Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings

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Materials
• Modulus of elasticity based on nominal strengths
• Unit weight of materials
• Unit mass of materials
• Poisson’s ratios

Modulus of elasticity of concrete,

Ec = 57000 √f’c for f’c ≤ 6000 psi
Ec = 40000 √f’c + 1x106 for f’c > 6000 psi
Modulus of elasticity of steel,
Es = 199,947 MPa
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Materials

Weight per unit volume

• Reinforced concrete = 23.56 kN/m3
• Steel = 76.97 kN/m3

Poisson’s ratio
• Reinforced concrete = 0.2
• Steel = 0.3

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Stiffness Assumptions in Finite Element Models for Strength Design
Concrete Element Seismic ETABS
Flexural – 0.7 Ig f22 = 0.7
Core walls/shear walls
Shear – 1.0 Ag
Flexural – 0.8 Ig m11 = m22 = m12 = 0.8
Basement walls
Shear – 0.8 Ag v12 = v13 = 0.8
Coupling beams Flexural –0.2 Ig I33 = 0.2
(Diagonal-reinforced) Shear – 1.0 Ag
Coupling beams Flexural –0.35 Ig I33 = 0.35
(Conventional-reinforced) Shear – 1.0 Ag
Ground level diaphragm Flexural – 0.25 Ig f11 = f22 = 0.25
(In-plane only) Shear – 0.5 Ag f12 = 0.5
Flexural – 0.25 Ig f11 = f22 = 0.25
Podium diaphragms
Shear – 0.5 Ag f12 = 0.5
Flexural – 0.5 Ig f11 = f22 = 0.5
Tower diaphragms
Shear – 0.5 Ag f12 = 0.5
Flexural – 0.35 Ig I33 = 0.35
Girders
Shear – 1.0 Ag
Flexural – 0.7 Ig I22 = I33 = 0.7
Columns
Shear – 1.0 Ag
Flat slabs Flexural – 0.25 Ig m11 = m22 = m12 = 0.25 4
 Cracked-section Properties for Shear Walls

• Flexural and axial behaviors are modified by either f11 or f22 depending on the
orientation of the local axis and the shear behavior is controlled by f12.

• In ETABS, the default is to have the 1-axis horizontal and the 2-axis vertical. This
means that the flexural modifier for EI should be applied to f22 for wall piers.

• Generally not designed for out-of-plane bending to avoid excessive longitudinal

reinforcement. Use a small modifier of 0.25 for m11, m22 and m12 so
numerical instabilities could be avoided.

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Component Modeling

• Beams and Columns

• Frame elements
• Insertion points, end offsets and end releases
• Rigid zone factor
Flexible length = L – rigid x (ioff + joff)
• Coupling Beams
• Either frame elements or shell elements

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End Offsets and Rigid Zone Factor

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Damping

• Generally associated with reduction in dynamic (vibration) response

due to energy dissipation in structural and nonstructural components
of the building and foundation.

• Constant damping of 5% of critical damping is used in all modes

in response spectrum analysis of reinforced concrete building under
Design Basis Earthquake .

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Analysis Procedures
Analysis Procedures

Load Case Analysis

To check the dynamic Modal analysis
properties
Gravity load Construction sequence/Linear
static analysis
Seismic load Static/Response spectrum
Wind load Linear static analysis

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Modal Analysis
Modal Analysis

• To determine vibration modes of building

• To understand behavior of building in schematic design stage
• Adequacy of lateral stiffness
• Minimize torsional response under earthquake
• Tune to structure to be dynamically regular
• Determine the principal directions of building
• Mass source
• 100% of dead load and 25% of live load

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Modal Analysis

Typical floor plan

3D view

Mode shapes 13
Wind Analysis
Wind Analysis

• Analysis parameters (ASCE 7 Standard)

• Wind speed (50-year or 700-year return period)
• Exposure type
• Importance factor
• Topographical factor
• Gust factor
• Directionality factor
• Windward and leeward pressure coefficients
• Design load cases

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 Exposure type B

Exposure type C

Exposure type D

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Importance Factor

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Topographical Factor

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Directionality Factor

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Windward and Leeward Pressure Coefficients

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Design Load Cases

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Story Drift and Displacement (Wind)

• Check at 10-year return period

• Allowable story drift limit = 0.4%

• Allowable lateral displacement = H/400

• H = height of building

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Conversion Factors for Other Mean Recurrence
Intervals

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Seismic Analysis
Scaling the Results

