve) -1.967 -1.5 -0.293 -0.4
Internal pressure
For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings
Cpi = 0.8 or –0.5
Net pressure = Wnet= We-Wi
=qref*Ce(z)*[Cpe-Cpi]
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=0.22748*1.8544*(Cpe-Cpi)
= 0.422*(Cpe-Cpi)
zone for wind direction Q=0
Zone F G H I J
Cpe -1.967 0.233 -1.5 0.233 -0.293 0.213 -0.4 0.213 -1.395 0
Cpi 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5
Cpe-Cpi -2.767 0.733 -2.3 0.733 -1.093 0.733 -1.2 0.713 -2.195 0.5
Net P -1.127 0.309 -0.971 0.309 -0.46 0.309 -0.506 0.301 -0.926 0.211
Zone for wind direction Ѳ =90
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.967 -1.5 -0.293 -0.4
Cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Cpe-Cpi -2.767 -2.3 -1.093 -1.2
Net P -1.68 -0.971 -0.461 -0.506
Maximum suction pressure& positive pressure will be taken for design.
The critical suction wind pressure is found to be when the wind is at
Ѳ =900
Wnet (-ve) = -1.68KN/m2
And critical positive wind pressure is found to be when the wind is at
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Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Ѳ =00
Wnet (+ve) = 0.309KN/m2
Sheeting and insulation
Using EGA 600 thickness 0.6mm, mass=4.71Kg/m2
And it weighs =4.71*9.81/1000=0.046KN/m2
Design of purlin spacing=0.9m
Weight of EGA sheet on purlin=0.9*0.046=0.0414KN/m
Purlin RT64(100*60*2.5) weighs=5.96Kg/m
Self weight =5.96*9.81/1000=0.0585KN/m
Total dead load=0.041+0.0585=0.0995KN/m
Wind load =0.309KN/m2(pressure)
=-1.68KN/m2 (suction)
Wind load force=0.309*0.9=0.2781KN/m (pressure)
Wind load force=-1.68*0.9=-1.512KN/m (Sunction)
Live load (Roof Category H from EBCS1, table 2.13 and 2.14)
1. Uniformily distributed=0.25*0.9=0.225KN/m.
2. Concentrated load=1KN
The above loads are loaded on the purlin model and the purlin structure is analysed for the
following loading combinations.
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LOAD COMBINATION
The following possible load combinations are considered :
i. Dead load + Distributed live load
1.3 DL +1.6LL
=1.3(0.08295)+1.6(0.225)=0.4678KN/m
ii. Dead load + concentrated live load
1.3 DL + 1 .6 LL
1.3(0.08295)+1.6(1)=1.7078KN/n
iii. Dead load + suction wind load
0.9 DL + 1.6 WL
0.9(0.08295)+1.6(-1.512)=-2.34KN/m
iv. Dead load + posetive wind load
0.9 DL + 1.6 WL
0.9(0.08295)+1.6(0.278)=0.5194KN/m
v. Dead load + Distributed live load + suction wind load
0.8(1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 WL)=0.8(0.4678+1.6(-1.512))=-1.560 KN/m
vi. Dead load + Concentrated live load + Suction wind load
0.8 (1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 WL)
0.8(1.707+1.6(-1.512))=-0.64KN/m
vii. Dead load + Distributed live load + positive wind load
0.8 (1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 W)
0.8(0.4678+1.6(0.2781))=0.73KN/m
viii. Dead load + concentrated live load + positive wind load
0.8 (1.3 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 WL)
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0.8[1.707+1.6(0.2781)]=1.72KN/m
The critical loading situation for the loads perpendicular to the rafter happens in
comb (viii ) . The loading on the purlin is as shown below:
Required plastic section modulus: For Fe430 steel grade, fy=275MPa. Thus
235 235
= 𝑓𝑦
=
275
= 0.92
For RT-106(100X60X2.5)
H=100mm
b = 60 mm
t =2.5mm t = tf = tw =2.5mm
h d
Weight per meter = 5.96
Kg
Area = 7.59cm2 =759
mm2
Sx=20.62cm3, Sy=15.63cm3, A=7.59cm2
Wply=17.68cm3, Wplx=25.11cm3, tf=2.5mm=tw, d=h-3t=100-3*2.5=92.5mm, b=60mm,
c=b/2=30mm
Outstanding element of compression flange:
b/tf=60/2.5=24, c/tf=30/2.5=12≤15 =13.8, the section is class lII
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Web with neutral axis at mid depth, d/tw=92.5/2.5=37mm≤79
The section is class I section
The whole section is class III section
Check the section for pure bending
Mc,Rd=Wply*fy/Mo
=17680*275/1.1
=4.42KNm>3.36KNm………….. hence, Safe(3.36KNm from SAP)
Check the section for shear
Vpl , Rd = Av,eff * ( fy /√3 )/γmo
= Ah/(b+h) * ( fy /√3 )/γmo
=759*100/(100+60)*(275/√3)/1.1
=68.47KN>>4.19KN ………………………OK!(4.19KN from SAP
comb8)
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF TRUSS
Truss spacing=3.6m
From KALITI METAL PRODUCTOIN FACTORY metal products selection chart ,
select RT- 84 for all truss members with section properties as follows :
For truss RT- 84:-
Nominal size (mm) =80 *40 *2.5 (mm all ,
Weight per meter =4.39Kg,
Wplx=14.15cm3,
Wply=8.72cm3
Area=5.59cm2
Ix=45.11cm4
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After analyzing using ETABS Ver 9.2.0 for
= (self weight of the truss *1.3) + maximum reaction coming from the purlin
The values of tensile & compressive force will become like the following diagram
Figure doupitch roof diagram
Figure axial force intensity on truss members
Max moment is the power of 10-2, and shear is the power of 10-1, therefore they are
ignorable.
But, tension and compression are 22.63KN and -50.06KN respectively.
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Section provided for truss members
For Fe430 steel grade, fy=275MPa. Thus
235 235
= = = 0.92
𝑓𝑦 275
For external members:
For RT-64 (60x40x3)
Wplx=10.53cm3,Wply=7.94cm3, A=5.42cm2, ry=1.58cm
tf=3mm= tw d=h-3t =60-3*3=51mm b=40mm,c=b/2=40/2=20mm
Internal element of compression flange: c/tf =20/3=6.67≤26=23.92 ----- class I
Web subjected to compression only: d/tw=51/3=17≤39=35.88-------class I
The section as whole is class one (plastic) section.
Check for compression member
Nt,sd= 50.05KN(max.)
The design plastic resistance of the gross section
Npl,Rd=A*fy/ gM1
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=542*275/1.1
=135.5KN >>50.05KN……………….safe!
Buckling resistance of axially loaded compression member
Nb,Rd=X*A* A* fy/gM1
For class one section A =1
Fy =275MPa, gM1=1.1
For all cold formed RHS buckling curve b (table 4.11of EBCS-3) is used
Fyb =fy
Le (for the longest compressive member )=0.63m
Radius of gyration ( i ) =ry=1.58cm
l = Le /i
= 45/16.5
=2.727
For Fe430, l1=93.3e=85.84
ly=(ly/l1)(bA)
=(2.727/85.84) (1)
=0.032
From Table 4.9 of EBCS-3 the reduction factor X for curve b and
ly=0.032 is less than 0.2
therefore the minimum limit for ly=0.2X=1.000
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X=1.000 for l=0.032 and
Nb,Rd=X* A* A* fy/gM1
=1*1*541*275/1.1
=135.25KN > 51.81KN ………………………safe!
For internal bracing:
For RT-64 (40x20x2)
A=2.14cm2, ry=0.79cm
tf=2mm= tw d=h-3t =40-3*2=34mm b=20mm,c=b/2=20/2=10mm
Internal element of compression flange: c/tf =10/2=5≤26=23.92 ----- class I
Web subjected to compression only: d/tw=34/2=17≤39=35.88-------class I
The section as whole is class one (plastic) section.
Check for compression member
Nt,sd= 19.92KN(max.)
The design plastic resistance of the gross section
Npl,Rd=A*fy/ gM1
=214*275/1.1
=53.50KN >19.92KN……………….safe!
Buckling resistance of axially loaded compression member
Nb,Rd=X*A* A* fy/gM1
For class one section A =1
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Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
fy =275MPa, gM1=1.1
For all cold formed RHS buckling curve b (Table 4.11of EBCS-3) is used
Fyb =fy
Le (for the longest compressive member) =0.63m
Radius of gyration ( i ) =ry=0.79cm
l = Le /i
= 63/0.79
=79.75
For Fe430, l1=93.3e=85.84
ly=(ly/l1)(bA)
=(79.75/85.84) (1)
=0.929
From Table 4.9 of EBCS-3 the reduction factor X for curve b;
ly=0.929 is interpolated between ly=0.9 and ly=1.0
ly=0.9-------------------0.6612
ly=0.929-------------------0.6426 (interpolated)
ly=0.9-------------------0.6612
Nb,Rd=X* A* A* fy/gM1
=0.6426*1*214*275/1.1
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=34.38KN > 19.92KN ………………………safe!
3. Half Hipped
External reference height, Ze=h=13.41m
External Pressure:
We = qref * Ce(Ze)*Cpe
Internal Pressure:
Wi = qref * Ce(Ze)*Cpi
Where qref = reference mean wind velocity pressure
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref ,Vref =22m/s from EBCS 1, 1995
ρ =air density
Ce(Ze) =Exposure coefficient accounting for terrain and above the ground level.
The variation of air density with attitude is give in table 3.1 of EBCS , 1995
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref
The site is in Addis Ababa with altitude of 2200m above sea level.
Hence, ρ = 0.94Kg/m3 .
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref =1/2*0.94*222 =227.48 N/m2
=0.227KN/m2
Terrain category:
The area is categorized under category IV and from EBCS-1,Table 3.2 the related
parameters are:
KT =0.24 , Zo =1m , Z min = 16m
Roughness Coefficient :
Cr(z) =KT*ln ( Z/Zo ) , for Zmin ≤ Z ≤ 200m
Cr(z) = Cr(Zmin) , for Z < Zmin
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Z=13.41m < Zmin
Cr(13.41)= 0.24 * ln (16/1 ) =0.67
Topographic coefficient:
The topographic coefficient for the increase of mean wind speed or isolated
hills and escarpments .
In Our case it is assumed that the topography is un affected.
Ct = 1 , for ф < 0.05
Exposure coefficient:
Ce(Z) = Cr2(Z)*Ct2(Z)*[ 1+7KT / Cr(Z)*Ct(Z)
Ce(13.41) = 0.672*12 * [ 1+7*0.24 / 0.67* 1] = 1.57
Now let’s calculate the external pressure coefficient Cpe:
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h=13.41m
Wind
direction
b=5.97m
e/4 =1.493m
e/10 =0.597m
e/4 =0.597m
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e = b or 2h , which is the smaller of the two value
b =5.97m , h =13.41m , 2h =26.82m
b <2h 5.97m < 26.82m ,
e =5.97m
e/10 = 0.597m , e/4 =1.493m
The calculated areas for the zones are:
Zone F G H I J K L M
Area 0.7131 2.6728 13.9642 13.0951 4.0847 0.4976 4.4105 25.1287
(m2)
External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs using the area A of of the zones .
External presure coefficients, Cpe are calculated as follows:
Cpe = Cpe ,1 if A≤ 1m2
Cpe = Cpe ,1 + ( Cpe ,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe ,10 , if A ≥ 10m2
The external pressure coefficient for hipped roof from EBCS-1 1995 and the pitch angle of
16o is interpolated as folliws
Zone for wind direction 900
Pitch
angl
e
αo=f
or
ѳ=0
F G H I J K L M N
αo=f
or
ѳ=90
Cpe, Cp Cpe Cp Cpe, Cp Cpe, Cp Cpe, Cp Cpe, Cp Cpe, Cp Cpe, Cp Cpe, Cp
e1 e1 e1 e1 e1 e1 e1 e1 e1
o
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 -0.9 - -0.8 - -0.3 -0.5 -1.0 - -1.2 - -1.4 - -0.6 1.2 -0.3
5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0
0.2 0.2 0.2
1 - - - - -0.29 -0.49 - - - - -1.4 - - - -0.29
6 0.87 0.2 0.7 1.5 0.98 1.4 1.15 1.9 2.0 0.61 0.0
9 8 8 8
0.22 0.233 0.21 1.1
2
3 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 - -0.5 -1.4 - -0.8 - -0.2
0 1.5 1.5 1.2 2.0 1.2
0.5 0.7 0.4
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Cpe is for zone H,I ,and M, Cpe=Cpe,10
Cpe is for zone F and K, Cpe=Cpe,1
Cpe for zone G,J and L is calculated as follows
Cpe = Cpe ,1 + ( Cpe ,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe for zone G
For Cpe,10=-0.87 and Cpe,1=-1.5
Cpe =-1.5+(-0.87+1.5)log2.6728
=-1.23
For Cpe,10=0.23 and Cpe,1=0.23
Cpe =0.23+(0.23-0.23) log2.6728
=0.23
Cpe for zone J
For Cpe,10=-0.98 and Cpe,1=-1.48
Cpe =-1.48+(-0.98+1.48)log4.0847
=-1.16
Cpe for zone L
For Cpe,10=-1.4 and Cpe,1=-2.0
Cpe =-2.0+(-1.4+2.0)log4.4105
=-1.61
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h=13.41M
5.97
e/4=2.72m
H 10.87m
e/4=2.72m
e/10=1.087
e = b or 2h which is the smaller of the two value
b =10.87m , h =13.14m , 2h=26.82m
b < 2h 10.87m < 26.28m , Hence e = 10.87m e/10 =10.87/10
=1.087m , e/4 = 10.87/4 =2.72m ,
e/2 =10.87/2 =5.435m ,e/10 =1.087m
The calculated areas for the zones are :
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Zone F G H L M N
Area 2.3659 5.9024 18.9051 7.1734 7.5962 2.9077
(m2)
External presure coefficients, Cpe are calculated as follows:
Cpe = Cpe, 1 if A≤ 1m2
Cpe = Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 - Cpe, 1 ) log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe, 10 , if A ≥ 10m2
External pressure coefficient for hipped roofs :
For zone’s F , G , L , M & N Cpe can be calculated by :
Cpe = Cpe ,1 + ( Cpe ,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10 m2
For zone’s H Cpe can be obtained :
Cpe = Cpe, 10 , if A ≥ 10m
Cpe for zone F : For Cpe,1o=-o.87 and Cpe,1=-0.29
Cpe=-o.29+(-0.87+0.29)log2.3659
=-0.507
F0r Cpe,1o=0.22 and Cpe,1=0.22
Cpe=0.22
Cpe for zone G : F0r Cpe,1o=-o.78 and Cpe,1=-1.5
Cpe=-1.5+(-0.78+1.5)log5.9024
=-o.994
F0r Cpe,1o=0.233 and Cpe,1=0.233
Cpe=0.233
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Cpe for zone L : F0r Cpe,1o=-1.4 and Cpe,1=-2.0
Cpe=-2.0+(-1.4+2.0)log7.1734
=-1.487
Cpe for zone M : F0r Cpe,1o=-0.61 and Cpe,1=-0.08
Cpe=-0.08+(-0.61+0.08.0)log7.5962
=-0.5467
F0r Cpe,1o=0 and Cpe,1=1.12
Cpe=1.12+(0.0+1.12)log7.5962
=2.106
Cpe for zone N : F0r Cpe,1o=-0.29 and Cpe,1=-0.29
Cpe=-0.29
There for, the maximum positive and sanction External pressure coefficients in the two cases
are :-
Max Cpe(+ve) value=2.106
Max Cpe(-ve) value=-1.487
INTERNAL WIND PRESSURE
The extreme values of internal pressure coefficients for a building with in internal
partition and opening are:
Cpi = 0.8 or Cpi = -0.5
MAXIMUM NET Cpe VALUE
Cpe(+ve)-Cpi(-ve) =2.906
Cpe(-ve)-Cpi(+ve) =-1.987
NET WIND PRESSURE:
Net pressure= We -Wi= qref * Ce(Ze)*(Cpe-Cpi)
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=0.227KN/m2*1.57*2.906
=1.036KN/m2<1.0641KN/m2 [that of hipped roof] Max Positive
pressure
2
=0.227KN/m *1.57*-1.987
=-0.708 KN/m2 <-0.9141KN/m2 [that of hipped roof] Max sanction
pressure
Since both suction and positive pressure is less than that of hipped
roof, the same section of purlin and truss section is applied for this
half hipped too.
Truss Connection Design
Truss member are connected each other by welding. Fillet weld will be used for connection.
Fillet welds will be used for connecting parts where the fusion faces form angle 45 ̊ and 90 ̊.
Here strength of fillet weld in members is stronger than even the members.
4. Flat Roof
WIND LOAD ANALYSIS FOR FLAT ROOF
External reference height, Ze=h=5.78m
External Pressure:
We = qref * Ce(Ze)*Cpe
Internal Pressure:
Wi = qref * Ce(Ze)*Cpi
Where qref = reference mean wind velocity pressure
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2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref ,Vref =22m/s from EBCS 1, 1995
ρ =air density
Ce(Ze) =Exposure coefficient accounting for terrain and above the ground level.
The variation of air density with attitude is give in table 3.1 of EBCS , 1995
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref The site is
in Adis Ababa with altitude of 220 m above sea level.
Hence, ρ = 0.94Kg/m3 .
2
qref = ½*ρ*Vref =1/2*0.94*222 =227.48 N/m2
=0.227KN/m2
Terrain category:
The area is categorized under category IV and from EBCS-1,Table 3.2 the related
parameters are:
KT =0.24 , Zo =1m , Z min = 16m
Roughness Coefficient :
Cr(z) =KT*ln ( Z/Zo ) , for Zmin ≤ Z ≤ 200m
Cr(z) = Cr(Zmin) , for Z < Zmin
Since, Z=5.78m < Zmin =16m
Cr(16) = 0.24 * ln(16/1 ) =0.665
Topographic coefficient:
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The topographic coefficient for the increase of mean wind speed or isolated
hills and escarpments .
In Our case it is assumed that the topography is un affected.
Ct = 1 , for ф < 0.05
Exposure coefficient:
Ce(Z) = Cr2(Z)*Ct2(Z)*[ 1+7KT / Cr(Z)*Ct(Z)
Ce(16) = 0.6652*12 * [ 1+7*0.24 / 0.665* 1] = 1.56
Now let’s calculate the external pressure coefficient Cpe:
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d=11.35m, b=3.13m, h=5.78m, 2h=11.56m
e = b or 2h , which is the smaller of the two value
e=3.13m
e/2=1.565, e/4=0.783, e/10=0.313
Hp=6.63-5.78=0.85m
Hp/h=0.85/5.78=0.147
The calculated areas for the zones are:
Zone F G H I
Area(m2) 0.245 0.490 3.919 30.627
External presure coefficients, Cpe are calculated as follows:
Cpe = Cpe ,1 if A≤ 1m2
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Cpe = Cpe ,1 + ( Cpe ,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe ,10 , if A ≥ 10m2
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFIENT FOR FLAT ROOF FOR HP/h=0.147
ZONE
F G H I
Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10
Cpe1
Hp/h=0.147 -1.2 -1.8 -0.4 -1.4 ±0.2
-0.7 -1.2
Cpe for zone H is calculated as follows
Cpe = Cpe,1 + (Cpe,10 - Cpe ,1 )log10A , if 1m2 < A < 10m2
=-1.4+(-0.7+1.4)log3.919
0.903
Cpe for zone F and G is cpe,1.
Cpe for zone I is cpe,10.
