Design Problem

 5-storey RC portal frame residential structure with fixed supports.

 3 spans in x-direction 6 m and 3 spans in y-direction 6m

 The beams' dimensions are 0.50m depth×0.60m width. The

columns are 0.6m square section. Slab is solid with thickness

0.15m. Floors height equals 3.40m.
 Concrete fc=24MPa floor

 Live load = 3 kN/m2, superimposed dead load = 4 kN/m2

 Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3

 Allowable bearing capacity of soil is 300 kN/m2

IBC 2018 - ASCE 2016
Steps for Seismic Analysis
Determine design risk category
Determine seismic importance factor
Determine mapped spectral acceleration parameter (Ss and S1)
Determine site classification.
Determine site coefficients (Fa and Fv).
Define the design spectral parameters (SDs and SD1).
Determine the seismic design category (SDC).
Determine the types of irregularities in the structure.
Select the analysis method.
Select the structural system

2
Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)
Step 1: Select the most appropriate risk category 
 Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)

 Step 2: Set the importance factor Ie

 Importance factor is a function from the risk category.
 Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)
 Step 3: Based on the location of the building,
determine the mapped acceleration parameters Ss & S1
 Ss ≈ 1.5X2.5Z (Z = seismic zone factor, see figure next
slide)
 S1 ≈1.5X1.25Z
 Hazard map of Palestine in terms of earthquake
response spectral acceleration in g, for 475 years return
period and damping ratio of 5% computed for periods
(a) 0.2 sec and (b) 1 sec
 Ss = 1.5X2.5*0.2 = 0.75 S1 = 1.5X1.25*0.2= 0.375
 Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)

 Step 4: Upon the Soil profile name, assign the site

classification
Seismic Design Category
Steps for Seismic Analysis
 Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)

 Step 5: Based on the soil profile name and the mapped

spectral accelerations: define the site coefficients, Fa and Fv
 Fa = 1.3 Fv = 1.5
 Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)

 Step 6: Calculate the design spectral acceleration SDS &

SD1
 SDS = 2/3SMS = 2/31.30.75 = 0.65
 SD1 = 2/3SM1 = 2/31.50.375 = 0.375
 Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)

 Step 7: Pick out the most appropriate seismic design

category: SDC D and D is extracted from the overhead
couple of tables.
 Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)

 Step 8: Check which method of analysis is legitimated

 The table shows three principal methods for analysis. They are:

1- The equivalent lateral force method of analysis, (ELF).

2- The modal response spectrum method of analysis, (MRS).

3- Linear or nonlinear response history method of analysis, (LRH or

NRH).
Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)
Analysis Method

 Category A: regular and irregular structures designed

for a minimum lateral force
 Category B & C: regular and irregular structures using
any of the three methods
 Category D, E, & F: Table 12.6-1 with some limits on
SDS and SD1
 ELF for regular and some irregular
 Modal for some irregular
 Site specific required in Site Classes E or F
 Equivalent force method
See ASCE 7-10 12.8.1

Base Shear, V = CsW

Where:
Cs = seismic response coefficient (see next figure)
SDS = period- dependent coefficient depends on location of
structure and site class
I = importance factor (1-1.5)
R=response modification factor=1.5-8
W = the effective seismic weight, including applicable
portions of other storage and snow loads
Equivalent force method
T0 = 0.2 SD1 /SDs
TS = SD1 /SDs
 Equivalent force method
Response Modification Coefficient, R

The response modification factor, R, accounts for the

dynamic characteristics, lateral force resistance, and
energy dissipation capacity of the structural system.
Can be different for different directions.
 Step 10: Check which seismic-force resisting
system is allowed
 Equivalent force method
Fundamental Period, T
May be computed by analytical means:
Rayleigh’s formula

May be computed by approximate means, Ta

Where analysis is used to compute T: T < Cu Ta

Cu is given in Table 12.8-1

 Equivalent force method
Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta

 An approximate means may be used.

Ta = CThnx

Where:

CT = Building period coefficient.

hn = height above the base to the highest level of the building

 Ta may be different in each direction.