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Seismic Loading Parameters
Parameter Value
Spectral acceleration (5% damped) at short periods (0.2 s) of horizontal ground
0.77 g
motion (2475-yr. return period), SS
Spectral acceleration (5% damped) at long periods (1 s) of horizontal ground motion
0.31 g
(2475-yr. return period), S1
Spectral acceleration (5% damped) at short periods (0.2 s) of horizontal ground
0.91 g
motion (2475-yr. return period) adjusted for site class effects, SMS
Spectral acceleration (5% damped) at long periods (1 s) of horizontal ground motion
0.88 g
(2475-yr. return period) adjusted for site class effects, SM1
Design spectral acceleration (5% damped) at short periods (0.2 s) of horizontal
0.60 g
ground motion, SDS
Design spectral acceleration (5% damped) at short periods (1 s) of horizontal ground
0.58 g
motion, SD1
Site class E

Short period site coefficient, Fa (Table 11.4-1, ASCE 7-05) 1.176

Long period site coefficient, Fv (Table 11.4-2, ASCE 7-05) 2.76

Response modification coefficient, R (Dual system, Shear wall + IMRF)
6.5
(Table 12.2-1, ASCE 7-05)
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 V = Cs W [Eq. 12.8-1]

Cs = SDS/(R/Ie) [Eq. 12.8-2]

Cs = SD1/T/(R/Ie) for T≤ TL [Eq. 12.8-3]

Cs = SD1TL/T2/(R/Ie) for T>TL [Eq. 12.8-4]

Cs = 0.044 SDSIe ≥ 0.01 [Eq. 12.8-5]

Cs = 0.5 S1/(R/Ie) for S1 ≥ 0.6g [Eq. 12.8-6]

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Response Modification Coefficient, R

• ASCE 7-16, Table 12.2-1

• More than 80 seismic force resisting systems.
• Based on observed performance during past earthquakes, toughness, and
amount of damping typically present in the system when it undergoes
inelastic response.

Bearing wall systems: Special RC shear walls = 5

Special RC moment frames = 8
Dual systems with SMRF: Special RC shear walls = 7

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Geotechnical Data
Ss and S1
(Mapped MCER spectral response
acceleration parameters)

Multiply with Fa and Fv (Site coefficients)

SMS and SM1

(MCER, 5% damped, spectral response acceleration
parameters adjusted for site class effects)

SDS = 2/3 SMS

SD1 = 2/3 SM1
(Design spectral acceleration parameters)
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Response Spectrum

Const. Const. Const.

Spectral acceleration
M Accel. Vel. Displ.

Natural period

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Design Response Spectrum

Figure 11.4-1, ASCE 7-16

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Determine Fundamental Period, T

Ta = Ct hnx
Period determined from
modal analysis, Tmodal (Approximate fundamental period)
[ASCE 7-16, Eq. 12.8-7]

If Tmodal > TU, use TU TU = C u T a

Else, use Tmodal (Upper limit)

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Approximate Natural Period

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Redundancy Factor, ρ

• Has effect of reducing R for less redundant structures, thereby

increasing the seismic demand.
• Reflect the belief that an excessive loss of story shear strength or
development of an extreme torsional irregularity.

ρ = 1.0 or 1.3
[ASCE 7-16, Section 12.3.4]

Generally,
Steel buildings = 1.3
Shear wall buildings = 1.0

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Redundancy Factor, ρ

ASCE 7-16, Section 12.3.4.1, ρ is permitted to equal 1.0.

• Structures in seismic design category B or C.
• Diaphragm loading using Eq. 12.10-1.
• Design of collectors and connections with overstrength factor, Ω.
• Design of nonstructural components.
• Design nonbuilding structures that are not similar to buildings.
• Structures with damping systems
• Design of structural walls for out-of-plane forces
• Drift calculations and P-delta effects
(Except for Section 12.12.1.1, drift limits of moment frame structures in seismic design
category D, E, and F, a/ρ)

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 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces Using
Equivalent Static Procedure
ASCE 7-16, Section 12.8.3, FR

Fx = Cvx V [ASCE 7-16, Eq. 12.8-11] F5

wx hxk
Cvx = 𝑛 [ASCE 7-16, Eq. 12.8-12] F4
σ𝑖=1 wi hik
F3
k = 1 for T ≤ 0.5 sec
k = 2 for T ≥ 2.5 sec F2

Linear interpolation for 0.5 < T < 2.5 sec

NOTE: Force Story shear

THIS IS A SINGLE SET OF FOCRE ACTING AT ONE
TIME. NO FORCE HAS A PARTICULAR MEANING.
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Allowable Story Drift

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Response Spectrum Analysis

• Behavior of building during an earthquake is vibration problem.