Zone F G H I
cpe -1.8 -1.4 0.903 ±2
Ce(z) =1.56
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INTERNAL WIND PRESSURE
The extreme values of internal pressure coefficients for abuilding with in internal
partition and opening are:
Cpi = 0.8 or Cpi = -0.5
NET WIND PRESSURE:
Net pressure = qref * Ce(Ze)*(Cpe-Cpi)
=0.227*1.56*(cpe-cpi)
=0.3546(cpe-cpi)
zone F G H I
cpe -1.8 -1.4 -0.903 -0.2 0.2
cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -0.5
Cpe-cpi -2.6 -2.2 -1.703 -1 0.7
Net p -0.92196 -0.78012 -0.604 -0.3546 0.24822
Therefore for design we take maximum positive and negative moment values
Max Wnet(+ve)=0.2482KN/m2
Max Wnet(-ve)=0.922KN/m2
Flat roof slab design
On the roof there are one permanent action(Gk) i.e. self weight of the slab and two variable
action(Qk) i.e. live load for flat roof and wind load on the roof. Therefore,
2
Design (Factored) load=Fd=1.3Gk+1.35 𝑖=1 𝑄𝑘𝑖
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i) Live Load
Live load on flat roof slab 0.5KN/m2 is considered (EBCS 2.6.3
category H)
ii) Wind Load
Max Wnet(+ve)=0.2482KN/m2
Max Wnet(-ve)=0.922KN/m2
ii) Dead Load
Design as cantilever slab
0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑𝑗 ≥ 0.4 +
400 𝛽𝑎
Ly/Lx=531/243=2.2, 𝛽𝑎 =12 and one way slab (EBCS-2 For cantilever slab designed as
Beam)
0.6∗300 2430
𝑑 = 0.4 + =172.125mm
400 12
Over all depth,D=172.125+12/2+20=198.125
Provide over all depth, D=200mm
Effective depth, d=200-12/2-20=174mm
1.0m
m
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2.43m
Dead loads
Self weight of slab=0.20*25=5KN/m2
Ceiling plastering=0.02*24=0.48KN/m
Cement screed=0.02*24=0.48KN/m
Total dead load,DL =5.96KN/m2
Live Load
LL=0.5KN/m2 is considered (EBCS 2.6.3 category H)
Wind load
Net pressure, WL =0.2488(positive)
=-0.922(suction)
Design load per meter
=1.3DL+1.35(LL+WL)
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=1.3*5.96+1.35(0.5+0.2488)3=8.76KN/m………For positive wind pressure.
1.3*5.96+1.35(0.5-0.922) =8.09KN/m………….. For negative wind pressure.
Therefore, for design the larger factored load is taken. Design load, Fd =8.76KN/m
`
2.43m
Fig. design load distribution
Fig. moment diagram
Mmax=25.86KNm
Fig. shear force diagram
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Vmax=21.29KN
MUmax =0.2952 * fcd *bd2
=0.2952 *11.33 *1000*1742*10-6 =101.26KNm>
25.86KNm
Therefore the provided depth is safe .
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 5002∗25.86∗10
2
∗300 ∗11.33
∗ 11.33
260 .87
=0. 00226 > ρmin=0.002
As =ρbd =0.00226 *1000 *174 =393.24mm2
Spacing of Φ12 dia rods = (π x122/4)x1000/393.24 =287.6mm
Spacing provided C/C=280mm
№ of Φ12 dia rods per meter=406.57/(π*122/4)=3.59
Provide 4 № of Φ12 dia rods per meter
For the trasverce span provide minimum reinforcement
0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = =0.0017
𝑓 𝑦𝑘 300
As =ρbd =0.0017 *1000 *109 =185.3mm2
Spacing of Φ12 dia rods = (π x122/4)x1000/185.3 =610.3mm.
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Smax=0.5d=0.5*174=87mm
Spacing provided C/C=85mm
№ of Φ8 dia rods per meter =185.3/(π*82/4)=3.69
Provide 4 № of Φ12 dia rods per meter
CHECK SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRET
According of EBCS-2, 1995, Art [Link] .The shear force Vc carried
by the concrete is members without significant axial forces shall be taken
as
Vc =0.25fctd K1 K2 bd
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
𝐴𝑠 393.24
𝜌= = = 0.00226
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 174
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.00226=1.113 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.174 = 1.426 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bd
= 0.25*1.03*1.113*1.426*1000*174*10-3
=71.11KN>> Vmax=21.29KN
The slab resists shear force without shear reinforcement
Structural drawings of trusses are shown in appendix.
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Analysis and Design of Ribbed Slabs
According to EBCS 2- 1995, ribs shall not be less than 70mm in width; and shall have a depth,
excluding any topping, of not more than 4 times the minimum width of the rib. The rib spacing
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shall not exceed 1.0m. Thickness of topping shall not be less than 40mm, nor less than 1/10 the
clear distance between ribs.
Design of joist and topping
Materials used:
Steel having character strength fyk=300MPa, fyd=260.87MPa
C25 concrete Material properties-fcd=11.33MPa
Section dimensions-d=240mm
be=400mm
bw =80mm
Typical Ribbed Beam Section
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60mm
200mm
240mm
40mm
400mm
80mm
40mm 40mm
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Effective depth of joist or rib
0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑𝑗 ≥ 0.4 +
400 𝛽𝑎
Here Le =Span of the joist
We have two different span lengths
L1=3.60m and L2=6.00m
βa Can be taken similar to flat slab=24
For span length L1= 3.60m
𝐿𝑒 3600
dj=(0.85) =0.85 =127.5mm
𝛽𝑎 24
For span length L2=6.0m
𝐿𝑒 6000
dj=(0.85) =0.85 =212.5mm
𝛽𝑎 24
Therefore the governing dj = 212.5mm
Overall depth of the joist=Dj=212.5+15+12/2+6=239.5mm
Provide Dj=240mm
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Overall depth of the joist Dj≤4bw,joist=4(80)=320mm
Therefore the provided Dj is OK
Thickness of the slab (topping), tslab≥40mm, or 1/10 clear distance between ribs
=(400-80)/10=32mm
Therefore in our design provide, tslab =60mm
Over all depth of the slab=Dj +tslab =240+60=300mm
Effective depth, d=300-15-12/2-6=273mm
Loads on joist
Dead loads
Marble tile =0.025*0.4*27=0.27KN/m
Cement screed=0.025*0.4*24=0.4KN/m
Topping= 0.06*0.4*25=0.6KN/m
Joist=0.24*0.08*25=0.5KN/m
Ceiling plastering=0.02*0.4*24=0.0192KN/m
Total dead load=1.8KN/m
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DL from partition etc
Weight of wall (partition) =2.59*0.1*14 =3.63KN/m , where 14KN/m3 is unit wt of HCB
Weight of wall (external) =2.59*0.15*14=5.43KN/m
Plastering =2*0.015*2.59*24=1.86KN/m, where 24KN/m3 is unit wt of concrete
Total wt of wall (partition)=5.49KN/m
Total wt of wall (external)=7.29KN/m
Point load (partition wall)=5.49*0.4=2.196KN
Point load (external wall)=7.29*0.4=2.916KN
LL given in EBCS-2, 1995 table 2.9 and 2.10
LL=5KN/m2( because of shopping area and the max value)
LL=5*0.4=2KN/m
Design load=1.3(DL)+1.6(LL
The following design load combination are considered for the ribs
Comb1=1.3(DL)+1.6(LL)
Comb2=1.3(DL)+1.6(LL)+1.3(DWL)
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Comb3=1.3(DL)+1.6(LL)+1.3(DWL)+1.3(PWL)
Comb4=1.3(DL)+1.6(LL)+ 1.3(PWL)
DL=1.8KN/m, LL=2KN/m, DWLI=5.49KN/m, DWLE=7.29KN/m, PWLI=2.196KN/m,
PWLE=2.916KN/m
Ribbed beam design
Mumax=0.2952fcdbd2
=0.2952*11.33*80*2732*10-6 KNm
=21.28KNm
If the max moment from SAP2000 output is less than Mumax the ribs are under reinforced i.e.
singly reinforced while as If the max moment from SAP2000 output is greater than Mu max the
ribs are over reinforced i.e. doubly reinforced
Max moment from SAP2000 output
Material properties-fcd=11.33MP ,fyd =260.87MPa
Section dimensions-d=273mm, be=400mm, bw =80mm
GOR1 (Comb-3)
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Fig: Moment diagram for combination-3
Mmax(support)=14.85KNm
Mmax(mid)=10.45KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =10.45KNm
10.45*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=10.37mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*10.37*400*11.33)/260.87
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=144.12mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 144.12/ (*122/4) =1.27
Use 212mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 14.85KNm< Mumax=21.287KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗14.85∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗273 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.01013
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.01013*80*273= 228.53mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods=145.29/ (*142/4) =1.48
Use 214mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
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Fig: Shear force diagram for combination-3
Vsd=16.97KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
16.7KN
14.07KN
1.508m
1.79m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =14.07KN
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Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*120*273*10-3
=92.45KN > 14.07KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd=
1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.00644= 1.322 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.273 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.322*1.318*120*273*10-3
= 10.12KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 14.07-10.12=3.95KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.55mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
56.55∗260 .87∗272
=
3.95∗1000
=1015.8mm
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Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use `6 stirrups c/c 140mm.
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
28.27∗1000
Spacing of 6 = 60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
GOR2 (comb-2)
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Fig: Moment diagram for combination-3
Mmax(support)=18.82KNm
Mmax(mid)=15.77KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =15.77KNm
15.77*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=15.78mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
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= (0.8*15.78*400*11.33)/260.87
=219.31mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 219.31/ (*122/4) =1.94
Use 212mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 18.82KNm< Mumax=21.287KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗18.82∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗273 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.01341
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.01341*80*273= 302.53mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods=302.53/ (*142/4) =1.97
Use 214mm rods at the support section.
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Shear reinforcement
Fig: Shear force diagram for combination-3
Vsd=32.28KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
32.28KN
26.85KN
1.393m
1.675m
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Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =26.85KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*120*273*10-3
=92.45KN > 26.85KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓
𝑐𝑘
0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.01341= 1.6705 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.273 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.6705*1.318*80*273*10-3
= 12.79KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 26.85-12.79=14.06KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.55mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
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=56.55∗260 .87∗272
14.06∗1000
=285.4mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 272= 136mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 135mm
G0R3 COMB1
Fig: Moment diagram for combination-1
Mmax (support) =11.18 KNm
Mmax (mid span) =11.68 KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =11.68KNm
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11.68*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (273-0.4*x)
X=12.06mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*12.06*400*11.33)/260.87
=167.61mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 167.61/ (*122/4) =1.48
Use 2 no of 12mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 11.18KNm< Mumax=21.287KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗11.18∗10 611.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗273 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.0079
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.0079*80*273= 172.54mm2
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Number of 14mm diameter rods=172.54/ (*142/4) =1.12
Use 214mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
Fig. shear force diagram from comb-1
Vsd=16.93KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
16.93KN
15.28KN
2.527m
2.8m
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Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =15.28KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*273*10-3
=61.86KN > 15.28KN………….…… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓
𝑐𝑘
0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.0079= 1.395 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.273 = 1.327 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.395*1.327*80*273*10-3
= 10.41KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 15.28-10.41=4.87KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.55mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
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56.55∗260 .87∗273
= 4.87∗1000
=826.97m
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 272= 136mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 135mm
GOR4 COMB1
Fig: Moment diagram for combination-1
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =6.99KNm
6.99*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=6.904mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*6.904*400*11.33)/260.87
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=95.952mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 95.952/ (*122/4) =.8488
Use 1 no of12mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 9.34KNm< Mumax=21.287KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗9.34∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.006
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.006*80*282= 135.36mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods=135.36/ (*142/4) =0.87898
Use 114mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
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Fig: Shear force diagram for combination-1
Vsd=14.68KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
14.68KN
12.009KN
1.268m
1.55m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =12.009KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
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=63.9012KN > 14.68KN………….…… OK
2 3
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 2 3
Fctd= = =1.03Mpa
1.5 1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.006= 1.3 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.3*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 9.953KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 14.68-9.953=4.727KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 6 * /4 = 56.55mm
2 2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
56.55∗260 .87∗282
= =880.0761mm
4.727 ∗1000
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Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 272= 136mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 135mm
G1R1 COMB3 MOMENT DIAGRAM(special)
Fig: moment diagram for combination-3
Mmax(support)=35.38KNm
Mmax(mid)=27.92KNm
Fig: Bending moment diagram for combination 3
Material properties-fcd=11.33MPa
fyd=260.87MPa
Section dimensions-d=282mm
be =400mm
bw =80mm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
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Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (at mid span section) =27.92KNm
27.92*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X= 28.456mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*28.456*400*11.33)/260.87
=395.4846mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 395.4846/ (*142/4) =2.57
Use 3 dia 14mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (at support section) = 35.38KNm
Mumax=0.2952 fcd bwd2, where bw =80mm
=0.2952*11.33*80*2822*10-6= 21.278KNm
21.278KNm < 35.38KNm, the section is over reinforced.
The section has to be designed as doubly reinforced.
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2𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌1 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗21.278 ∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.0156
Ast1= 𝜌1 b d= 0.0156*80*272= 339.456mm2
M=Mmax-Mumax=35.38 – 21.278 = 14.102KNm
Take d2=2mm
∆𝑀 14.102𝑋10 6
Ast2= = =210.34mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑−𝑑2) 260.87(282−25)
Ast= Ast1+ Ast2=339.456+210.34=549.796mm2
No of 16mm=549.796/(*162/4)=2.73
Use 3 16mm at the top
𝑥−𝑑2
fsc= Es c Where x=0.45d=0.45*282=126.9mm
𝑥
126.9−25
fsc= 200*103 *0.0035=562.096MPa
126.9
562.096>260.87, Therefore use fsc=fyd=260.87Mpa
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∆𝑀 14.102𝑋10 6
Asb= = =210.34mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑−𝑑2) 260.87(282−25)
No of 12mm=210.34/(*122/4)=1.86
Use 2 12mm rod at the bottom
Shear reinforcement
Fig: Shear force diagram for combination-3
Vsd=40.10KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
40.10KN
35.9879KN
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
2.468m
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =35.9876KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9012KN > 35.9876KN……………………… OK
At the support there are 414mm rods
4∗142∗/4
Ρ=As/bd= =0.02728
80∗282
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd=
1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.02728= 2.364 >2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*2*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 15.31KN
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Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 35.9878-15.31=20.677KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.55mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.55∗260 .87∗282
20.677 ∗1000
=201.19mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 272= 136mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 135mm
G1R4 COMB2 moment diagram
Mmax support=6.81 KNm
Mmax mid span=3.57 KNm
92
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Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =3.57KNm
3.57*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=3.509mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*3.509*400*11.33)/260.87
=48.768mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 48.768/ (*122/4) =.431
Use 1 no of12mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) =6.81KNm< Mumax=21.287KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
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2∗6.81∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.0043
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.0043*80*282= 97.008mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods=97.008/ (*142/4) =0.63049
Use 114mm rods at the support section.
G1R4 COMB2
Vsd=10.76KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
10.76KN
8.802KN
1.268m
94
Final Project on Mixed Use Building 1.55m June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =8.802kN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9012KN > 10.76KN………….…… OK
2 3
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 2 3
Fctd= = =1.03Mpa
1.5 1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.0043= 1.215 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.318*1.215*80*282*10-3
= 9.3026KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 10.75-9.3026=1.4474KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 6 * /4 = 56.55mm
2 2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
56.55∗260 .87∗282
= =2874.2mm
1.4474 ∗1000
95
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Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 272= 136mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 135mm
G1R3 COMB1 MOMENT DIAGRAM
Mmax support=17.48 KNm
Mmax mid span=13.81 KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =13.81KNm
13.81*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
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X=13.77mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*13.779*400*11.33)/260.87
=191.37mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 191.37/ (*122/4) =1.69
Use 2 no of12mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 17.48KNm< Mumax=21.287KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗17.48∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.01226
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.01226*80*282= 276.58mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods=276.58/ (*142/4) =1.798
Use 214mm rods at the support section.
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Shear reinforcement
G1R3 comb3 SHEAR DIAGRAM
Vsd=28.35KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
28.35KNN
23.192KN
1.268m
1.55m
98
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =23.192KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9012KN > 28.35KN………….…… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓
𝑐𝑘
0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.012= 1.6 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.6*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 12.250KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 28.35-12.250=16.1KN
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Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.55mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
56.55∗260 .87∗282
= 16.1∗1000
=258.39mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 140mm
G1R3 COMB3-1 MOMENT DIAGRAM
Mmax support=6.56 KNm
Mmax mid span=6.43 KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
100
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Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =13.81KNm
6.56*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=6.47mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*6.47*400*11.33)/260.87
=89.92mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 89.92/ (*122/4) =.795
Use 1 no of12mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 6.56KNm< Mumax=21.287KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗6.56∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
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=0.00415
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.00415*80*282= 93.624mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods=93.624/ (*142/4) =0.6086
Use 1 14mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
G1R2 comb3-1 SHEAR DIAGRAM
Vsd=15.43KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
15.43KNN
13.847KN
102
Final Project on Mixed Use Building 2.468m June, 2010
2.75m
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =13.847KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9012KN >15.43KN………….…… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.00415= 1.2075≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.2075*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 9.245KN
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Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 15.43-9.245=6.85KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.55mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.55∗260 .87∗282
6.85∗1000
=607.316mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 140mm
Material properties-fcd=11.33MP fyd =260.87MPa
Section dimensions-d=272mm, be=400mm, bw =80mm
G2RB1(Comb2)
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Fig: Moment diagram for combination 4
Mmax(support)=17.62KNm
Mmax(mid)=15.62KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =12.75KNm
15.62*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=15.62mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*15.62*400*11.33)/260.87
=156.97mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 156.97/ (*122/4) =1.38
Use 212mm rods at mid span section.
105
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Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 17.62KNm< Mumax=29.6937KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗17.62∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.008433
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.008433*80*282= 190.25mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 190.25/ (*142/4) =1.24
Use 214mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
106
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Fig: Shear force diagram
Vsd=19.21KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
19.21KN
17.59KN
2.518m
2.75m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =17.59KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9KN > 17.59KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.008433= 1.422 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
107
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Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.422*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 10.88KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 17.59-10.88=6.71KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.5mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
56.55∗260 .87∗282
= 6.71∗1000
=852.5mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use `6 stirrups c/c 141mm
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
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28.27∗1000
Spacing of 6 = 60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
G2RBS1(COMB3) Special
Fig: Bending moment diagram for combination 3
Mmax(support)=37.38KNm
Mmax(mid)=30.71KNm
Material properties-fcd=11.33MPa
fyd=260.87MPa
Section dimensions-d=282mm
be =400mm
bw =80mm
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Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (at mid span section) =29.93KNm
30.71*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X= 32.72mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*32.72*400*11.33)/260.87
=454.75mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 454.75/ (*142/4) =2.95
Use 3 dia 14mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (at support section) = 37.38KNm
Mumax=0.2952 fcd bwd2, where bw =80mm
=0.2952*11.33*80*2822*10-6= 21.28KNm
21.28KNm < 37.38KNm, the section is over reinforced.