 Equivalent force method
Building Period Coefficient, CT
 Maximum Period Limit
 Ct = 0.0466 (Concrete moment-resisting frame)
 x = 0.9
 hn = number of storeys× storey's height = 5×3.40 = 17m
 Ta = 0.0466×170.9 = 0.597seconds
 SD1 = 0.25
 Interpolation between SD1 equals 0.20 and SD1 equals 0.30,
 Cu = 1.45
 Cu×Ta = 1.45×0.597 = 0.87second  0.745second OK
 The seismic base shear (V)
 V = CsW
 Where:
 Cs is the minimum of

 V = 0.042×19355 = 813kN
 Response Spectrum Analysis in Etabs

 ASCE 7-16 states that the base shear (V) using the modal
response spectrum procedure shall not be less than the
calculated base shear (V) using the equivalent lateral force
procedure:
 Equivalent force method
Torsion
The analysis must take into account any torsional effects
resulting from the location of the masses relative to the centers
of resistance.
In addition to the predicted torsion, accidental torsion must be
applied for structures with rigid diaphragms by assuming the
center of mass at each level is moved from its actual location a
distance equal to 5% the building dimension perpendicular to
the direction of motion.
Buildings of Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, and F with
torsional irregularities are to have torsional moments magnified.
 Load Combinations

Load Combinations
“The effects on the structure and its components due to
gravity loads and seismic forces shall be combined
in accordance with the factored load combinations as
presented in ASCE 7 except that the effect of
seismic loads, E, shall be as defined herein.”
 Wind Load
 Design wind loads for buildings can be based on: (a) simplified
procedure; (b) analytical procedure; & (c) wind tunnel or small-scale
procedure.
 Refer to ASCE 7-16 for the simplified procedure. This simplified
procedure is applicable only to buildings with mean roof height less
than 18 m or the least dimension of the building.
 The wind tunnel procedure consists of developing a small-scale
model of the building & testing it in a wind tunnel to determine the
expected wind pressures etc. It is expensive & may be utilized for
difficult or special situations.
 The analytical procedure is used in most design offices. It is fairly
systematic but somewhat complicated to account for the various
situations that can occur:
 Wind Loads
 Wind velocity will cause pressure on any surface in its path.
The wind velocity & hence the velocity pressure depend on the
height from the ground level. Equation 1.3 is recommended by
ASCE 7-16 for calculating the velocity pressure (qz) in SI

qz = 0.613 Kz KztKd IeV2 (N/m2)

(1.3)
Wind Loads
qz – Static wind pressure
V - the wind velocity in m/s
Kd - a directionality factor (= 0.85 see Table 6.4 page 80)
Kzt - a topographic factor (= 1.0)
Ie - the importance factor (=1.0)
Kz - varies with height z above the ground level (see Table 6.3
page 79)
exposure B structure surrounded by buildings/forests/…
at least 6m height
exposure C open terrain
 Wind Loads
 A significant portion of Palestine has V = 155 km/h. At these
location

qz = 963 Kz (N/m2)

The velocity pressure qz is used to calculate the design wind

pressure (p) for the enclosed building structure conservatively
as follows:

p = qz (GCp ±0.18)(N/m2)
 Wind Loads

Kz - varies with height z above the ground level C – open terrain with scattered
B – urban/ suburban area obstructions
D – Flat unobstructed surface
 Wind Loads
G - gust effect factor (= 0.85)
Cp - external pressure coefficient from Figure 6-6 page
48-49 in ASCE 7-05 or
Cp = 0.8 windward
Cp = -0.5 leeward
Cp = -0.7 sidewalls
Cp = -0.7 (on average) for slope<0.75
Notes
• A positive sign indicates pressure acting towards a surface.
• Negative sign indicates pressure away from the surface
• The value of Kz is taken in all cases for total height except for
windward where it is taken variable
 Example – Wind Load
 Consider the building structure with the structural floor plan & elevation
shown below. Estimate the wind loads acting on the structure when the
wind blows in the east-west direction. The structure is located in
Nablus.

15 m

15 m

15 m 15 m

Plan
 Example – Wind Load
6 @ 3m

6 @ 3m
 Example – Wind Load
 Velocity pressure (qz)
 Kd - directionality factor = 0.85
 Kzt - topographic factor = 1.0
 I - importance factor = 1.0
 V = 155 kph in Nablus

qz = 963 Kz (N/m2)
 Kz - varies with height z above the ground level
 Kz values for Exposure B
Example – Wind Load
Example – Wind Load
Example – Wind Load
634

828 Kz
495

634

Plan
Example – Wind Load
634

3m
704
3m 671
3m 629 495

3m
580
546
3m 513
472
3m

Elevation