• Seismic motions of ground do not damage a building by impact as
does a wrecker’s ball, or by externally applied pressure such as wind
• But by internally generated inertial forces caused by vibration of
building mass
• Distribution of dynamic deformations caused by ground motion is a
concern

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Response Spectrum Analysis
• Buildings have certain flexibility, the force tends to be less than the product
of building mass and acceleration
• But a flexible building may experience much larger forces if its natural
period is near that of ground motion waves
• Interrelationship of building behavior and seismic ground motion depends
on building natural period as formulated in the so-called response
spectrum. The response of the building having a broad range of period is
summarized in single graph.
• A standard time-history ground motion is not defined in the code for the
purpose of design.
• Most engineers use response spectrum analysis for the purpose of basic
design.
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Response Spectrum Analysis

• Static methods specified in building codes are based on single mode

response and appropriate for simple and regular structures
• Dynamic analysis should be used for complex buildings to determine
significant response characteristics
• Effects of structure’s dynamic characteristics on vertical distribution of lateral
forces
• Increase in dynamic loads due to torsional motions
• Influence of higher modes, resulting in an increase in story shear and
deformations

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Response Spectrum Analysis
• For each mode of free vibration, corresponding natural period is
obtained.
• For each natural period and specified damping ratio, the specified
response spectrum is read to obtain the corresponding spectral
acceleration
• For each spectral acceleration, corresponding velocity and displacements
response for the particular degree of freedom is obtained
• The displacement response is then used to obtain the corresponding stress
resultants
• The stress resultants for each mode are then added using some
combination rule to obtain the final response envelope
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Response Spectrum Analysis

Run equivalent static analysis according to code

Find principal directions from modal base shear

Run response spectrum analysis along principal

directions with scale factor of 9.81 (m/s^2)

Find the scale factor for scaling elastic response

spectrum results to equivalent static base shear

Run response spectrum analysis with calculated

scale factor in principal directions

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Principal Directions

• Lack of definitions of the principal directions in code

• The direction of the base reaction of the mode shape associated with
the fundamental frequency of the system is used to define the
principal direction

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 Principal Directions
Y
Principal major direction

• Run modal analysis

• Extract base shear of mode 39 deg
X

1
Principal minor direction
• Find angle between X and Y
components of base shear
Fx = -1,041 kN
• Another direction is 90 Fy = 846 kN
degrees apart Angle = tan-1 (Fy/Fx)
= -39 deg.

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Directional and Orthogonal Effects

• Seismic forces act in both principal directions of the building

simultaneously

• But seismic effects in two directions are unlikely to reach their

maxima simultaneously

• 100% of seismic forces in one principal direction combined with 30%

of seismic forces in the orthogonal direction

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Scaling the Results

• Reduce the elastic response for design purpose, but design base
shear is not less than elastic base shear divided by R

• Design base shear shall not be less than 85% of static lateral force
base shear according to ASCE 7-05

• In ASCE 7-16, base shear shall be scaled to 100% of static lateral

force base shear

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Accidental Torsion

• Arise from several factors

• Rotational components of ground motions

• Effects of nonstructural elements

• Actual distribution of dead and live loads

• Uncertainties in defining building’s material properties for dynamic analysis

• Generally 5% of eccentricity from center of mass is considered

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 Amplification of Accidental Torsion
• Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C, D, E, or F, where Type 1a or 1b torsional
irregularity exists, accidental torsional moment needs to be amplified.

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Design Load Combinations
Strength Design Load Combinations
Gravity Load Combinations Seismic Load Combinations
1) 1.2DL + 1.0EQX + 0.3EQY + 0.5LL
1) 1.4DL
2) 1.2DL + 0.3EQX + 1.0EQY + 0.5LL
2) 1.2DL + 1.6LL
3) 0.9DL + 1.0EQX + 0.3EQY
4) 0.9DL + 0.3EQX + 1.0EQY
Wind Load Combinations
1) 1.2DL + 1.6WX + 0.5LL EQ = ρ Eh ± Ev
Ev = 0.2 SDS DL
2) 1.2DL – 1.6WX + 0.5LL
3) 1.2DL + 1.6WY + 0.5LL e.g. If SDS = 0.7 and ρ = 1.3,
4) 1.2DL – 1.6WY + 0.5LL Ev = 0.2 x 0.7 x DL = 0.14 DL
5) 0.9DL + 1.6WX
(1.2+0.14)DL + 1.3EQX + 0.39EQY + 0.5LL
6) 0.9DL – 1.6WX 1) 1.34DL + 1.3EQX + 0.39EQY + 0.5LL
7) 0.9DL + 1.6WY 2) 1.34DL + 0.39EQX + 1.3EQY + 0.5LL
8) 0.9DL – 1.6WY
(0.9-0.14)DL + 1.3EQX + 0.39EQY
3) 0.76DL + 1.3EQX + 0.39EQY
4) 0.76DL + 0.39EQX + 1.3EQY
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Thank you.