110
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The section has to be designed as doubly reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌1 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗21.28∗10 611.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.010454
Ast1= 𝜌1 b d= 0.010454*80*282= 235.84mm2
M=Mmax-Mumax=37.38 – 21.28 = 16.1KNm
Take d2=25mm
∆𝑀 16.1𝑋10 6
Ast2= = =240.14mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑−𝑑2) 260.87(282−25)
Ast= Ast1+ Ast2=235.84+240.14=475.98mm2
No of 14mm=475.14/(*142/4)=3.09
Use 4 14mm at the top
𝑥−𝑑2
fsc= Es c Where x=0.45d=0.45*282=126.9mm
𝑥
126.9−25
fsc= 200*103 *0.0035=562.096MPa
126.9
562.096>260.87 Therefore use fsc=fyd=260.87Mpa
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∆𝑀 16.1𝑋10 6
Asb= = =240.14mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑−𝑑2) 260.87(282−25)
No of 10mm=240/(*102/4)=3.06
Use 4 10mm rod at the bottom
Shear reinforcement
Fig: Shear force diagram
Vsd=41.59KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
41.59KN
37.33KN
2.468m
112
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
2.75m
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =37.33KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=92.45KN > 18.02KN……………………… OK
At the support there are 414mm rods
4∗196∗/4
Ρ=As/bd= =0.0273
80∗282
2 3 2
0.21𝑓
𝑐𝑘
0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.010454= 1.5227 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.5227*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 11.66KN
Vsd > Vc
113
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Vs = Vsd – Vc = 37.33-11.66=25.67KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.55mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.55∗260 .87∗282
25.67∗1000
=162.05mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 141mm
G2RB2(COMB2)
Fig: Moment diagram for combination 2
Mmax(support)=11.37KNm
Mmax(mid)=6.92KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
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Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =6.92KNm
6.92*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=7.09mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*7.09*400*11.33)/260.87
=98.54mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 98.54/ (*122/4) =0.87
Use 112mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 11.37KNm< Mumax=21.28KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗11.38∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
115
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=0.005233
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.005233*80*282= 118.07mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 118.07/ (*142/4) =0.77
Use 114mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
21.52KN
17.9KN
1.268m
1.55m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =17.6KN
116
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Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9KN > 17.9KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.005233= 1.2617 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.2617*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 9.66KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 17.6-9.66=7.94KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.5mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.5∗260 .87∗282
7.94∗1000
=523.49mm
117
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Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use `6 stirrups c/c 141mm
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
Spacing of 6 = 28.27∗1000
60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
G2RB3(COMB2)
Fig: Moment diagram for combination 2
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Mmax(support)=15.81KNm
Mmax(mid)=13.30KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =13.30KNm
13.3*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=13.76mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*13.76*400*11.33)/260.87
=191.24mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 191.24/ (*122/4) =1.69
Use 212mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 15.81KNm< Mumax=21.28KNm, the section is under reinforced.
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2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗15.81∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.007475
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.007475*80*282= 168.64mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 168.64/ (*142/4) =1.096
Use 214mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
22.47KN
16.57KN
1.268m
1.55m
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Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =18.38KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9KN > 18.38KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.007475= 1.374 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.374*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 10.52KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 18.38-10.52=7.86KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.5mm2
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Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.5∗260 .87∗282
7.86∗1000
=528.81mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use `6 stirrups c/c 141mm
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
Spacing of 6 = 28.27∗1000
60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
G2RB4(COMB3)
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Fig: Moment diagram for combination 2
Mmax(support)=15.06KNm
Mmax(mid)=12.57KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =12.57KNm
15.57*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=16.17mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*16.17*400*11.33)/260.87
=224.73mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 224.73/ (*122/4) =1.99
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Use 212mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 15.06KNm< Mumax=21.28KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗15.06∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.007086
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.007086*80*282= 159.86mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 159.86/ (*142/4) =1.038
Use 214mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
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18.14KN
16.28KN
2.468m
2.75m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =16.28KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9KN > 16.28KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd=
1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.007086= 1.3543 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
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= 0.25*1.03*1.3543*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 10.37KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 16.28-10.37=5.91KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.5mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
56.5∗260 .87∗282
= 5.91∗1000
=703.287mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 140mm
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
Spacing of 6 = 28.27∗1000
60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
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shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
G2RBS5(COMB)
Fig: Bending moment diagram for combination 3Mmax(support)=27.82KNm
Mmax(mid)=29.38KNm
Material properties-fcd=11.33MPa
fyd=260.87MPa
Section dimensions-d=282mm
be =400mm
bw =80mm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (at mid span section) =29.93KNm
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29.38*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X= 31.23mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*31.23*400*11.33)/260.87
=434.04mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 434.04/ (*142/4) =2.82
Use 3 dia 14mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (at support section) = 27.82KNm
Mumax=0.2952 fcd bwd2, where bw =80mm
=0.2952*11.33*80*2822*10-6= 21.28KNm
21.28KNm < 27.82KNm, the section is over reinforced.
The section has to be designed as doubly reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌1 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
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2∗21.28∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.010454
Ast1= 𝜌1 b d= 0.010454*80*282= 235.84mm2
M=Mmax-Mumax=27.82 – 21.28 = 6.54KNm
Take d2=25mm
∆𝑀 6.54𝑋10 6
Ast2= = =97.55mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑−𝑑2) 260.87(282−25)
Ast= Ast1+ Ast2=235.84+97.55=333.39mm2
No of 14mm=333.39/(*142/4)=2.17
Use 4 14mm at the top
𝑥−𝑑2
fsc= Es c Where x=0.45d=0.45*282=126.9mm
𝑥
126.9−25
fsc= 200*103 *0.0035=562.096MPa
126.9
562.096>260.87, Therefore use fsc=fyd=260.87Mpa
∆𝑀 6.54𝑋10 6
Asb= = =97.55mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑−𝑑2) 260.87(282−25)
No of 10mm=97.55/(*102/4)=1.242
Use 4 10mm rod at the bottom
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Shear reinforcement
Fig: Shear force diagram
V=28.09KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
28.09KN
25.21KN
2.468m
2.75m
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Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =25.21KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=92.45KN > 25.21KN……………………… OK
At the support there are 414mm rods
4∗196∗/4
Ρ=As/bd= =0.0273
80∗282
2 3
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 2 3
Fctd= = =1.03Mpa
1.5 1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.010454= 1.5227 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.5227*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 11.66KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 25.21-11.66=13.55KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 6 * /4 = 56.55mm
2 2
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Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.55∗260 .87∗282
13.55∗1000
=307.02mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use 6 stirrups c/c 141mm
G4RB1(COMB3)
Fig: Moment diagram for combination 2
Mmax(support)=8.60KNm
Mmax(mid)=4.41KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =12.57KNm
4.41*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=4.51mm
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Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*4.51*400*11.33)/260.87
=61.29mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 61.29/ (*122/4) =0.54
Use 112mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 8.6KNm< Mumax=21.28KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗8.6∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.003891
2
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.003891*80*282= 87.8mm
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 87.8/ (*122/4) =0.776
Use 112mm rods at the support section.
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Shear reinforcement
13.93KN
12.5KN
2.468m
2.75m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =12.5KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9KN > 12.5KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
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k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.003891= 1.19455 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.19455*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 9.146KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 12.5-9.146=3.354KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.5mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.5∗260 .87∗282
3.35∗1000
=1240.73mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use `6 stirrups c/c 141mm
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
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Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
Spacing of 6 = 28.27∗1000
60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
G4RB2(COMB1)
Fig: Moment diagram for combination 2
Mmax(support)=8.54KNm
Mmax(mid)=5.65KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
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Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =5.65KNm
5.65*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=5.78mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*5.78*400*11.33)/260.87
=80.33mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 80.33/ (*122/4) =0.71
Use 112mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 8.54KNm< Mumax=21.28KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗8.54∗10 611.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
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=0.003862
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.003861*80*282= 87.81mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 87.81/ (*122/4) =0.77
Use 112mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
12.02KN
10.79KN
2.468m
2.75m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =10.79KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
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=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9KN > 10.79KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.003861= 1.15305 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.15305*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 8.571KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 10.79-8.571=2.219KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.5mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
56.5∗260 .87∗282
= 2.21∗1000
=1880.74mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
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Use `6 stirrups c/c 141mm
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
Spacing of 6 = 28.27∗1000
60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
G4RB3(COMB4)
Fig: Moment diagram for combination 2
Mmax(support)=15.81KNm
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Mmax(mid)=4.11KNm
Design of mid span section
Mid span section is designed as a T-beam
Assuming the NA fall in the flange,
Mu=0.8 x be fcd (d-0.4 x)
Mmax (mid) =4.11KNm
4.11*106=0.8 x (400) (11.33) (282-0.4*x)
X=4.19mm
Therefore NA falls in flange
As= (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8*4.19*400*11.33)/260.87
=58.233mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 58.233/ (*122/4) =0.515
Use 112mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Support section is designed as a rectangular beam
Mmax (support) = 15.81KNm< Mumax=21.28KNm, the section is under reinforced.
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2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗15.81∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 80∗282 2 ∗11.33 ∗ 260 .87
=0.007475
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.007475*80*282= 168.64mm2
Number of 12mm diameter rods= 168.64/ (*122/4) =1.491
Use 212mm rods at the support section.
Shear reinforcement
13.70KN
11.21KN
1.268m
1.55m
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Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =11.21KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*80*282*10-3
=63.9KN > 11.21KN……………………… OK
2 3 2
0.21𝑓
𝑐𝑘
0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.007475= 1.37375 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.282 = 1.318 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.37375*1.318*80*282*10-3
= 10.52KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 11.21-10.52=0.682KN
Consider 6mm stirrups with 2 legs
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Av = 2 * 62 * /4 = 56.5mm2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=56.5∗260 .87∗282
0.682 ∗1000
=6094.5mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 282= 141mm
Use `6 stirrups c/c 141mm
Transverse reinforcement
Cross-section area of topping
Ac=60*1000=60000mm2 (always do for 1m)
Based on EBCS-2, Ast=0.001Ac
Ast=0.001*60000=60mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width
Spacing of 6 = 28.27∗1000
60
= 471.2mm (28.27=area of 6mm dia)
Use6 c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements
shall not exceed 400mm spacing)
Structural drawings of beams are shown in appendex.
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SOLID SLAB DESIGN
The solid slabs are cantilever slabs so that design them as cantilever beam.
Design of cantilever slab (SS1)
Solid slab at axis-3 between axis-A and B as 1st, 2nd and 3rdfloors.
0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑𝑗 ≥ 0.4 +
400 𝛽𝑎
Ly/Lx=340/150=2.7, 𝛽𝑎 =12 and one way slab (EBCS-2 For cantilever slab designed as Cantilever
beam)
0.6∗300 1500
𝑑 = 0.4 + =106.25mm
400 12
Over all depth,D=106.25+12/2+15=127.25mm
Provide over all depth, D=150mm
Effective depth, d=150-12/2-15=129mm
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Dead loads
Self weight of slab=0.15*25=3.75KN/m2
Ceiling plastering=0.02*24=0.48KN/m
Marble tile =0.02*27=0.54KN/m
Cement screed=0.02*24=0.48KN/m
Total dead load =5.25KN/m2 ]
DWL=0.1*14+2*0.02*24=1.88KN/m2 (weight per m2of the partition wall)
Total weight of partition=1.88*1.5*2.59=7.30KN
Percentage of partition load in the total load
= (1.3*7.3)/ (1.3(7.3+5.25*1.5*3.4) +1.6*2*3.4*1.5)*100
=15.66 %< 20%
Hence, this load can be distributed in the slab
7.3/ (3.4*1.5)=1.43KN/m2
LL=5KN/m2
Design load per meter
=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3*(5.25+1.43)+1.6*5=16.684KN/m
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Fig. design load distribution
Fig. moment diagram
Mmax=18.77KNm
Fig. shear force diagram
Vmax=25.02KN
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MUmax =0.2952 * fcd *bd2
=0.2952 *11.33 *1000*1092*10-6 =39.74 KNm> 11.06KNm
Therefore the provided depth is safe .
ρ=(1-√(1-2Mu/bd2fcd)*fcd/fyd
=(1-√(1-2 *11.o6 *106 / 1000*1092*11.33)*11.33/260.87
=0.00373
As =ρbd =0.00373 *1000 *109 =406.57mm2
Spacing of Φ12 dia rods = (π x122/4)x1000/406.57 =278.17mm
Spacing provided C/C=270mm
№ of Φ12 dia rods=406.57/(π*122/4)=3.59 per meter
Total № of Φ12 dia rods for 1.42m=3.59*1.42=5.01
→provide 6 № of 12mm dia rods.
For the trasverce span provide minimum reinforcement
0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = =0.0017
𝑓 𝑦𝑘 300
As =ρbd =0.0017 *1000 *109 =185.3mm2
№ of Φ8 dia rods=185.3/(π*82/4)=3.69 per meter
Total № of Φ8 dia rods for 2.65m=3.69*2.65=9.78
→provide 10 № of 8mm dia rods.
CHECK SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRET
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According of EBCS-2, 1995, Art [Link] .The shear force Vc carried
by the concrete is members without significant axial forces shall be taken
as
Vc =0.25fctd K1 K2 bd
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
𝐴𝑠 406.57
𝜌= = = 0.00373
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 109
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.00373=1.1865 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.109 = 1.491 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bd
= 0.25*1.03*1.1865*1.491*1000*109*10-3
= 49.65KN>> Vmax=15.58KN
The slab resist shear force with out reinforcement!
For the rest of solid slabs in the 1st , 2nd and 3rd floors provide the same reinforcement as provided
above
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Design Of Staircases
Staircase 1
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1.05
m
Ѳ=tan-1(16/29)=28.89
DEPTH DETERMINATION
Effective depth requirement for serviceability limit state:
d = (0.4 + 0.6 fyk/400) Le/ βα ,
βα = 20(taken as simply supported beam)
fyk= 300MPa, Le=319+105+105=424cm=4.24m
d = (0.4 + 0.6 *300/400) 4240/20
= 180.2 mm
Assume Ø 12 mm bars with concrete cover of 15 mm
Total over all depth:
D = 180.2 +12/2 +15 = 201.2mm
Use D = 210mm
Effective depth, d =210 – (12/2 +15 ) =189 mm
Loadings
Dead load at steps
Average slab thickness =20/cos28.89=22.8cm
Own weight of slab=1.1x25x0.228=6.17KN/m
3cm cement screed=1.1x24x0.03=0.792KN/m
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3cm marble floor finish=1.1x27x0.03=0.8748KN/m
=7.83KN/m
Live load=3KN/m2 [EBCS-1 Table 2.10]
=3x1.1=3.3KN/m
Design load=1.3DL+1.6LL
=1.3(7.83)+1.6(3.3)
=15.47KN/m
Dead load at landing:
Own weight of slab=1.1x25x0.2=5.5KN/m…… [0.2 slab thickness in meter]
3cm cement screed=1.1x23x0.03=0.792KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.1x27xx0.03=0.8748KN/m
=7.2KN/m
Live load =3.00KN/m2=3x1.1=3.3KN/m
Design Load=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3(7.2)+1.6(3.3)=14.64KN/m
Modeling
1.05m 3.19m 1.05m
From SAP out put
Design actions
-Design moment=53.26KNm
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-Design shear=40.05KN
𝑀𝑈 53.26∗10 6
Depth, d = = =126.19mm<<228mm, hence OK
0.2952∗𝑏∗𝑓 𝑐𝑑 0.2952∗1000 ∗11.33
The given depth is very large, so it should be reduced to 150mm that has enough capacity to
resist the given moment.
Shear Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*1000*150*10-3
=424.88KN>40.05KN………………………………… hence OK
The provided depth is Safe
Check for Deflection
E-modules of elasticity of concrete=29Mpa
I =bd3/12=1000*1503/12=2.8125*10-4
5𝑤 𝑙 4 5∗15.47∗4.244
∆max= = 384∗29∗10 6 ∗2.8125 ∗10 −4 =0.00798m=7.98mm
384𝐸𝐼
According to EBCS-2 Sec. 5.2.2 The final deflection shall not exceed the value:
=Le/200=4240/200=21.2mm>7.98mm…………… hence OK
Check for Shear Capacity
Vc=0.25fctdk1k2bwd
fctd=1MPa
k1=1+50ρ<2
k2=1.6-d>1
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2𝑀𝑢 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 2∗53.26∗10 6 11.33
ρ= 1 − 1− = 1− 1−
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 𝑓 𝑦𝑑 1000 ∗150 2 ∗11.33 260.87
=0.0103
k1=1+50ρ=1+50*0.0103=1.515<2
k2=1.6-0.15=1.45>1
Vc=0.25*1*1.515*1.45*1000*150*10-3=82.38KN
As= ρbd=0.0103*1000*150=1545mm2
Using 12mm dia bar =1545/π*122/4=13.66
Per stair width=13.66*1.1=15.03
Use 16 number of 12mm dia bar
According EBCS-2 Sec. [Link] :
Flexural reinforcement
The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal to
[Link] spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm.
Therefore,
Ass/Asm=0.2
As secondary=0.2*1545=309
Using 12mm dia bar=309/(π/4x122)=2.73
Use 3 number of 12 dia bars per meter
Spacing minimum of=1000*1.1/2.73=404mm
Or=300mm
Therefore provide=300mm spacing
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Staircase 2
Ѳ=tan-1(16/29)=28.89
Loadings
Dead load at steps
Average slab thickness =20/cos28.89=22.8cm
Own weight of slab=1.05x25x0.228=6.0KN/m
3cm cement screed=1.05x24x0.03=0.756KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.05x27x0.03=0.8505KN/m
=7.607KN/m
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Live load=3KN/m2 [EBCS-1 Table 2.10]
=3x1.05=3.15KN/m
Design load=1.3DL+1.6LL
=1.3(7.605)+1.6(3.15)
=14.93KN/m
Dead load at landing:
Own weight of slab =1.05x25x0.2 =5.25KN/m… [0.2 slab thickness in meter]
3cm cement screed=1.05x24x0.03=0.756KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.05x27xx0.03=0.851KN/m
=6.86KN/m
Live load =3.00KN/m2=3x1.05=3.15KN/m
Design Load=1.3DL+1.6LL
=1.3(6.86)+1.6(3.15)=14.00KN/m
Modeling
3.19m 1.05m
1.05m
From SAP output
Design actions
-Design moment=27.33KNm
-Design shear=27.93KN
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𝑀𝑢 27.33∗10 6
Depth, d = = =88.22mm<200mm, hence OK
0.2952∗𝑏∗𝑓 𝑐𝑑 0.2952∗1050 ∗11.33
Shear Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*1050*200*10-3
=594.83KN>27.93KN………………………………… hence OK
The provided depth is Safe
Check for Deflection
5𝑤𝑙 4 5∗14.93∗5.294
∆max= = =0.0075m=7.5mm
384𝐸𝐼 384∗29∗10 9 ∗7∗10 −4
According to EBCS-2 Sec. 5.2.2 The final deflection shall not exceed the value:
=Le/200=5290/200=26.45mm>3.21mm…………… hence OK
Check for Shear Capacity
Vc=0.25fctdk1k2bwd
fctd=1MPa
k1=1+50ρ<2
k2=1.6-d>1
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 2∗27.33∗10 6 11.33
ρ= 1 − 1− = 1− 1−
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 𝑓 𝑦𝑑 1050 ∗200 2 ∗11.33 260.87
=0.00257
k1=1+50 ρ=1+50*0.00257=1.1285<2
k2=1.6-0.20=1.4>1
Vc=0.25*1*1.1285*1.4*1050*200*10-3=82.94KN
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As= ρbd=0.00257*1050*200=539.7mm2
Using 12mm dia bar =539.7/π*122/4=4.77
Use 5 number of 12mm dia bar
Consider 6mm dia vertical legs
Av=62*π/4=28.27
Give maximum spacing since Vc>Vsd
According EBCS-2 Sec. [Link] :
Flexural reinforcement
The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal to
[Link] spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm.
Therefore,
Ass/Asm=0.2
As secondary=0.2*539.7=107.94mm2
Using 12mm dia bar=107.94/(π/4x122)=0.954
Use 1 number of 12 dia bars per meter
Spacing minimum of=1000*1.1/2.73=404mm
Or=300mm
Therefore provide=300mm spacing
Staircase 3(doorsteps)
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Ѳ=tan-1(17/29) =30.38
Loadings
Dead load at steps
Average slab thickness =20/cos28.89=23.2cm
Own weight of slab=1.45x25x0.232=8.4KN/m
3cm cement screed=1.45x24x0.03=1.0KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.45x27x0.03=1.175KN/m
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=10.58KN/m
Live load=3KN/m2 [EBCS-1 Table 2.10]
=3x1.45=4.35KN/m
Design load=1.3DL+1.6LL
=1.3(10.58)+1.6(4.35)
=20.71KN/m
Dead load at landing:
Own weight of slab=1.45x25x0.2=7.25KN/m…… [0.2 slab thickness in meter]
3cm cement screed=1.45x24x0.03=1.044KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.45x27xx0.03=1.175KN/m
=9.47KN/m
Live load =3.00KN/m2=3x1.45=4.35KN/m
Design Load=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3(9.47)+1.6(4.35)=19.27KN/m
Modeling
1.05 3.19m 1.05
m m
From SAP out put
Design actions
-Design moment=49.09KNm
-Design shear=44.57KN
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𝑀𝑈 49.09∗10 6
Depth, d = = =100.61mm<200mm, hence OK
0.2952∗𝑏∗𝑓 𝑐𝑑 0.2952∗1450 ∗11.33
Shear Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*1450*200*10-3
=819.25KNKN>44.57KN………………………………… hence OK
The provided depth is Safe
Check for Deflection
5𝑤𝑙 4 5∗20.71∗4.394
∆max= = =0.003454m=3.454mm
384𝐸𝐼 384∗29∗10 9 ∗1∗10 −3
According to EBCS-2 Sec. 5.2.2 The final deflection shall not exceed the value:
=Le/200=4390/200=21.95m>3.454mm…………… hence OK
Check for Shear Capacity
Vc=0.25fctdk1k2bwd
fctd=1MPa
k1=1+50ρ<2
k2=1.6-d>1
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 2∗49.09∗10 6 11.33
ρ= 1 − 1− = 1− 1−
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 𝑓 𝑦𝑑 1450 ∗200 2 ∗11.33 260.87
=0.003376
k1=1+50 ρ=1+50*0.003376=1.169<2
k2=1.6-0.2=1.4>1
Vc=0.25*1*1.169*1.4*1450*200*10-3=84.75KN
As= ρbd=0.003376*1450*200=979.04mm2
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Using 12mm dia bar =979.04/π*122/4=8.65
Use 9 number of 12mm dia bar
According EBCS-2 Sec. [Link] :
Flexural reinforcement
The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal to
[Link] spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm.
Therefore,
Ass/Asm=0.2
As secondary=0.2*1545=309
Using 12mm dia bar=309/(π/4x122)=2.73
Use 3 number of 12 dia bars per meter
Spacing minimum of=1000*1.1/2.73=404mm
Or=300mm
Therefore provide=300mm spacing
Stair 4
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Loadings
Dead load at steps
Average slab thickness =20/cos28.89=22.8cm
Own weight of slab=1.62x25x0.228=9.25KN/m
3cm cement screed=1.62x24x0.03=1.1178KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.62x27x0.03=1.3122KN/m
=11.68KN/m
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Live load=3KN/m2 [EBCS-1 Table 2.10]
=3x1.62=4.86KN/m
Design load=1.3DL+1.6LL
=1.3(11.68)+1.6(4.86)
=22.96KN/m
Dead load at landing:
Own weight of slab=1.62x25x0.2=8.10KN/m [0.2 slab thickness in meter]
3cm cement screed=1.62x24x0.03=1.1178KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.62x27xx0.03=1.3122KN/m
=10.53KN/m
Live load =3.00KN/m2=3x1.62=4.86KN/m
Design Load=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3(10.53)+1.6(4.86)=21.465KN/m
Modeling
1.35m 2.32m 1.51m
From SAP out put
Design actions
-Design moment=75.20KNm
-Design shear=57.38KN
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𝑀𝑈 75.20∗10 6
Depth, d = = =190.85mm<200mm, hence OK
0.2952∗𝑏∗𝑓 𝑐𝑑 0.2952∗1620 ∗11.33
Shear Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*1620*228*10-3
=1046.21KN>>57.38KN………………………………… hence OK
The provided depth is Safe
Check for Deflection
5𝑤 𝑙 4 5∗22.96∗5.18 4
∆max= = =0.000196m=0.196mm
384𝐸𝐼 384∗29∗10 9 ∗1.1∗10 −3
According to EBCS-2 Sec. 5.2.2 The final deflection shall not exceed the value:
=Le/200=5180/200=25.9m>0.196mm…………… hence OK
Check for Shear Capacity
Vc=0.25fctdk1k2bwd
fctd=1MPa
k1=1+50ρ<2
k2=1.6-d>1
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 2∗75.2∗10 6 11.33
ρ= 1 − 1 − = 1− 1−
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 𝑓 𝑦𝑑 1620 ∗228 2 ∗11.33 260.87
=0.00357
k1=1+50 ρ=1+50*0.00357=1.178<2
k2=1.6-0.228=1.372>1
Vc=0.25*1*1.178*1.372*1620*228*10-3=149.24KN
As= ρbd=0.00357*1620*228=1318.62mm2
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Using 14mm dia bar =1318.62/π*142/4=8.57
Use 9 number of 14mm dia bar
According EBCS-2 Sec. [Link] : Flexural reinforcement,
The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal to
[Link] spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm.
Therefore,
Ass/Asm=0.2
As secondary=0.2*1318.62=309
Using 12mm dia bar=1318.62/(π/4x122)=2.73
Use 12 number of 12 dia bars per meter
Spacing minimum of=1000*1.1/2.73=404mm
Or=300mm
Therefore provide=300mm spacing
Stair 5
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Loadings
Dead load at steps
Average slab thickness =20/cos28.89=22.8cm
Own weight of slab=1.88x25x0.228=10.74KN/m
3cm cement screed=1.88x24x0.03=1.2972KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.88x27x0.03=1.5228KN/m
=13.56KN/m
Live load=3KN/m2 [EBCS-1 Table 2.10]
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=3x1.88=5.64KN/m
Design load=1.3DL+1.6LL
=1.3(13.56)+1.6(5.64)
=26.65KN/m
Dead load at landing:
Own weight of slab=1.88x25x0.2=9.40KN/m [0.2 slab thickness in meter]
3cm cement screed=1.88x24x0.03=1.2972KN/m
3cm marble floor finish=1.88x27x0.03=1.5228KN/m
=12.22KN/m
Live load =3.00KN/m2=3x1.88=5.64KN/m
Design Load=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3(10.53)+1.6(4.86)=24.91KN/m
Modeling
1.46m 2.18m 1.37m 1.49m
From SAP out put
Design actions
-Design moment at mid span=68.59KNm
- Design moment at support=27.65KNm
-Design shear=69.85KN at support 2
Design of mid span section
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M=0.2952bd2fcd
=0.2952x1880x2002x11.33
=251.52KNm>68.59KNm, therefore it can be single reinforced.
Depth required d,
𝑀𝑈 68.59∗10 6
Depth, d = = =104.44mm<200mm, hence OK
0.2952∗𝑏∗𝑓 𝑐𝑑 0.2952∗1880 ∗11.33
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏 𝑑2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2∗68.59∗10 6 11.33
= 1− 1 − 1880 ∗200 2 ∗11.33
∗ 260 .87
𝜌=0.00365
As=ρbd=0.00365x1880x200
=1372.4mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 1372.4/ (*142/4) =8.92
Use 914mm rods at mid span section.
Design of support section
Mmax (support) = 27.65KNm< Mumax=251.52KNm, the section is under reinforced.
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
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2∗27.65∗10 6 11.33
= 1 − 1 − 1880 ∗200 2 ∗11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0.001433
As= 𝜌 b d= 0.00143*1880*200= 538.85mm2
Number of 14mm diameter rods= 538.85/ (*142/4) =3.5
Use 414mm rods at the support section.
Shear Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*1880*200*10-3
=1065.02KN>>69.85KN………………………………… hence OK
The provided depth is Safe
Check for Deflection
5𝑤 𝑙 4 5∗26.65∗5.014
∆max= = =0.006mm
384𝐸𝐼 384∗29∗10 9 ∗1.253∗10 −3
According to EBCS-2 Sec. 5.2.2 The final deflection shall not exceed the value:
=Le/200=501/200=2.505m>0.006mm…………… hence OK
Check for Shear Capacity
Vc=0.25fctdk1k2bwd
fctd=1MPa
k1=1+50ρ<2
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k2=1.6-d>1
2𝑀𝑢 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 2∗27.65∗10 6 11.33
ρ= 1 − 1 − = 1− 1−
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 𝑓 𝑦𝑑 1880 ∗200 2 ∗11.33 260.87
=0.001435
k1=1+50 ρ=1+50*0.001435=1.0717<2
k2=1.6-0.200=1.400>1
Vc=0.25*1*1.0717*1.400*1880*200*10-3=141.04KN
As= ρbd=0.001435*1880*200=539.56mm2
Using 14mm dia bar =539.56/π*142/4=3.5
Use 4 number of 14mm dia bar
According EBCS-2 Sec. [Link] :
Flexural reinforcement
The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal to
[Link] spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm.
Therefore,
Ass/Asm=0.2
As secondary=0.2*539.56=309
Using 12mm dia bar=539.56/(π/4x122)=4.77
Use 5 number of 12 dia bars per meter
Spacing minimum of=1000*1.1/2.73=404mm
Or=300mm
Therefore provide=300mm spacing
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EARTH QUAKE LOAD DETERMINATION
The building site is found in Addis City, which is located at zone 2 of seismic zone.
Classification according to EBCS-8,1995 pp-10 zone -2 ,Therefore we have to design our
structure for earth quake effects.
Determination of base shear force , the seismic base shear force Fb fore each main direction is
determined from
Fb=Sd(T1)W
Sd(T1)=ordinate of design spectrum at period T1
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T1=fundamental period of vibration of structure for translational motion in the
direction considered
W=seismic dead load
Sd(T)=αβ
α=α0I
α0 =bed rock acceleration, 0.01(Addis Ababa)
I=the importance factor
=1.2
α =α0I
=0.05x1.2=0.06>0.03
β=the design response factor for the site
1.2𝑆
β= 2
𝑇 3
S=site coefficient for soil characteristic, =1.5 for subsoil C
T1 =C1H ¾
Where
C1=0.075 for reinforced structure
H=height of the building above the base in m
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=21.85m
T1 =C1H ¾
= 0.075x(21.87) ¾ =0.758 sec
β =1.2xS/T 2/3 ≤2.5
=1.2x1.2/(0.758) 2/3
=1.73<2.5 …………..OK !
=behavior factor
=0KDKRKW ≤0.7
0 =0.2 for frame system
KD=1.5 for ductility class M
KR=1.0 for frame regularity
KW=1.0 for frame system
=0.2x1.5x1.0x1.0
=0.3≤0.7
Sd(T)=αβ
=0.06x1.73x0.3
= 0.031
DISTRIBITION OF THE HORIZINTAL SEISMIC FORCE
To distribute base shear for floors
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Fb=Sd(T1)W
=0.031W =0.031x25211.4=781.6
Ft =0 .07T1Fb≤0.25Fb for T≤.7 sec
= a concentrated load Ft at the top in addition to Fn
Ft =0.07x0.758Fb
=0 .0531Fb = 0.0531x989.26 =41.03
Distribution of base shear over weight of the building
The remaining portion of base shear shall be distributed over the height using
Center Mass Calculation
Foundation
width area(m2) heigth(1.5) Unit Weight weigth(KN) x y MX MY
C1A 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 4.93 12.6 22.19 56.7
C1B 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 10.93 12.6 49.19 56.7
C1C 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 14.53 12.6 65.39 56.7
C1D 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 18.13 12.6 81.59 56.7
C1E 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 21.73 12.6 97.79 56.7
C1F 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 25.33 12.6 113.99 56.7
C1G 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 28.93 12.6 130.19 56.7
C1H 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 32.53 12.6 146.39 56.7
C2'D 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 18.13 7.3 81.59 32.85
C2'E 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 21.73 7.3 97.79 32.85
C2'F 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 25.33 7.3 113.99 32.85
C2'G 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 28.93 7.3 130.19 32.85
C2'H 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 32.53 7.3 146.39 32.85
C2A 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 4.93 7.3 22.19 32.85
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Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
C2B 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 10.93 7.3 49.19 32.85
C2C 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 14.53 7.3 65.39 32.85
C3A 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 4.93 2 22.19 9
C3B 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 4.93 2 22.19 9
C3C 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 14.53 2 65.39 9
C3D 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 18.13 2 81.59 9
C3E 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 21.73 2 97.79 9
C3F 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 25.33 2 113.99 9
C3G 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 28.93 2 130.19 9
C3H 0.3 0.12 1.5 25 4.5 32.53 2 146.39 9
C1A' 0.3 0.07 1.5 25 2.65 1.51 12.6 4.00 33.40
C2A' 0.3 0.07 1.5 25 2.65 1.86 7.3 4.93 19.35
C3A' 0.3 0.07 1.5 25 2.65 2.24 2 5.94 5.30
115.95 2107.91 846.45
Basement
Partition
length area(m heigth(2 Unifml weigth(K
Items (m) 2) .42) dstrd N) x y Mx my
P1 10.6 25.65 2.42 2.09 53.61268 14.53 7.3 778.99 391.37
1844.8
P2 14.4 34.85 2.42 2.09 72.83232 25.33 8.1 4 589.94
P3 3.5 8.47 2.42 2.09 17.7023 18.13 6.8 320.94 120.38
21.14160
P4 4.18 10.12 2.42 2.09 4 20.44 6.8 432.13 143.76
21.14160
P5 4.18 10.12 2.42 2.09 4 21.73 6.8 459.41 143.76
21.14160
P6 4.18 10.12 2.42 2.09 4 22.76 6.8 481.18 143.76
21.14160
P7 4.18 10.12 2.42 2.09 4 25.33 6.8 535.52 143.76
21.64738
P8 4.28 10.36 2.42 2.09 4 28.93 6.8 626.26 147.20
176
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
5479.2
250.3611 8 1823.94
Stair
case
thicknes
no area s untweigth tt load x y Mx My
landing
1 5.47 0.2 25 27.35 16.41 19.1 448.81 522.39
landing 20.5
2 2.144 0.2 25 10.72 15.41 3 165.20 220.08
waist 1 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 18.8 8.2 450.07 196.31
waist2 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 20.73 8.2 496.28 196.31
1560.3
85.95 6 1135.08
Column
designa unfrmly
tion length depth width area ds wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
A'1 2.42 0.3 0.3 0.0706858 60.5 4.276493 1.63 12.6 7.0 53.9
A1 2.42 0.4 0.3 0.12 60.5 7.26 4.93 12.6 35.8 91.5
10.9
B1 2.42 0.4 0.3 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 12.6 79.5 91.5
14.5
C1 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 12.6 105.5 91.5
18.1
D1 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 12.6 131.6 91.5
21.7
E1 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 12.6 157.9 91.5
25.3
F1 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 12.6 184.0 91.5
28.9
G1 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 12.6 210.0 91.5
32.5
H1 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 12.6 236.2 91.5
A'2 2.42 0.3 0.3 0.05 60.5 3.025 2 7.3 6.1 22.1
A2 2.42 0.4 0.3 0.12 60.5 7.26 4.93 7.3 35.8 53.0
177
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
10.9
B2 2.42 0.4 0.3 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 7.3 79.5 53.0
14.5
C2 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 7.3 105.5 53.0
18.1
D2' 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 8 131.6 58.1
21.7
E2' 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 8 157.9 58.1
25.7
F2' 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 8 186.9 58.1
28.9
G2' 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 8 210.0 58.1
32.5
H2' 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 8 236.2 58.1
A'3 2.42 0.3 0.3 0.05 60.5 3.025 2.25 2 6.8 6.1
A3 2.42 0.4 0.3 0.12 60.5 7.26 4.93 2 35.8 14.5
10.9
B3 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 2 79.5 14.5
14.5
C3 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 2 105.5 14.5
18.1
D3 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 2 131.6 14.5
21.7
E3 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 2 157.9 14.5
25.3
F3 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 5 2 184.0 14.5
28.9
G3 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 2 210.0 14.5
32.5
H3 2.42 0.3 0.4 0.12 60.5 7.26 3 2 236.2 14.5
184.5664 3444. 1379
93 sum 4 .4
Beam
Designati lengt dept uniforml
on h h Area y(25*.5) Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi Wi*Yi
A 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 4.93 7.79 391.94 619.31
B 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 10.95 8 870.53 636.00
7.274
C 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 14.53 5 1155.14 578.32
D 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 18.13 8.045 1441.34 639.58
178
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
E 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 21.75 8.045 1729.13 639.58
F 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 23.35 8.045 1856.33 639.58
G 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 28.93 6.62 2299.94 526.29
H 10.6 0.3 3.18 0.5 25 79.5 32.53 8 2586.14 636.00
1 31 0.3 9.3 0.5 25 232.5 16.82 7.35 3910.65 1708.88
16.5 26.29
2' 1 0.3 4.953 0.5 25 123.825 5 8.05 3255.98 996.79
12.2
2 3 0.3 3.669 0.5 25 91.725 7.82 7.28 717.29 667.76
3 29.2 0.3 8.76 0.5 25 219 17.56 2 3845.64 438.00
A' 11 0.3 3.3 0.5 25 82.5 2.24 7.57 184.80 624.53
24244.8
1385.55 sum 1 9350.60
Ground
Column
designation length depth width unfrmly ds wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
A'1 2.59 0.25 0.25 25 4.05 1.63 12.6 6.60 50.99
A1 2.59 0.4 0.3 25 7.77 4.93 12.6 38.31 97.90
B1 2.59 0.4 0.3 25 7.77 10.95 12.6 85.08 97.90
C1 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 14.53 12.6 112.90 97.90
D1 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 18.13 12.6 140.87 97.90
E1 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 21.75 12.6 169.00 97.90
F1 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 25.35 12.6 196.97 97.90
G1 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 28.93 12.6 224.79 97.90
H1 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 32.53 12.6 252.76 97.90
A'2 2.59 0.3 0.3 25 5.83 2 7.3 11.66 42.54
179
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
A2 2.59 0.4 0.3 25 7.77 4.93 7.3 38.31 56.72
B2 2.59 0.4 0.3 25 7.77 10.95 7.3 85.08 56.72
C2 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 14.53 7.3 112.90 56.72
D2' 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 18.13 8 140.87 62.16
E2' 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 21.75 8 169.00 62.16
F2' 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 25.75 8 200.08 62.16
G2' 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 28.93 8 224.79 62.16
H2' 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 32.53 8 252.76 62.16
A'3 2.59 0.3 0.3 25 5.83 2.25 2 13.11 11.66
A3 2.59 0.4 0.3 25 7.77 4.93 2 38.31 15.54
B3 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 10.95 2 85.08 15.54
C3 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 14.53 2 112.90 15.54
D3 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 18.13 2 140.87 15.54
E3 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 21.75 2 169.00 15.54
F3 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 25.35 2 196.97 15.54
G3 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 28.93 2 224.79 15.54
H3 2.59 0.3 0.4 25 7.77 32.53 2 252.76 15.54
202.18 sum 3696.47 1493.69
Beam
designation length depth area Unit Wt wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
A' 13.04 0.3 0.5 25 48.9 2.3 7.57 112.47 370.17
A 13 0.3 0.5 25 48.75 4.93 7.79 240.34 379.76
B 14.1 0.3 0.5 25 52.875 10.95 8 578.98 423.00
C 12.64 0.3 0.5 25 47.4 14.53 7.2745 688.72 344.81
D 12.56 0.3 0.5 25 47.1 18.13 8.045 853.92 378.92
E 12.56 0.3 0.5 25 47.1 21.75 8.045 1024.43 378.92
F 13.06 0.3 0.5 25 48.975 23.35 8.045 1143.57 394.00
G 13.06 0.3 0.5 25 48.975 28.93 6.62 1416.85 324.21
H 13.06 0.3 0.5 25 48.975 32.53 8 1593.16 391.80
1 33.2 0.3 0.5 25 124.5 16.82 7.35 2094.09 915.08
2 14.53 0.3 0.5 25 54.4875 26.295 8.05 1432.75 438.62
180
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
2' 19.8 0.3 0.5 25 74.25 7.82 7.28 580.64 540.54
3 33.49 0.3 0.5 25 125.5875 17.56 2 2205.32 251.18
817.875 sum 13965.22 5531.02
Partition
unifomly
Designation area KN/m2 wi Xi yi Wi*Xi Wi*Yi
S1 15.05 8.383 240.25678 4.134 12.45 993.22 2991.20
S2 28.66 8.383 137.90035 8.35 12.45 1151.47 1716.86
S3 16.45 8.383 118.61945 12.725 12.45 1509.43 1476.81
S4 14.15 8.383 118.61945 19.925 10.375 2363.49 1230.68
S5 14.15 8.383 118.61945 23.5 10.375 2787.56 1230.68
S6 14.15 8.383 118.61945 27.1 10.375 3214.59 1230.68
S7 14.15 8.383 112.3322 30.7 10.375 3448.60 1165.45
S8 13.4 8.383 240.25678 3.63 4.625 872.13 1111.19
S9 28.66 8.383 141.16972 7.925 4.625 1118.77 652.91
S10 16.84 8.383 165.9834 12.725 4.625 2112.14 767.67
S11 19.8 8.383 165.9834 16.325 4.625 2709.68 767.67
S12 19.8 8.383 165.9834 19.585 5.075 3250.78 842.37
S13 19.8 8.383 165.9834 23.505 5.075 3901.44 842.37
S14 19.8 8.383 165.9834 27.125 5.075 4502.30 842.37
S15 19.8 8.383 15.25706 30.725 5.075 468.77 77.43
SC1 1.82 6.325 24.5157 0.69 13.02 16.92 319.19
SC2 3.876 6.325 29.095 2.5 13.03 72.74 379.11
SC3 4.6 6.325 29.7275 7.525 13.245 223.70 393.74
SC4 4.7 6.325 29.7275 11.54 13.98 343.06 415.59
SC5 4.7 6.325 39.721 13.15 13.98 522.33 555.30
SC6 6.28 6.325 39.721 21.725 13.98 862.94 555.30
181
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
SC7 6.28 6.325 50.7265 23.97 13.98 1215.91 709.16
SC8 8.02 6.325 44.9075 27.13 14.65 1218.34 657.89
SC9 7.1 6.325 24.035 30.73 14.815 738.60 356.08
SC10 3.8 6.325 61.8585 0.735 10.7 45.47 661.89
SC11 9.78 6.325 36.685 1.515 5.75 55.58 210.94
SC12 5.8 6.325 67.045 32.81 10.25 2199.75 687.21
SC13 10.6 6.325 30.36 33.43 5.05 1014.93 153.32
SC14 4.8 6.325 7.084 14.68 0.5 103.99 3.54
SC15 1.12 6.325 7.084 13.78 0.5 97.62 3.54
SC16 1.12 6.325 7.084 15.28 0.5 108.24 3.54
SC17 1.12 6.325 7.084 20.98 0.5 148.62 3.54
sc18 1.12 6.325 107.019 22.48 0.5 2405.79 53.51
ss 16.92 6.325 107.019 16.58 12.45 1774.38 1332.39
2942.06689 47573.27 24401.10
Partition
item length area uniformlydistu wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
p1 5.48 14.1932 2.09 29.66 1.82 9.72 54.0 288.33
p2 3.29 8.5211 2.09 17.81 3.44 8.27 61.3 147.28
p3 1.29 3.3411 2.09 6.98 3.45 7.43 24.1 51.88
p4 1.71 4.4289 2.09 9.26 11.985 12.6 110.9 116.63
p5 2.29 5.9311 2.09 12.40 21.67 12.6 268.6 156.19
p6 1.85 4.7915 2.09 10.01 17.15 12.6 171.7 126.18
p7 10.48 27.1432 2.09 56.73 18.14 11.2 1029.1 635.37
p8 10.33 26.7547 2.09 55.92 14.41 11.12 805.8 621.80
p9 10.72 27.7648 2.09 58.03 25.33 11.3 1469.9 655.72
p10 10.33 26.7547 2.09 55.92 21.7 11.12 1213.4 621.80
p11 2.13 5.5167 2.09 11.53 30.09 13.16 346.9 151.73
p12 2.1 5.439 2.09 11.37 28.88 13.16 328.3 149.60
p13 3.32 8.5988 2.09 17.97 26.24 8 471.6 143.77
182
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
353.58369 sum 6355.6 3866.29
area tobe unform
item length area deducted net area d wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
88.91 17.16
w1 34.33 4 37.07 51.844 2.79 144.645 5 7.15 2482.83 1034.21
37.03
w3 14.3 7 8.423 28.614 2.79 79.833 7.15 7.15 570.81 570.806
37.03
w4 14.3 7 0 37.037 2.79 103.333 7.15 7.15 738.83 738.833
327.811 sum 3792.47 2343.85
Stair case
no area thickness untweigth tt load x y Mx My
landing1 5.47 0.2 25 27.35 16.41 19.1 448.8135 522.385
landing2 2.144 0.2 25 10.72 15.41 20.53 165.1952 220.0816
waist 1 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 18.8 8.2 450.072 196.308
waist2 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 20.73 8.2 496.2762 196.308
85.95 1560.357 1135.0826
Verandah
item Width length area uiformly wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
verandah1 1.4 11.56 16.184 12.3 199.0632 7.64 1 1520.843 199.0632
verandah2 1.4 14.19 19.866 12.3 244.3518 24.4 1 5962.184 244.3518
443.415 7483.027 443.415
Flower Pot
item Width length area uiformly wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
flowerpot1` 0.46 3.02 1.3892 12.3 17.08716 15.3 1.66 261.4335 28.3646856
flowerpot2 0.46 14.4 6.624 12.3 81.4752 24.5 1.66 1996.142 135.248832
183
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
98.56236 2257.576 163.6135176
Doorstep
item Width length area uiformly wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
entery 1.38 1.74 2.4012 12.3 29.53476 1.9 0.68 56.11604 20.0836368
First Floor
Slab
Designation area{m2] uniforml Kn/m2 wt x y mx my
s1 15.13 8.383 126.83479 4.134 12.45 524.34 1579.09
s2 29.04 8.383 243.44232 8.35 12.45 2032.74 3030.86
s3 16.92 8.383 141.84036 12.725 12.45 1804.92 1765.91
s4 14.19 8.383 118.95477 19.925 10.375 2370.17 1234.16
s5 14.19 8.383 118.95477 23.5 10.375 2795.44 1234.16
s6 14.19 8.383 118.95477 27.1 10.375 3223.67 1234.16
s7 14.19 8.383 118.95477 30.7 10.375 3651.91 1234.16
s8 14 8.383 117.362 3.63 4.625 426.02 542.80
s9 29.04 8.383 243.44232 7.925 4.625 1929.28 1125.92
s10 16.92 8.383 141.84036 12.725 4.625 1804.92 656.01
s11 16.92 8.383 141.84036 16.325 4.625 2315.54 656.01
s12 19.6 8.383 164.3068 19.585 5.075 3217.95 833.86
s13 19.6 8.383 164.3068 23.505 5.075 3862.03 833.86
s14 19.6 8.383 164.3068 27.125 5.075 4456.82 833.86
s15 19.6 8.383 164.3068 30.725 5.075 5048.33 833.86
sc1 0.68 6.325 4.301 0.69 13.02 2.97 56.00
sc2 0.93 6.325 5.88225 2.5 13.03 14.71 76.65
184
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
sc3 1.9 6.325 12.0175 7.525 13.245 90.43 159.17
sc4 1.75 6.325 11.06875 11.54 13.98 127.73 154.74
sc5 1.75 6.325 11.06875 13.15 13.98 145.55 154.74
sc6 1.75 6.325 11.06875 21.725 13.98 240.47 154.74
sc7 1.75 6.325 11.06875 23.97 13.98 265.32 154.74
sc8 6.55 6.325 41.42875 27.13 14.65 1123.96 606.93
sc9 6.55 6.325 41.42875 30.73 14.815 1273.11 613.77
sc10 5.7 6.325 36.0525 0.735 10.7 26.50 385.76
sc11 6.73 6.325 42.56725 1.515 5.75 64.49 244.76
sc12 2.05 6.325 12.96625 32.81 10.25 425.42 132.90
sc13 2.05 6.325 12.96625 33.43 5.05 433.46 65.48
sc14 2.05 6.325 12.96625 14.68 0.5 190.34 6.48
sc15 2.05 6.325 12.96625 13.78 0.5 178.67 6.48
sc16 2.05 6.325 12.96625 15.28 0.5 198.12 6.48
sc17 2.05 6.325 12.96625 20.98 0.5 272.03 6.48
sc18 2.05 6.325 12.96625 22.48 0.5 291.48 6.48
sc19 4.06 6.325 25.6795 23.53 0.5 604.24 12.84
sc20 2.4 6.325 15.18 29.83 0.5 452.82 7.59
ss 16.92 6.325 107.019 16.575 12.45 1773.84 1332.39
2756.2 sum 47659.76 21974.2749
Column
Designation length depth width Area uniformly wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi Wi*Yi
A'1 2.59 0.3 0.25 0.05 64.75 3.06 1.63 12.6 5.0 38.5
A1 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 4.93 12.6 33.5 85.7
B1 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 10.95 12.6 74.4 85.7
C1 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 14.53 12.6 98.8 85.7
D1 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 18.13 12.6 123.3 85.7
E1 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 21.75 12.6 147.9 85.7
F1 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 25.35 12.6 172.3 85.7
G1 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 28.93 12.6 196.7 85.7
H1 2.59 0.3 0.3 0.09 64.75 5.83 32.53 12.6 189.6 73.4
A'2 2.59 0.3 0.3 0.09 64.75 5.83 2 7.3 11.7 42.5
A2 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 4.93 7.3 33.5 49.6
B2 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 10.95 7.3 74.4 49.6
185
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
C2 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 14.53 7.3 98.8 49.6
D2' 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 18.13 8 123.3 54.4
E2' 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 21.75 8 147.9 54.4
F2' 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 25.75 8 175.1 54.4
G2' 2.59 0.3 0.3 0.09 64.75 5.83 28.93 8 168.6 46.6
H2' 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 32.53 8 221.2 54.4
A'3 2.59 0.3 0.25 0.075 64.75 4.86 2.25 2 10.9 9.7
A3 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 4.93 2 33.5 13.6
B3 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 10.95 2 74.4 13.6
C3 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 14.53 2 98.8 13.6
D3 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 18.13 2 123.3 13.6
E3 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 21.75 2 147.9 13.6
F3 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 25.35 2 172.3 13.6
G3 2.59 0.3 0.35 0.105 64.75 6.80 28.93 2 196.7 13.6
H3 2.59 0.3 0.3 0.09 64.75 5.83 32.53 2 189.6 11.7
174.00 sum 3143.2 1283.7
Beam
Designation length depth Area uniformly(25*.5) Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi Wi*Yi
A 11.63 0.3 3.489 12.5 43.6125 4.93 7.79 215.009625 339.741
B 12.18 0.3 3.654 12.5 45.675 10.95 8 500.14125 365.4
C 13.59 0.3 4.077 12.5 50.9625 14.53 7.2745 740.485125 370.727
D 12.26 0.3 3.678 12.5 45.975 18.13 8.045 833.52675 369.869
E 13.49 0.3 4.047 12.5 50.5875 21.75 8.045 1100.278125 406.976
F 12.28 0.3 3.684 12.5 46.05 23.35 8.045 1075.2675 370.472
G 14.1 0.3 4.23 12.5 52.875 28.93 6.62 1529.67375 350.033
H 12.75 0.3 3.825 12.5 47.8125 32.53 8 1555.340625 382.5
1 33.64 0.3 10.092 12.5 126.15 16.82 7.35 2121.843 927.203
2' 18.04 0.3 5.412 12.5 67.65 26.295 8.05 1778.85675 544.583
2 15.64 0.3 4.692 12.5 58.65 7.82 7.28 458.643 426.972
3 33.44 0.3 10.032 12.5 125.4 17.56 2 2202.024 250.8
A' 11.38 0.3 3.414 12.5 42.675 2.24 7.57 95.592 323.05
804.08 sum 14206.6815 5428.32
186
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Partition
item length area uniformlydistu wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
p1 1.43 3.7037 2.09 7.7 3.77 12.64 29.2 97.8
p2 1.69 4.3771 2.09 9.1 3.82 9.835 34.9 90.0
p3 4.58 11.8622 2.09 24.8 7.67 11.285 190.2 279.8
p4 4.89 12.6651 2.09 26.5 11.32 11.435 299.6 302.7
p5 3.81 9.8679 2.09 20.6 15 10.895 309.4 224.7
p6 5.84 15.1256 2.09 31.6 18.44 10.95 582.9 346.2
p7 5.8 15.022 2.09 31.4 22.57 10.91 708.6 342.5
p8 13.95 36.1305 2.09 75.5 25.72 6.976 1942.2 526.8
p9 6.2 16.058 2.09 33.6 29.27 11.11 982.3 372.9
p10 4.2 10.878 2.09 22.7 32.51 8.37 739.1 190.3
p11 3.03 7.8477 2.09 16.4 33.075 7.19 542.5 117.9
p12 2.93 7.5887 2.09 15.9 33.025 6.03 523.8 95.6
p13 3.22 8.3398 2.09 17.4 26.66 8.1 464.7 141.2
p14 4.03 10.4377 2.09 21.8 22.125 8.1 482.7 176.7
p15 3.94 10.2046 2.09 21.3 22.06 7.45 470.5 158.9
p16 1.59 4.1181 2.09 8.6 13.84 7.45 119.1 64.1
p17 1.37 3.5483 2.09 7.4 11.305 7.45 83.8 55.2
p18 2.95 7.6405 2.09 16.0 8.245 7.45 131.7 119.0
p19 2.58 6.6822 2.09 14.0 4.244 7.45 59.3 104.0
p20 2.71 7.0189 2.09 14.7 1.4 9.04 20.5 132.6
p21 1.88 4.8692 2.09 10.2 1.33 7.45 13.5 75.8
p22 1.66 4.2994 2.09 9.0 1.81 5.9 16.3 53.0
p23 5.28 13.6752 2.09 28.6 2.52 4.76 72.0 136.0
p24 6.67 17.2753 2.09 36.1 7.72 3.935 278.7 142.1
p25 2.9 7.511 2.09 15.7 7.72 2.78 121.2 43.6
p26 2.25 5.8275 2.09 12.2 11.32 4.55 137.9 55.4
p27 6.68 17.3012 2.09 36.2 14.92 3.954 539.5 143.0
p28 4.53 11.7327 2.09 24.5 18.52 3.68 454.1 90.2
187
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
p29 2.92 7.56 2.09 15.8 22.13 2.98 349.7 47.1
p30 5.74 14.87 2.09 31.1 22.17 3.845 689.0 119.5
p31 2.95 7.64 2.09 16.0 11.525 11.82 184.0 188.7
p32 2.96 7.66 2.09 16.0 22.05 11.82 353.0 189.2
p33 1.51 3.91 2.09 8.2 23.58 11.82 192.7 96.6
p34 2.32 6 2.09 12.5 6.646 11.82 83.3 148.2
p36 4.91 12.72 2.09 26.6 5.915 9.04 157.2 240.3
p37 4.05 10.5 2.09 21.9 11.295 9.04 247.9 198.4
757.6 sum 12607.1 5906.2
center mass of stair case
no area thickness untweigth tt load x y Mx My
landing1 5.47 0.2 25 27.35 16.41 19.1 448.8135 522.385
landing2 2.144 0.2 25 10.72 15.41 20.53 165.1952 220.0816
waist 1 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 18.8 8.2 450.072 196.308
waist2 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 20.73 8.2 496.2762 196.308
85.95 1560.357 1135.0826
Second Floor
Partition
P1 1.05 2.7195 2.59 2.09 5.68 3.675 11.83 20.89 67.24
P2 1.59 4.1181 2.59 2.09 8.61 5.08 12.575 43.72 108.23
P3 0.61 1.5799 2.59 2.09 3.30 4.31 7.275 14.23 24.02
P4 1.97 5.1023 2.59 2.09 10.66 6.295 7.02 67.13 74.86
P5 4.49 11.6291 2.59 2.09 24.30 7.33 9.215 178.15 223.97
P6 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 6.025 9.83 96.21 156.97
P7 4.27 11.0593 2.59 2.09 23.11 10.93 9.205 252.64 212.76
P8 4.63 11.9917 2.59 2.09 25.06 10.595 7.02 265.54 175.94
P9 0.73 1.8907 2.59 2.09 3.95 14.195 7.02 56.09 27.74
188
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
P10 0.6 1.554 2.59 2.09 3.25 14.26 7.97 46.31 25.89
P11 3.56 9.2204 2.59 2.09 19.27 14.61 8.75 281.54 168.62
P12 4.65 12.0435 2.59 2.09 25.17 18.13 10.275 456.35 258.63
P13 0.58 1.5022 2.59 2.09 3.14 18.42 7.9 57.83 24.80
P14 3.96 10.2564 2.59 2.09 21.44 21.74 7.9 466.02 169.34
P15 5.44 14.0896 2.59 2.09 29.45 21.73 10.62 639.89 312.73
P16 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 21.755 13.64 347.40 217.81
P17 3.58 9.2722 2.59 2.09 19.38 25.33 10.68 490.87 206.97
P18 1.44 3.7296 2.59 2.09 7.79 24.61 7.9 191.83 61.58
P19 4.24 10.9816 2.59 2.09 22.95 28.35 7.9 650.68 181.32
P20 4.93 12.7687 2.59 2.09 26.69 28.93 10.365 772.04 276.61
P21 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 28.955 7.95 462.37 126.95
P22 0.44 1.1396 2.59 2.09 2.38 32.1 7.9 76.45 18.82
P23 1.07 2.7713 2.59 2.09 5.79 3.835 5.35 22.21 30.99
P24 2.43 6.2937 2.59 2.09 13.15 8.115 5.35 106.74 70.37
P25 6.18 16.0062 2.59 2.09 33.45 7.33 3.14 245.21 105.04
P26 2.55 6.6045 2.59 2.09 13.80 6.625 4.95 91.45 68.33
P27 0.65 1.6835 2.59 2.09 3.52 6.96 4.95 24.49 17.42
P28 2.79 7.2261 2.59 2.09 15.10 7.435 2.83 112.29 42.74
P29 1.4 3.626 2.59 2.09 7.58 10.93 5.35 82.83 40.54
P30 1.2 3.108 2.59 2.09 6.50 10.93 5.92 71.00 38.45
P31 3.97 10.2823 2.59 2.09 21.49 10.93 3.989 234.89 85.72
P32 2 5.18 2.59 2.09 10.83 13.53 5.35 146.48 57.92
P33 4.89 12.6651 2.59 2.09 26.47 14.53 2.95 384.61 78.09
P34 3 7.77 2.59 2.09 16.24 12.43 2.88 201.85 46.77
P35 1.95 5.0505 2.59 2.09 10.56 15.51 6.44 163.72 67.98
P36 1.4 3.626 2.59 2.09 7.58 18.13 6.44 137.40 48.80
P37 1.2 3.108 2.59 2.09 6.50 18.13 5.54 117.77 35.99
P38 3.5 9.065 2.59 2.09 18.95 18.13 3.75 343.49 71.05
P39 3.98 10.3082 2.59 2.09 21.54 21.73 6.44 468.15 138.74
P40 5 12.95 2.59 2.09 27.07 21.73 3 588.13 81.20
P41 3 7.77 2.59 2.09 16.24 21.73 2.88 352.88 46.77
P42 1.2 3.108 2.59 2.09 6.50 25.33 5.55 164.54 36.05
P43 3.5 9.065 2.59 2.09 18.95 25.33 3.75 479.90 71.05
P44 4.76 12.3284 2.59 2.09 25.77 29.33 6.38 755.73 164.39
P45 4.89 12.6651 2.59 2.09 26.47 28.93 2.95 765.78 78.09
P46 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 28.905 2.88 461.57 45.99
P47 0.54 1.3986 2.59 2.09 2.92 30.33 3.17 88.66 9.27
Pe1 12.3 31.857 2.59 2.79 88.88 3.23 8.15 287.09 724.38
Pe2 12.3 31.857 2.59 2.79 88.88 7.19 0.5 639.05 44.44
Pe3 33.72 87.3348 2.59 2.79 243.66 19.09 13.35 4651.55 3252.92
189
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Pe4 33.72 87.3348 2.59 2.79 243.66 19.09 2 4651.55 487.33
1377.51 SUM 22775.2 9208.60
width area(m2) heigth(2.59) Unit weight weigth(KN) x y MX MY
C1A 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 4.93 12.6 38.3061 97.902
C1B 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 10.93 12.6 84.9261 97.902
C1C 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 14.53 12.6 112.8981 97.902
C1D 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 18.13 12.6 140.8701 97.902
C1E 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 21.73 12.6 168.8421 97.902
C1F 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 25.33 12.6 196.8141 97.902
C1G 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 28.93 12.6 224.7861 97.902
C1H 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 32.53 12.6 252.7581 97.902
C2'D 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 18.13 8.1 140.8701 62.937
C2'E 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 21.73 8.1 168.8421 62.937
C2'F 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 25.33 8.1 196.8141 62.937
C2'G 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 28.93 8.1 224.7861 62.937
C2'H 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 32.53 8.1 252.7581 62.937
C2A 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 4.93 7.3 38.3061 56.721
C2B 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 10.93 7.3 84.9261 56.721
C2C 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 14.53 7.3 112.8981 56.721
C3A 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 4.93 2 38.3061 15.54
C3B 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 10.93 2 84.9261 15.54
C3C 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 14.53 2 112.8981 15.54
C3D 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 18.13 2 140.8701 15.54
C3E 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 21.73 2 168.8421 15.54
C3F 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 25.33 2 196.8141 15.54
C3G 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 28.93 2 224.7861 15.54
C3H 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 32.53 2 252.7581 15.54
186.48 SUM 3660.602 1392.384
190
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Slab
unifomly
Designation area KN/m2 Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi wi*Yi
s1 29.04 8.383 243.44 7.93 9.95 1930.50 2422.25
s2 16.92 8.383 141.84 12.73 9.95 1805.63 1411.31
s3 14.19 8.383 118.95 20.13 10.35 2394.56 1231.18
s4 14.19 8.383 118.95 23.53 10.35 2799.01 1231.18
s5 14.19 8.383 118.95 27.13 10.35 3227.24 1231.18
s6 14.19 8.383 118.95 34.33 10.35 4083.72 1231.18
s7 29.04 8.383 243.44 7.93 4.65 1930.50 1132.01
s8 16.92 8.383 141.84 12.73 4.65 1805.63 659.56
s9 16.92 8.383 141.84 14.53 4.65 2060.94 659.56
s10 19.6 8.383 164.31 20.13 5.05 3307.50 829.75
s11 19.6 8.383 164.31 23.53 5.05 3866.14 829.75
s12 19.6 8.383 164.31 27.13 5.05 4457.64 829.75
s13 19.6 8.383 164.31 34.33 5.05 5640.65 829.75
sc1 1.3 6.325 8.22 4.03 13.05 33.14 107.30
sc2 1.8 6.325 11.39 6.16 13.05 70.13 148.57
sc3 1.75 6.325 11.07 10.18 13.3 112.68 147.21
sc4 1.75 6.325 11.07 11.68 13.3 129.28 147.21
sc5 1.75 6.325 11.07 20.98 13.3 232.22 147.21
sc6 1.75 6.325 11.07 22.48 13.3 248.83 147.21
sc7 1.75 6.325 11.07 28.18 13.3 311.92 147.21
sc8 1.75 6.325 11.07 29.68 13.3 328.52 147.21
sc9 6.89 6.325 43.58 4.03 9.95 175.62 433.61
sc10 8.46 6.325 53.51 4.03 3.15 215.64 168.55
sc11 4.55 6.325 28.78 33.13 3.15 953.44 90.65
sc12 7.17 6.325 45.35 33.43 4.2 1516.06 190.47
sc13 4.67 6.325 29.54 7.13 1.25 210.60 36.92
sc14 1.86 6.325 11.76 13.78 1.25 162.11 14.71
sc15 1.86 6.325 11.76 15.28 1.25 179.76 14.71
sc16 1.86 6.325 11.76 20.98 1.25 246.82 14.71
sc17 1.86 6.325 11.76 22.28 1.25 262.11 14.71
sc18 1.86 6.325 11.76 28.18 1.25 331.52 14.71
sc19 1.86 6.325 11.76 29.68 1.25 349.17 14.71
ss 16.92 6.325 107.02 16.33 9.95 1747.62 1064.84
2509.83 sum 47126.86 17740.86
191
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Beam
Designation length depth Area uniformily wi xi yi wi*xi wi*Yi
A 11.63 0.3 3.489 12.5 43.6125 4.93 7.7 215.01 335.82
B 12.18 0.3 3.654 12.5 45.675 10.93 7.95 499.23 363.12
C 13.59 0.3 4.077 12.5 50.9625 14.53 8.68 740.49 442.35
D 12.26 0.3 3.678 12.5 45.975 18.13 7.99 833.53 367.34
E 13.5 0.3 4.05 12.5 50.625 21.73 8.63 1100.08 436.89
F 10.95 0.3 3.285 12.5 41.0625 25.33 7.305 1040.11 299.96
G 13.5 0.3 4.05 12.5 50.625 28.93 8.63 1464.58 436.89
H 10.89 0.3 3.267 12.5 40.8375 32.53 7.305 1328.44 298.32
1 30.6 0.3 9.18 12.5 114.75 33.6 12.6 3855.60 1445.85
2 15 0.3 4.5 12.5 56.25 18 7.3 1012.50 410.63
2' 15.6 0.3 4.68 12.5 58.5 18.6 8.1 1088.10 473.85
3 31.2 0.3 9.36 12.5 117 34.2 2 4001.40 234.00
715.875 sum 17179.07 5545.02
Staircase
no area thickness untweigth tt load x y Mx My
landing1 5.47 0.2 25 27.35 16.41 19.1 448.81 522.39
landing2 2.144 0.2 25 10.72 15.41 20.53 165.20 220.08
waist 1 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 18.8 8.2 450.07 196.31
waist2 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 20.73 8.2 496.28 196.31
85.95 1560.36 1135.083
Third Floor
Partition
P1 1.05 2.7195 2.59 2.09 5.68 3.675 11.83 20.89 67.24
P2 1.59 4.1181 2.59 2.09 8.61 5.08 12.575 43.72 108.23
192
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
P3 0.61 1.5799 2.59 2.09 3.30 4.31 7.275 14.23 24.02
P4 1.97 5.1023 2.59 2.09 10.66 6.295 7.02 67.13 74.86
P5 4.49 11.6291 2.59 2.09 24.30 7.33 9.215 178.15 223.97
P6 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 6.025 9.83 96.21 156.97
P7 4.27 11.0593 2.59 2.09 23.11 10.93 9.205 252.64 212.76
P8 4.63 11.9917 2.59 2.09 25.06 10.595 7.02 265.54 175.94
P9 0.73 1.8907 2.59 2.09 3.95 14.195 7.02 56.09 27.74
P10 0.6 1.554 2.59 2.09 3.25 14.26 7.97 46.31 25.89
P11 3.56 9.2204 2.59 2.09 19.27 14.61 8.75 281.54 168.62
P12 4.65 12.0435 2.59 2.09 25.17 18.13 10.275 456.35 258.63
P13 0.58 1.5022 2.59 2.09 3.14 18.42 7.9 57.83 24.80
P14 3.96 10.2564 2.59 2.09 21.44 21.74 7.9 466.02 169.34
P15 5.44 14.0896 2.59 2.09 29.45 21.73 10.62 639.89 312.73
P16 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 21.755 13.64 347.40 217.81
P17 3.58 9.2722 2.59 2.09 19.38 25.33 10.68 490.87 206.97
P18 1.44 3.7296 2.59 2.09 7.79 24.61 7.9 191.83 61.58
P19 4.24 10.9816 2.59 2.09 22.95 28.35 7.9 650.68 181.32
P20 4.93 12.7687 2.59 2.09 26.69 28.93 10.365 772.04 276.61
P21 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 28.955 7.95 462.37 126.95
P22 0.44 1.1396 2.59 2.09 2.38 32.1 7.9 76.45 18.82
P23 1.07 2.7713 2.59 2.09 5.79 3.835 5.35 22.21 30.99
P24 2.43 6.2937 2.59 2.09 13.15 8.115 5.35 106.74 70.37
P25 6.18 16.0062 2.59 2.09 33.45 7.33 3.14 245.21 105.04
P26 2.55 6.6045 2.59 2.09 13.80 6.625 4.95 91.45 68.33
P27 0.65 1.6835 2.59 2.09 3.52 6.96 4.95 24.49 17.42
P28 2.79 7.2261 2.59 2.09 15.10 7.435 2.83 112.29 42.74
P29 1.4 3.626 2.59 2.09 7.58 10.93 5.35 82.83 40.54
P30 1.2 3.108 2.59 2.09 6.50 10.93 5.92 71.00 38.45
P31 3.97 10.2823 2.59 2.09 21.49 10.93 3.989 234.89 85.72
P32 2 5.18 2.59 2.09 10.83 13.53 5.35 146.48 57.92
P33 4.89 12.6651 2.59 2.09 26.47 14.53 2.95 384.61 78.09
P34 3 7.77 2.59 2.09 16.24 12.43 2.88 201.85 46.77
P35 1.95 5.0505 2.59 2.09 10.56 15.51 6.44 163.72 67.98
P36 1.4 3.626 2.59 2.09 7.58 18.13 6.44 137.40 48.80
P37 1.2 3.108 2.59 2.09 6.50 18.13 5.54 117.77 35.99
P38 3.5 9.065 2.59 2.09 18.95 18.13 3.75 343.49 71.05
P39 3.98 10.3082 2.59 2.09 21.54 21.73 6.44 468.15 138.74
P40 5 12.95 2.59 2.09 27.07 21.73 3 588.13 81.20
P41 3 7.77 2.59 2.09 16.24 21.73 2.88 352.88 46.77
P42 1.2 3.108 2.59 2.09 6.50 25.33 5.55 164.54 36.05
P43 3.5 9.065 2.59 2.09 18.95 25.33 3.75 479.90 71.05
193
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
P44 4.76 12.3284 2.59 2.09 25.77 29.33 6.38 755.73 164.39
P45 4.89 12.6651 2.59 2.09 26.47 28.93 2.95 765.78 78.09
P46 2.95 7.6405 2.59 2.09 15.97 28.905 2.88 461.57 45.99
P47 0.54 1.3986 2.59 2.09 2.92 30.33 3.17 88.66 9.27
Pe1 12.3 31.857 2.59 2.79 88.88 3.23 8.15 287.09 724.38
Pe2 12.3 31.857 2.59 2.79 88.88 7.19 0.5 639.05 44.44
Pe3 33.72 87.3348 2.59 2.79 243.66 19.09 13.35 4651.55 3252.92
Pe4 33.72 87.3348 2.59 2.79 243.66 19.09 2 4651.55 487.33
1377.51 SUM 22775.2 9208.60
Column
width area(m2) heigth(2.59) Unit weight weigth(KN) x y MX MY
C1A 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 4.93 12.6 38.3061 97.902
C1B 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 10.93 12.6 84.9261 97.902
C1C 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 14.53 12.6 112.8981 97.902
C1D 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 18.13 12.6 140.8701 97.902
C1E 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 21.73 12.6 168.8421 97.902
C1F 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 25.33 12.6 196.8141 97.902
C1G 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 28.93 12.6 224.7861 97.902
C1H 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 32.53 12.6 252.7581 97.902
C2'D 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 18.13 8.1 140.8701 62.937
C2'E 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 21.73 8.1 168.8421 62.937
C2'F 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 25.33 8.1 196.8141 62.937
C2'G 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 28.93 8.1 224.7861 62.937
C2'H 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 32.53 8.1 252.7581 62.937
C2A 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 4.93 7.3 38.3061 56.721
C2B 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 10.93 7.3 84.9261 56.721
C2C 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 14.53 7.3 112.8981 56.721
C3A 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 4.93 2 38.3061 15.54
C3B 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 10.93 2 84.9261 15.54
C3C 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 14.53 2 112.8981 15.54
C3D 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 18.13 2 140.8701 15.54
C3E 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 21.73 2 168.8421 15.54
C3F 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 25.33 2 196.8141 15.54
C3G 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 28.93 2 224.7861 15.54
C3H 0.3 0.12 2.59 25 7.77 32.53 2 252.7581 15.54
186.48 SUM 3660.602 1392.384
194
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Slab
unifomly
Designation area KN/m2 Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi wi*Yi
s1 29.04 8.383 243.44 7.93 9.95 1930.50 2422.25
s2 16.92 8.383 141.84 12.73 9.95 1805.63 1411.31
s3 14.19 8.383 118.95 20.13 10.35 2394.56 1231.18
s4 14.19 8.383 118.95 23.53 10.35 2799.01 1231.18
s5 14.19 8.383 118.95 27.13 10.35 3227.24 1231.18
s6 14.19 8.383 118.95 34.33 10.35 4083.72 1231.18
s7 29.04 8.383 243.44 7.93 4.65 1930.50 1132.01
s8 16.92 8.383 141.84 12.73 4.65 1805.63 659.56
s9 16.92 8.383 141.84 14.53 4.65 2060.94 659.56
s10 19.6 8.383 164.31 20.13 5.05 3307.50 829.75
s11 19.6 8.383 164.31 23.53 5.05 3866.14 829.75
s12 19.6 8.383 164.31 27.13 5.05 4457.64 829.75
s13 19.6 8.383 164.31 34.33 5.05 5640.65 829.75
sc1 1.3 6.325 8.22 4.03 13.05 33.14 107.30
sc2 1.8 6.325 11.39 6.16 13.05 70.13 148.57
sc3 1.75 6.325 11.07 10.18 13.3 112.68 147.21
sc4 1.75 6.325 11.07 11.68 13.3 129.28 147.21
sc5 1.75 6.325 11.07 20.98 13.3 232.22 147.21
sc6 1.75 6.325 11.07 22.48 13.3 248.83 147.21
sc7 1.75 6.325 11.07 28.18 13.3 311.92 147.21
sc8 1.75 6.325 11.07 29.68 13.3 328.52 147.21
sc9 6.89 6.325 43.58 4.03 9.95 175.62 433.61
sc10 8.46 6.325 53.51 4.03 3.15 215.64 168.55
sc11 4.55 6.325 28.78 33.13 3.15 953.44 90.65
sc12 7.17 6.325 45.35 33.43 4.2 1516.06 190.47
sc13 4.67 6.325 29.54 7.13 1.25 210.60 36.92
sc14 1.86 6.325 11.76 13.78 1.25 162.11 14.71
sc15 1.86 6.325 11.76 15.28 1.25 179.76 14.71
sc16 1.86 6.325 11.76 20.98 1.25 246.82 14.71
sc17 1.86 6.325 11.76 22.28 1.25 262.11 14.71
sc18 1.86 6.325 11.76 28.18 1.25 331.52 14.71
sc19 1.86 6.325 11.76 29.68 1.25 349.17 14.71
ss 16.92 6.325 107.02 16.33 9.95 1747.62 1064.84
2509.83 sum 47126.86 17740.86
Beam
Designation length depth Area uniformily wi xi yi wi*xi wi*Yi
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A 11.63 0.3 3.489 12.5 43.6125 4.93 7.7 215.01 335.82
B 12.18 0.3 3.654 12.5 45.675 10.93 7.95 499.23 363.12
C 13.59 0.3 4.077 12.5 50.9625 14.53 8.68 740.49 442.35
D 12.26 0.3 3.678 12.5 45.975 18.13 7.99 833.53 367.34
E 13.5 0.3 4.05 12.5 50.625 21.73 8.63 1100.08 436.89
F 10.95 0.3 3.285 12.5 41.0625 25.33 7.305 1040.11 299.96
G 13.5 0.3 4.05 12.5 50.625 28.93 8.63 1464.58 436.89
H 10.89 0.3 3.267 12.5 40.8375 32.53 7.305 1328.44 298.32
1 30.6 0.3 9.18 12.5 114.75 33.6 12.6 3855.60 1445.85
2 15 0.3 4.5 12.5 56.25 18 7.3 1012.50 410.63
2' 15.6 0.3 4.68 12.5 58.5 18.6 8.1 1088.10 473.85
3 31.2 0.3 9.36 12.5 117 34.2 2 4001.40 234.00
715.875 sum 17179.07 5545.02
Staircase
no area thickness untweigth tt load x y Mx My
landing1 5.47 0.2 25 27.35 16.41 19.1 448.81 522.39
landing2 2.144 0.2 25 10.72 15.41 20.53 165.20 220.08
waist 1 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 18.8 8.2 450.07 196.31
waist2 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 20.73 8.2 496.28 196.31
85.95 1560.36 1135.083
Fourth floor
Partition
Items length(m) area(m2) heigth(2.59) Unit weight weigth(KN) x y Mx my
p1 1.35 3.4965 2.59 2.09 7.31 10.93 11.925 79.87 87.14
p2 3.84 9.9456 2.59 2.09 20.79 12.04 10.68 250.27 222.00
p3 4.1 10.619 2.59 2.09 22.19 14.56 10.55 323.14 234.14
p4 5.74 14.8666 2.59 2.09 31.07 12.93 3.37 401.75 104.71
p5 8.45 21.8855 2.59 2.09 45.74 14.055 6.24 642.89 285.42
p6 3.84 9.9456 2.59 2.09 20.79 13.3 10.68 276.46 222.00
pe1 24 62.16 2.59 2.79 173.43 21.12 7.7 3662.77 1335.38
pe2 12.35 31.987 2.59 2.79 89.24 33.72 6.676 3009.30 595.79
pe3 24 62.16 2.59 2.79 173.43 21.73 0.5 3768.56 86.71
pe4 12.35 31.987 2.59 2.79 89.24 9.73 6.68 868.34 596.15
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673.23 SUM 13283.3 3769.45
Stair case
no area thickness untweigth tt load x y Mx My
landing1 5.47 0.2 25 27.35 16.41 19.1 448.81 522.39
landing2 2.144 0.2 25 10.72 15.41 20.53 165.20 220.08
waist 1 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 18.8 8.2 450.07 196.31
waist2 4.2 0.228 25 23.94 20.73 8.2 496.28 196.31
85.95 1560.36 1135.083
Column
width area(m2) heigth(2.59) Unifml dstrd weigth(KN) x y MX MY
C1B 0.3 0.09 2.59 25 5.8275 10.93 12.6 63.69 73.43
C1C 0.3 0.09 2.59 25 5.8275 14.53 12.6 84.67 73.43
C1D 0.3 0.09 2.59 25 5.8275 18.13 12.6 105.65 73.43
C1E 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 21.73 12.6 99.46 57.67
C1F 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 25.33 12.6 115.93 57.67
C1G 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 28.93 12.6 132.41 57.67
C1H 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 32.53 12.6 148.89 57.67
C2'D 0.3 0.09 2.59 25 5.83 18.13 8.1 105.65 47.20
C2C 0.3 0.09 2.59 25 5.83 14.53 7.3 84.67 42.54
C2'H 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 32.53 8.1 148.89 37.07
C3C 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 14.53 2 66.50 9.15
C3D 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 18.13 2 82.98 9.15
C3E 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 21.73 2 99.46 9.15
C3F 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 25.33 2 115.93 9.15
C3G 0.3 0.071 2.59 25 4.58 28.93 2 132.41 9.15
74.91 SUM 1587.20 623.54
Slab
unifomly
Designation area KN/m2 Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi Wi*Yi
s1 16.9 8.383 141.67 12.73 9.95 1803.49 1409.64
s2 14.24 8.383 119.37 19.93 10.75 2379.12 1283.27
s3 14.24 8.383 119.37 23.53 10.75 2808.87 1283.27
s4 14.24 8.383 119.37 27.13 10.75 3238.61 1283.27
s5 14.24 8.383 119.37 30.73 10.75 3668.36 1283.27
s6 16.9 8.383 141.67 12.73 3.15 1803.49 446.27
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s7 16.9 8.383 141.67 16.33 3.15 2313.52 446.27
s8 19.6 8.383 164.31 19.93 5.05 3274.63 829.75
s9 19.6 8.383 164.31 23.53 5.05 3866.14 829.75
s10 19.6 6.325 123.97 27.13 5.05 3363.31 626.05
s11 19.6 6.325 123.97 30.73 5.05 3809.60 626.05
sc1 4.3 6.325 27.20 19.93 13.3 542.05 361.73
sc2 4.3 6.325 27.20 23.53 13.3 639.96 361.73
sc3 4.3 6.325 27.20 27.13 13.3 737.87 361.73
sc4 4.3 6.325 27.20 30.73 13.3 835.78 361.73
sc5 5.5 6.325 34.79 10.33 10.75 359.35 373.97
sc6 5.2 6.325 32.89 10.33 3.15 339.75 103.60
sc7 4.54 6.325 28.72 33.13 10.75 951.34 308.69
sc8 9.73 6.325 61.54 33.43 5.05 2057.36 310.79
sc9 1.5 6.325 9.49 10.53 1.25 99.90 11.86
sc10 4.6 6.325 29.10 12.73 1.25 370.38 36.37
sc11 4.6 6.325 29.10 16.33 1.25 475.12 36.37
sc12 4.6 6.325 29.10 19.33 1.25 562.41 36.37
sc13 4.6 6.325 29.10 23.53 1.25 684.61 36.37
sc14 4.6 6.325 29.10 27.93 1.25 812.62 36.37
sc15 2.5 6.325 15.81 29.905 1.25 472.87 19.77
SS 16.92 6.325 107.02 16.33 9.95 1747.62 1064.84
2023.59 44018.14 14169.12
Beam
designation length depth area unfrmlyd wi xi yi wi*xi wi*yi
B 12.11 0.4 4.844 6.25 30.28 10.95 8 331.51 242.20
C 13.59 0.4 5.436 6.25 33.98 14.53 7.2745 493.66 247.15
D 13.59 0.4 5.436 6.25 33.98 18.13 8.045 615.97 273.33
E 14.05 0.4 5.62 6.25 35.13 21.75 8.045 763.97 282.58
F 13.51 0.4 5.404 6.25 33.78 23.35 8.045 788.65 271.72
G 13.51 0.4 5.404 6.25 33.78 28.93 6.62 977.11 223.59
H 12.16 0.4 4.864 6.25 30.40 32.53 8 988.91 243.20
1 24 0.4 9.6 6.25 60.00 16.82 7.35 1009.20 441.00
2 8.4 0.4 3.36 6.25 21.00 26.295 8.05 552.20 169.05
2' 16.2 0.4 6.48 6.25 40.50 7.82 7.28 316.71 294.84
3 26.4 0.4 10.56 6.25 66.00 17.56 2 1158.96 132.00
418.80 sum 7996.84 2820.66
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TT BEAM
width depth Length Unit Wt Wt x y Wx Wy
1 0.5 0.3 13.61 25 2.04 21.71 2 44.32 4.08
2' 0.5 0.3 13.61 25 2.04 21.71 12.6 44.32 25.72
2 0.5 0.3 10.58 25 1.59 10.93 2.79 17.35 4.43
3 0.5 0.3 10.58 25 1.59 32.53 2.79 51.63 4.43
C 0.5 0.3 5.3 25 0.80 14.53 9.95 11.55 7.91
D 0.5 0.3 5.3 25 0.80 18.13 9.95 14.41 7.91
8.85 183.58 54.48
Shear Wall
width length height Unit Wt Wt x y Wx Wy
SW1 0.15 1.95 21.51 25 157.29 17.11 12.6 2691.264 1981.877625
SW2 0.15 1.48 21.51 25 119.38 18.08 13.34 2158.399 1592.53587
276.67 4849.663 3574.413495
Weight Wx Wy
Foundation 135.25 2447.51 1096.77
Basement 1941.43 35344.64 18481.36 Fb= 781.554757
Ground 5338.150627 87394.06 39880.23 Ft= 41.5005576
First F 4614.993369 79831.15 30303.52
Second F 4912.82 92956.07 35504.04
Third 4912.82 92956.07 35504.04
Fourth 3313.64 69099.88 22517.9
Top Tie B 42.35 69035.30 488.98
Sum 25211.44 529064.68 183776.80
x= 20.985
y= 7.289
FORCE CALCULATIONS
FLOOR level(m) weigth(KN) WIHI(KNm) storey shear(kn)
foundtn 0.4 135.2522 54.101 0.179
at -2.72 1.5 1941.428 2912.141 9.624
ground 4.22 5338.151 22526.996 74.446
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1st 7.11 4614.993 32812.603 108.437
2nd 10 4912.817 49128.168 162.355
3rd 12.89 4912.817 63326.209 209.276
4th 15.78 3313.639 52289.229 172.802
ttbeam 20.98 42.347 888.440 2.936
25211.44 223937.887
LOADING OF FRAME
Beside to walls and slabs loads, there are different loads subjected to frames. Lateral Wind
load & Earth quick loads are also loads that should be taken in account.
For our design the governing lateral loads are earth quick load, since it is large in
magnitude. Also since the probability at which both lateral wind load and earth quick load
occur simultaneously is rare we select only Earth quick loads for analysis of frames.
Earth quick loads are loaded at center of mass of each storey using Diaphragms from
ETABS to transfer base shear at each storey to each columns. But, the rest loads are loaded
uniform load.
FRAME ANALYSIS
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Frame analysis is done using ETABS.
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The loads to be loaded for frame analysis are:
Dead load
Live load
Earth quake
Earth quake in the +ve and -ve X - direction
Earth quake in the +ve and -ve Y - direction
The possible load combinations are:
Comb1 = 1.3 DL + 1.6 LL
Comb 2 = 0.75 (1.3DL+1.6LL) + EQX(+ve)
Comb 3 = 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) +EQy(+ve)
Comb 4 = 0.75 (1.3DL+1.6LL) + EQX(-ve)
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Comb 5 = 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) +EQy(-ve)
ETABS out put results are used for design of beams, columns & footing.
LOADING OF FRAME
Beside to walls and slabs loads, there are different loads subjected to frames. Lateral Wind
load & Earth quick loads are also loads that should be taken in account.
For our design the governing lateral loads are earth quick load, since it is large in
magnitude. Also since the probability at which both lateral wind load and earth quick load
occur simultaneously is rare we select only Earth quick loads for analysis of frames.
Earth quick loads are loaded at center of mass of each storey using Diaphragms from
SAP/ETABS to transfer base shear at each storey to each columns. But, the rest loads are
loaded either as point load or uniform load as usual.
FRAME ANALYSIS
Frame analysis is done using ETABS.
The loads to be loaded for frame analysis are:
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Dead load
Live load
Earth quake
Earth quake in the X - direction
Earth quake in the Y - direction
The possible load combinations are:
Comb1 = 1.3 DL + 1.6 LL
Comb 2 = 0.75 (1.3DL+1.6LL) + EQX(+ve)
Comb 3 = 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) +EQy(+ve)
Comb 4 = 0.75 (1.3DL+1.6LL) + EQX(-ve)
Comb 5 = 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) +EQy(-ve)
ETABS out put results are used for design of beams, columns & footing.
DESIGN OF BEAMS
For beam design only combination-1is used since earth quake effect is negligble
Material properties-, C25, fcd=11.33MPa, fyk = 300 Mpa, fyd =260.87MPa
Effective depth of a beam for serviceability requirement is given by:
0.6𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑 = 0.4 + , Using fyk = 300Mpa
4𝑜𝑜 𝛽𝑎
0.6∗300 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
= 0.4 + =0.85
4𝑜𝑜 𝛽𝑎 𝛽𝑎
End span
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Effective span, Le = 6100 mm
𝛽𝑎 = 24
𝐿 6100
d = 0.85 𝑒 =0.85* =216.94mm
𝛽𝑎 24
Interior span
Le = 6000 mm
𝛽𝑎 = 28
𝐿 6000
d = 0.85 𝑒 =0.85* =182.14mm
𝛽𝑎 28
Cantilever
Le = 2000 mm
𝛽𝑎 = 10
𝐿 2000
d = (0.85 𝑒 =0.85* =170.00mm
𝛽𝑎 10
Simply support
Le = 5300 mm
𝛽𝑎 = 20
𝐿 5300
d = 0.85 𝑒 =0.85* =225.25mm
𝛽𝑎 20
Use the maximum depth required for serviceability limit state i.e, d =225.25 mm using
concrete cover of 25mm , Ø 14 reinforcement bar with Ø 8 mm stirrups
Over all depth, D =225.25 + 25 +14/2 + 8 = 265.25 mm
Provide over all depth, D =300, then
Effective depth, d=300-25-14/2-8=260mm
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The following beam cross section are used:
All normal beam 300 x 500
Submerged beam 300 x 400
Ultimate moment carrying capacity of beams
Mumax=0.2952fcdbd2
=0.2952*11.33*500*3002 *106
=150.51KNm, for normal beam
Mumax=0.2952fcdbd2
=0.2952*11.33*400*3002 *106
=120.41KNm, for submerged beam
0.6 0.6
Ρmin= = = 0.002
𝑓 𝑦𝑘 300
If the max moment from ETABS output is less than Mumax the beams are under
reinforced i.e. singly reinforced while as If the max moment from ETABS output is greater
than Mumax the beams are over reinforced i.e. doubly reinforced.
ETABS OUT PUT FRAME ANALYSIS FOR BEAM DESIGN
Fig: Moment diagram for combination-1
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Fig: Shear force diagram for combination-1
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BEAM ON AXIS-A AT 2nd FLOOR
Support 1 Support 2
Support 3
span 1
Span 2
Fig. moment diagram from combination-1
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Fig. Shear diagram from combination-1
ETABS output moments from comb-1
Support 1 2 3
Moment(KNm) 168.84 91.84 9.37
Span 1 2
Moment(KNm) 91.84 96.06
Since, M < support and middle [Link] =150.51KNm, the
section is under reinforced for both.
At the support sections
M (support-1) =168.84KNm
Since, M support section > Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is over reinforced.
As1=ρ1bd
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𝜌 2𝑀 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 , Mumax=150.51KNm
1= 1− 1−
𝑓 𝑐𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑦𝑑
𝜌 2∗150.51∗10 6 11.33
1= 1− 1− =0.0233
11.33∗500∗260 2 260.87
As1=0.0233*500*260=3034.5mm
∆M= Mmax- Mumax=168.84-150.51=18.33KNm
∆𝑀 18.33∗10 6
As2= = = 300.28𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 𝑦𝑑 𝑑−𝑑 2 260.87∗ 260−26
As=As1+As2=3334.78mm2
𝐴 3334 .78
Number of 24 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗24 2 = 7.3
4 4
Provide 8 numbers of 24 rods at the top.
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑥−𝑑 2
£𝑐
,x=0.45d=0.45*260=117mm
𝑥
117−26
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 200 ∗ 103 0.0035 = 544.44𝑀𝑝𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦𝑑
117
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑐==𝑓 𝑦𝑑 = 260.87Mpa
∆𝑀 18.33∗10 6
Asc= = = 300.28𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑑−𝑑 2 260.87∗ 260−26
𝐴 300.28
Number of 12 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗12 2 = 2.66
4 4
Provide 3numbers of 12 rods at the bottom.
M (support-2) =170.88KNm
Since, M support section > Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is over reinforced.
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As1=ρ1bd
𝜌 2𝑀 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 , Mumax=150.51KNm
1= 1− 1−
𝑓 𝑐𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑦𝑑
𝜌 2∗150.51∗10 6 11.33
1= 1− 1− =0.0233
11.33∗500∗260 2 260.87
As1=0.0233*500*260=3034.5mm
∆M= Mmax- Mumax=170.88-150.51=20.38KNm
∆𝑀 20.38∗10 6
As2= = = 334.81𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 𝑦𝑑 𝑑−𝑑 2 260.87∗ 260−26
As=As1+As2=3369.31mm2
𝐴 3369.31
Number of 24 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗24 2 = 7.3
4 4
Provide 8 numbers of 24 rods at the top.
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑥−𝑑 2
£𝑐
,x=0.45d=0.45*260=117mm
𝑥
117−26
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 200 ∗ 103 0.0035 = 544.44𝑀𝑝𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦𝑑
117
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑐==𝑓 𝑦𝑑 = 260.87Mpa
∆𝑀 20.38∗10 6
Asc= = = 334.81𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑑−𝑑 2 260.87∗ 260−26
𝐴 334.81
Number of 12 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗12 2 = 2.96
4 4
Provide 3 numbers of 12 rods at the bottom.
M (support-3) =9.37KNm
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Since, M < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 5002∗9.37∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 00081 <ρmin=0.002
Provide minimum reinforcement for the section.
Asmin=ρbd=0.002*500*30=300mm2
𝐴 300.00
Number of 12 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗12 2 = 2.65
4 4
Provide 3 numbers of 12 rods at the middle section.
At the middle section
M (span-1) =91.84KNm
Since, M < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 5002∗91.84∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 0087>ρmin=0.002
As=ρbd=0.0041*500*300=1304.00mm2
𝐴 1304 .00
Number of 16 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗16 2 = 6.49
4 4
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Provide 7 numbers of 16 rods at the middle section.
M (span-2) =96.06KNm
Since, M < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 5002∗96.06∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 0091>ρmin=0.002
As=ρbd=0.0091*500*300=1365.00mm2
𝐴 1365 .00
Number of 14 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗14 2 = 6.79
4 4
Provide 7 numbers of 16 rods at the middle section
Shear reinforcement
Fig. moment diagram from combination-1
Fig. Shear diagram from combination-1
Vmax=271.43KN……………….comb-5(4.50m)
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Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
271.43KN
229.44KN
2.24m
2.65m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =229.44KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*500*260*10-3
=368.23KN > 229.44KN……………………… OK
𝑑 2 8∗∗242 𝐴𝑠 3619.11
𝐴𝑠 = = = 3619.11𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜌 = = = 0.04640
4 4 𝑏𝑑 300∗260
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.0464= 3.32 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.260 = 1.340 ≥ 1.0
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Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*2.00*1.340*500*260*10-3
=89.71KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 229.44-89.71KN=139.73
Consider 10mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 102 * /4 = 157.08m2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=157139
.08∗260 .87∗273
.73∗1000
=80.06mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 272= 136mm
Use10 stirrups c/c 80mm
provided at least the minimum shear reinforcement given by:
ρmin = 0.4 / fyk , fyk ( Mpa )
= 0.4 / 300 = 0.0013
As= ρminbd=0.0013*500*300=195
Consider 8mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 82 * /4 = 100.53mm2
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𝐴𝑣𝑏
Spacing S=
𝐴𝑠
=100 .53∗500
195
=257.77
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 260=130mm
Use 8 stirrups c/c 130mm.
ANCHORAGE LENGTH
Anchorage of reinforcement
1. All reinforcement shall be properly anchored at each end with due
consideration for the effect of arch action and shear cracks.
2. To prevent bond failure, the tension or compression in any bar at any section
due to ultimate loads shall be developed on each side of the section by an
appropriate embedment length or end anchorage or combination there of.
Basic anchorage length
1. The basic anchorage length is the embedment length required to develop
the full design strength of a straight reinforcing bar.
2. The basic anchorage length Lb for a bar of diameter Ø
Ø 𝑓 𝑦𝑑
Lb = ∗
4 𝑓 𝑏𝑑
For good bond condition, the design bond strength, fbd, of plain bars may be obtained as
fbd =fctd. For deformed bars twice the value for plain bars i.e. fbd =2fctd may
be used.
Required anchorage length :
3. The required anchorage length Lb,net depend on the type of anchorage and on
the stress on the reinforcement . it can be calculated as:
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙
Lb, net = a * Lb ≥ Lb, min
𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑓
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Where ,
As,cal = the theoretical area of reinforcement required by the design.
As,ef = the area of reinforcement actually provided.
a = 1.0 for straight anchorage in tension or compression
= 0.7 for anchorage in tension with standard hooks
Lb,min = minimum anchorage length
For bars in tension:
Lb,min = 0.3 Lb ≥ 10Ø
Or ≥ 200 mm
For bars in compression:
Lb,min = 0.6 Lb ≥ 10Ø
Or ≥ 200 mm
AS,cal = 436.50 mm 2
AS,ef = 452.39mm 2
Basic anchorage length
Ø 𝑓𝑦𝑑
Lb = ∗ , fyd = 260.87
4 𝑓𝑏𝑑
For good bond condition, the design bond strength
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
fbd = 2 * Fctd=2 ∗ 1.5
=2 ∗ = 2.06
1.5
12 260.87
Lb = ∗ = 379.91
4 2.06
Required anchorage length
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𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙
Lb, net = a * Lb ≥ Lb, min
𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑓
436.50
= 1 * 379.91* =366.56mm
452.39
For bars in tension:
Lb,min = 0.3 Lb = 0.3 * 379.91 = 113.97mm ≥ 10Ø=120mm Or ≥ 200 mm
Lb, net > Lb, min
use Lb,net = 366.56 mm
For bars in compression:
Lb,min = 0.6 Lb=0.6*379.91=227.95 ≥ 10Ø=120 Or ≥ 200 mm
use Lb,net = 366.56 mm
LAP LENGTH
The lap lo shall be at least equal to:
lo ≥ a1lb,net ≥ lo,min
where , lo,min =0-3aa1lb ≥15 or ≥200mm
lb,net and a are given above in the anchorage length calculation.
In similar manner Shear reinforcement and anchorage length is done for
each beam .but for our project it is enough as a sample.
BEAM ON AXIS-3 AT 1ST FLOOR
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Suport 3 Suport 5 Suport 7
Suport 1 Suport 9
Ssuport2
Suport 4 Suport 6
Suport 8
Span1 Span4 Span6 Span7 Span8
Span2 Span3 Span5
ETABS output moments from comb-1
support 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Moment(KNm) 33.79 55.01 31.01 19.18 23.89 17.55 15.82 19.49 83.17
span 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Moment(KNm) 19.06 59.00 10.30 8.93 15.38 9.62 5.92 10.98
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Since, M < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced both at the support
and middle section.
At the support section
M (support-9) =55.017KNm, take this for design of all supports since the other
moments are small.
Since, M < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 5002∗55.01∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 00497>ρmin=0.002
As=ρbd=0.00497*500*300=745.56mm2
𝐴 745.56
Number of 14 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗14 2 = 4.8
4 4
Provide 5 numbers of 14 rods at the suport section.
At the cantiliver section
M (support-9) =83.17KNm, take this for design of both cantiliver moments.
Since, M < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced
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6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 5002∗83.17∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 00778>ρmin=0.002
As=ρbd=0.00778*500*300=1167.00mm2
𝐴 1167 .00
Number of 16 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗16 2 = 5.8
4 4
Provide 6 numbers of 16 rods at the suport section.
At the middle section
M (span-2) =59.00KNm, take this for design of all spans.
Since, M < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 5002∗59.00∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 005356>ρmin=0.002
As=ρbd=0.005356*500*300=803.40mm2
𝐴 803.40
Number of 14 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗14 2 = 5.2
4 4
Provide 6 numbers of 14 rods at the middle section.
Shear reinforcement
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Fig. Shear diagram from combination-1
Vmax=111.51KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
111.51KN
105.00KN
2.825m
3.00m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =105.00KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*500*260*10-3
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=368.23KN > 105.00KN……………………… OK
𝑑 2 6∗∗16 2 𝐴𝑠 1206 .37
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1206.37𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜌 = = = 0.015466
4 4 𝑏𝑑 300∗260
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.015466= 1.773 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.260 = 1.340 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.773*1.340*500*260*10-3
=79.53KN
Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 105-79.53KN=25.47
Consider 8mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 82 * /4 = 100.53m2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=100 .53∗260 .87∗273
25.47∗1000
=281.1mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 273= 144mm
Use8 stirrups c/c 140mm
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SUMERGED BEAMS
ETABS output moments from comb-1 for summered beam to the left of H
between axis-2 and 3.
Mmax (support) =46.28KNm
Mmax (middle) =73.470KNm
Fig. moment diagram from combination-1
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Since, Mmax < Mumax =150.51KNm, the section is under reinforced both at
the support and middle section.
At the support section
Mmax (support) =46.28KNm
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 4002∗46.28∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 0052 >ρmin=0.002
As =ρbd=0.0052*400*300=624.00mm2
𝐴 624.00
Number of 14 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗14 2 = 4.5
4 4
Provide 5 numbers of 14 rods at the support section.
Mmax (middle) =73.470KNm
6
𝜌 = 1 − 1 − 4002∗73.47∗10
∗300 2 ∗11.33
11.33
∗ 260 .87
=0. 0087>ρmin=0.002
As=ρbd=0.0087*400*30=1044.00mm2
𝐴 1198.50
Number of 16 rods =𝜋𝑑 2𝑠 = 𝜋∗162 = 5.19
4 4
Provide 6 numbers of 16 rods at the middle section.
Provide 6 numbers of 14 rods at the middle section.
Shear reinforcement
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Fig. Shear diagram from combination-1
Vmax=53.07KN
Critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance from face of
support, for interior span of a continuous beam.
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53.07KN
48.14KN
2.54m
2.80m
Shear force at critical section (Vsd) =48.14KN
Vrd =0.25*fcd*bwd
=0.25*11.33*500*260*10-3
=368.23KN > 48.14KN……………………… OK
𝑑 2 5∗∗142 𝐴𝑠 769.69
𝐴𝑠 = = = 769.69𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜌 = = = 0.0074
4 4 𝑏𝑑 400∗260
2 3 2
0.21𝑓 𝑐𝑘 0.21∗20 3
Fctd= 1.5
= =1.03Mpa
1.5
k1=1+50 𝜌 =1+50*0.0074= 1.37 ≤2.0
k2=1.6-d = 1.6 – 0.260 = 1.340 ≥ 1.0
Vc = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.03*1.37*1.340*400*260*10-3
=36.69KN
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Vsd > Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 48.69-36.69KN=12.00KN
Consider 8mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * 82 * /4 = 100.53m2
Spacing S= Avfydd /Vs
=100 .53∗260 .87∗273
12∗1000
=596.62mm
Smax= 0.5d= 0.5* 273= 144mm
Use8 stirrups c/c 140mm
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DESIGN OF COLUMN
These definitions are taken from EBCS-2 Chapter -4.
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Taking assumption of minimum cross section of columns (i.e 300x350mm) and 8 number of
reinforcement bars (i.e 8 number 16dia):
300mm
350mm
X X
Ec=1100fcd =1100*11.33=12463MPa, Es=200MPa
Ic=bh3/12=0.3*0.353/12=0.00107m4
Ictot=Icx2=0.00107*2=0.00214 m4
Is=Isi+Asr2, Isi0
Is=(π/4*0.0162)(0.142)2=4.05x10-6m4, (0.142=d/2)
Istot=Isx2=2x4.05x10-6=8.1x10-6m4
EIe=0.2EcIc+EsIs
=0.2*12463*0.00214*106+200*8.1*10-6*106
=5.34*106
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑒
Ncr= 2 =3.14 *5.34/2.06 *10 =12.42*10 , (L value is calculated below)
2 2 6 6
e
𝐿𝑒
Nsd/Ncr≤0.1
401.54*103/12.42*106=0.0323≤0.1, Hence OK (non sway)
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Column E2` 3rd floor
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Fig. Moment in y-y
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Fig. Moment in x-x
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Fig. Axial load
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Column design according to EBCS 2-1995
Material Properties
Concrete grade C-25 Steel grade S300
Fck 20 MPa EBCS-2 Fyk 300 MPa
Table 2.3
Fctk 1.5 MPa EBCS-2 PSF 1.15
Table 2.4
PSF 1.5 EBCS-2 Fyd 260.87 MPa
Table 2.1
Fcd 11.33 MPa Es 200 MPa
Fctd 1.0 MPa As(min)=0.008bd EBCS-2
[Link].2
Ecm 29 MPa EBCS-2 As(max)=0.08bd EBCS-2
Table 2.5 [Link].2
Analysis Result From ETABS Ver 9.2.0 output:
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Axial Mom x-x Mom y-y
Load
Top 401.54KN 6.81KNm 63.16
KNm
Bottom 401.54KN 8.75KNm 51.43
KNm
Dimentions In x-x direction
Depth Width
B1 0.30 0.50
B2 0.30 0.50
B3 0.30 0.50
B4 0.30 0.50
C1 0.35 0.30
C2 0 0
C3 0.35 0.30
Lb1 3.60
Lb2 3.60
Lc1 2.89
Lc2 1.00
Lc3 2.89
Structure Classification:
Second-order global elastic analysis was done. Therefore both sway and non-sway are taken
care of.
Dimensions in Y-Y directions
Depth Width
B1 0.30 0.50
B2 0.30 0.50
B3 0.30 0.50
B4 0.30 0.50
C1 0.35 0.3
C2 0 0
C3 0.30 0.35
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Lb1 6.10
Lb2 4.5
Lc1 2.89
Lc2 1.00
Lc3 2.89
M1/M2=51.43/63.16=0.814
≤50-25(M1/M2)=50-25*0.814=29.64
Ag=0.35*0.3=0.105
Ig=bh3/12=0.3*0.353/12=0.00107------- EBCS-2, 4.4.5
y-y
Limits of Slenderness:
≤50-25(M1/M2) EBCS-2, 4.4.6
M1/M2=6.81/8.75=0.778
≤50-25*0.778=30.543
But, the slenderness ratio is:
𝐼𝑔
=Le/i, i=Radius of gyration= = (0.001/0.105)=0.101
𝐴𝑔
Ag=bh=0.3*0.35=0.105
Ig=bh3/12=0.3*353/12=0.001
Le=Effective buckling length
Effective Buckling Length
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About x-x direction. About y-y direction.
3
Ic1=bh3/12=0.3*0.35 /12=0.00107 Ic1=0.00107 Ic1 Ic1
Ic2=0.00 Ic3=0.00 Ic2 Ic3
Ib1=0.00113 Ib3=0.00113 Ib1 Ib3
Ib2=0.00113 Ib4=0.00113 Ib2 Ib4
a1=0.593 a2=0.593 a1=0.854 a2=1.481
am=0.593 am=1.167
a1=[(0.00107/2.89)+(0.0/1)]/[0.00113/3.6+0.00113/3.6]=0.593
a2=[0.00107/2.89)+(0.00/1)/(0.00113/3.6+0.00113/3.6]=0.593
am=(0.593+0.593)/2=0.593
the effective buckling length
𝑎𝑚 +0.4
Le= 𝐿 ≥ 0.7𝐿, Le=[(0.593+0.4)/(0.593+0.8)]*2.89=2.06
𝑎𝑚 +0.8
Le=2.06m
Slenderness ratio:
=Le/i=2.06/0.101=20.393<30.54, hence the column is not slender
=20.393
Therefore, ignore Secondary Effects
In y-y direction
Le=2.302
=22.788, not slender, therefore ignore secondary effect
Calculate Eccentricities in the y-y Direction
Total, etot=ee+ea+e2
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ee=0.1456
ea=Le/300≥200mm
ea =0.02m
e2=0.00
etot=0.0199+0.02=0.1656
y-y
Design Actions:
Calculate Eccentricities in the x-x Direction
Total, etot=ee+ea+e2
0.6𝑒02 + 0. 4𝑒01
ee=max of
0.4𝑒02
e01=M1/P=6.81/401.54 =0.0170
e02=M2/P=8.75/401.54=0.0218
0.6 ∗ 0.0218 + 0.4 ∗ 0.017 = 0.01988
Therefore, ee=max of { =0.0199
𝑜𝑟 0.4 ∗ 0.0218 = 0.00872
ea=Le/300≥200mm
=2.06*1000/300=6.87mm or 200mm
Therefore ea =0.02
= 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
e2=----
≠ 0, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
e2=0.00
etot=0.0199+0.02=0.0399
Nsd=401.54KN
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Msdx-x=0.0399*401.54=16.02KNm
Msdy-y=0.1656*401.54=66.5KNm
Reinforcement Calculation:
Cover ratio=(0.025+0.006+0.008)/0.311=0.1
N sd
sd sd , x x
M sd , x x
sd , y y
M sd , y y
f cd Ac f cd Ac h f cd Acb
𝜈𝑠𝑑 =401.54/(11.33*103*0.105)=0.337, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 ,𝑥−𝑥 = 16.02/(11.33 ∗ 103 ∗ 0.103 ∗ 0.35)
=0.039 𝜇𝑠𝑑 ,𝑦 −𝑦 =66.5/(11.33*103*0.103*0.3)=0.189
=0.3----- (from EBCS-2-1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 9
Ac f cd
As ,tot
f yd
As,tot=0.3*0.103*11.33/206.87=1342.04mm2
As,tot/8=167.75mm2
Use 8 16 bars
Lateral Reinforcement determination
Max shear force=46.16KN, (from ETABS output) it occurs at the 3rd floor with
Nsd=401.54KN
Limiting Value of ultimate shear force:
Vrd=0.25fcdbwd
=0.25*11.33*300*350*10-3
=297.4125KN
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Shear resistance of cross section:
Vc=0.25fctdk1k2bwd
k1=1+50ρ<2, ρ=0.5/300=0.00167
=1.083
k2=2-d=2-0.311=1.689
Vc=0.25*1.0*1.083*1.689*0.3*0.311*103=42.67KN
Additional shear capacity of concrete:
0.1𝑥𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑑
Vcn= 𝑁𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑐
Vcn=0.1*0.3*0.311*401.54/0.105=35.68KN
=35.68KN
Vtot= 42.67+35.68=78.35KN
=78.35KN>46.16KN, hence OK
Nominal shear reinforcement is to be provided. For reinforcing concrete section to resist shear
force ties are used as lateral reinforcement. The diameter of ties shall not be less than 6mm or
one quarter of the diameter of the longitudinal bars. The center to center spacing of lateral
reinforcement shall not exceed:
12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars [i.e=12*16=192mm]
Least dimension of column [i.e =300mm]
300 mm
≥6mm
28/4=7mm => 8mm
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S ≤ 12*16 =192mm
Therefore use 8 c/c 190mm
Lap Length
The length of lap, lo, shall be at least equal to
lo≥a1lb,net≥lo min
where lo,min=0.3aa1l b≥15
or ≥200mm
a1 is a function of the percentage of reinforcement lapped
Required anchorage length lb, net depends on the type of anchorage and
on the stress in the reinforcement and calculated as
𝐴𝑠
lb,net=alb ≥ 𝑙𝑏 , 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 ,𝑒𝑓𝑓
For bar in tension
lb,min=0.3lb≥10
or ≥300mm
For bar in compression
lb,min=0.6lb≥10
or ≥ 200 mm
Where As, cal = the theoretical area of reinforcement required by the design
As, eff = the area of reinforcement actually provided
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a = 1.0 for straight bar anchorage in tension or compression
= 0.7 for anchorage in tension with standard hook
lb, min = minimum anchorage length
The basic anchorage length is the embedment length required to develop the full design
strength of a straight reinforcing bars
Basic anchorage length, lb, for a bar diameter Ø is
∅𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑙𝑏 =
4𝑓𝑏𝑑
For good bond condition the design bond strength of deformed bars may be taken as twice the
value for plain bars:
fbd = 2fctd = 2*1.0 = 2.0MPa
The percentage of lapped bars in compression in any one section may
be 100% of the total steel cross section
Therefore, a1 = 1.4
For 16mm dia bar
16∗260.87
𝑙𝑏 = =521.74mm
4∗2∗1.0
a =1.0 for straight bar anchorage
For bar in compression
lb,min=0.3*aa1lb≥15, lb,min=0.3*1.4*1*521.74=219.13
or≥200mm
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Therefore, lb,min=220mm
For 20mm dia bar
20∗260.87
𝑙𝑏 = =652.18mm
4∗2∗1.0
a =1.0 for straight bar anchorage
For bar in compression
lb,min=0.3*aa1lb≥15, lb,min=0.3*1.4*1*652.18=273.91mm
or≥200mm
Therefore, lb,min=280mm
For 24mm dia bar
24∗260.87
𝑙𝑏 = =782.61mm
4∗2∗1.0
a =1.0 for straight bar anchorage
For bar in compression
lb,min=0.3*aa1lb≥15, lb,min=0.3*1.4*1*782.61=328.696mm
or≥200mm
Therefore, lb,min=330mm
Alternative method of lap length=40=40*16=640mm
The 2nd, 3rd ,Ground and basement floors on the same axis are done by excel template.
Structural drawings are shown in appendix
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
256
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
257
Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
FOUNDATION DESIGN
The loading condition of the footing at the intersection of Axis F- 2’is chosen as representative
for design as it has the compression force of 1969.61KN, From ETABS analysis result we got
the following
P=1969.61KN
Mx=1.10KNm
My=35.20KNm
Some parameters for design like
Column size =300*400mm
Depth of foundation column=1.5m below natural ground surface.
Type of soil=sub soil class B
Unit weight of concrete is γc=25KN/m3
→Assume the unit weight of soil to be γ=18.5KN/m3
→use c-25 and steel grade of s-300
The footing type selected for design is Isolated footing, and adopt LSD method.
Bearing capacity
The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from an engineered structure placed up on
it without a shear failure and with the resulting settlements being tolerable for the structure.
The design bearing resistance is calculated from drained condition.
Drained conditions
R
'
c ' N c S c ic q ' N q S q iq 0.5 ' B ' N S i [EBCS-7, 1995 Art [Link]] eq 1
A
With the design value of dimensionless factors for the bearing resistance
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
N q e tan tan 2 45 ' 2
'
N c N q 1cot '
N 2N q 1 tan ' when ' 2 rough base
The value Nq,Nc,NU are given in tabulated as a function of Ø
Also C, 𝜙 and 𝛾 values are 5KN/m2, 340 and 18.5 respectively (assumed).
Nq = 36.5
Nγ = 38.04
Nc = 52.64 fo vertical loads ic, iq, ir =1
Shape factor for square or circular shape
Sq= (1+sinØ) Sr=0.7
=(1+sin34o)=1.56
For rectangular, square or circular shape
(𝑆𝑞𝑁𝑞 −1) (1.56∗36.5−1)
Sc= = =1.575
(𝑁𝑞 −1) (36.5−1)
B=1.5,q’= Dγ=1.5*18.5=27.75KN/𝑚2
Bearing capacity of the soil is given as
Qu=1.3CNc+q’Nq+0.4γBNγ or by equation 1
= (1.3*5*5218.5*36.5) + (0.4*18.5*1.5*38.04)=1777.28KN/𝑚2
A recommendation for the allowable bearing capacity q a to be used for design is
based on the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a suitable safety factor (SF)
qult
qa
S .F
The safety factor is based on the type of soil (cohesive or cohesion less) reliability of
the soil parameter, & the structure information, possible safety factor 2-3 is recommended.
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
𝑞𝑢 −𝑞′ 1777 .28−(18.5∗1.5)
Qu(net) = = =583.18KN/m2.
𝐹𝑆 3
The factored design load is 1969.61KN……………→as stated previously.
Mx = 1.1 KN-m
My = 35.2 KN-m
Mx 1.1
ey .000055 0
P 1969.61 b
0.5 e y & e y
My 6
0.017 0
35.2
ex
P 1969.61
P 6e y 6e x
1 , ex & e y 0
A b a
583.18=P/A, A=1969.61/583.18=3.38m2
Using square footing = 3.38 =1.838m
Use B = 2.0m
Actual pressure b/n soil and footing
qact =P/A=1969.61/(2.02)=492.4KN
qact =P/A=1969.61/(2.02)=492.41KN/m2
Cross section of column footing
For c-25 concrete S-300 steel
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
fctm=0.3fck(2/3)=0.3(20)(2/3)=2.21Mpa
fctk=0.7fctm=1.55Mpa
fctd=fctk/yc=1.03Mpa
fcd=0.85fck/yc=11.33Mpa
fyd=fyk/ys=260.87Mpa
Design for thickness of footing
Wide beam shear
Design shear stress in concrete grade of C-25 and tensile reinforcement of S-300
Vd=0.25fctd*k1*k2 ,k2=1.6-d<1 , let us assume thickness of the footing to be greater than
0.6m.
K1=1+50ρmin, ρmin=0.5/300=0.00167
K1=1.083
Vd=0.25*1.03*1.083*1=278.872Kpa
Depth requirement as per WBS
Section capacity per unit length of cross section =c/s area*Vd
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
=(1*d)(278.872)=278.872d…………1
Shear force per unit length of cross section =(0.85-d)*1*417.0825
=354.52-417.0825d……..2
Equating eq (1) &(2)
278.872d=354.52-417.0825d
d=0.509m<0.6m…………………safe!
Punching shear
0.4+3d
1.5d
0.4+3d 1.5d
2m
2m
Design shear stress in punching shear
Vd(ps) =2(Vb(WBS)) =2(278.872)=557.744Kpa
Section capacity=(2(0.4+3d)+2(0.3+3d))d*557.744……………………1
Punching load on c/s =Qd-(area bounded by c/s) qact
=1969.61-((0.4+3d) *(0.3+3d))(417.0825)…………………………..2
Equating eq (1) & (2)
We get d=0.5317m
Hence provide d=0.55m
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
Assuming we will use Ø16 reinforcement and a clear cover of 70mm, overall thickness
required will be:-
=0.55+0.016/2+0.070=0.628mm, provide D=0.63mm, d= 0.55mm
Design for flexure
BM=492.41*0.85*0.85/2= 177.88KNm per unit length
𝑀 177.88
Km= /𝑑= /0.55=24.25
𝑏 1
Ks=3.147
𝑀∗𝐾𝑠 177.88∗3.147
As= = =1017.88mm2
𝑑 0.55
Asmin=ρmin*sectional area
=0.00167*1*0.55=918.5mm2
1017 .88
The number of bars required per meter length of footing = =5.05
201.60
Therefore number of bars required =2.0*5.05
= 10.1, use 11 rods of Ø 16mm
As provided = 11*201.06 = 2093.42mm2
Spacing =2093.42*1000/(π/4*162)=325.36mm
Provide 16mm dia at c/c 325mm
Bearing
𝐴2 0.8075
Design bearing stress, fbd= fcd =2.59>2, use 2
𝐴1 .12
2 ∗11.33 =22.66Mpa→22660Kpa
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
Hawassa University Civil Engineering Department
A2= (0.4+d) *(0.3+d)= (0.4+0.55)*(0.3+0.55)=0.8075m2
A1=0.3*0.4=0.12m2
𝑄𝑑 1969.61
Actual bearing stress = = =16413.41Kpa<22660Kpa……OK!
𝐴1 0.12
A1
2 2
1 1
A2
Bond anchorage
Assume we are using deformed bars
For deformed bars fbod=2fctd=2(1.03)=2.06Mpa
Ø∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 16∗260.87
Basic anchorage length lb= = =506.5mm
4∗𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑑 4∗2.06
𝐴𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙
Lb net= a*lb ( ) =1*506.5.9(1017.88/2093.42) =246.31mm for straight
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
bar
Lb net=0.7*246.31=172.41mmfor standard hook.
For structural drawing refer appendix.
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Final Project on Mixed Use Building June, 2010
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