Fluid Mechanics: Venturi Meter

PRE-TEST
A. TRUE OR FALSE
_______1. A Venturi meter may also be used to decrease the velocity of any type fluid in a pipe at any
particular point.
_______2. The point where the characteristics become low pressure and high velocity is the place where
the venturi flow meter is used.
_______3. A venturi is a converging-Diverging nozzle of circular cross-section.
_______4. A Venturi Meter is a device that allows flow rates through pipes to be calculated by measuring
the difference in pressure created by a contraction in a pipe
________5. Venturi meter can be used in pipes below 7.5cm diameter.
________6. The temperature and pressure within the pipe affect the meter or its accuracy.
________7. The irreversible head for Venturi meters due to friction is only about 20 percent.
________8. A Venturi meter is used in rifles for balancing for recoil less cartridge.
________9. A Venturi meter basically works on the principle of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
________10. Venturi meter gradual contraction and expansion prevent flow separation and swirling, and it
suffers only frictional loses in the inner surface.
B. IDENTIFICATION:
Choose the answer on the box.
Diverging part Clemens Herschel greater
vena contracta short converging part Throat
decrease Venturi meter coefficient Venturi
Bernoulli’s equation lesser increase
Venturi Principle Clemens Venturi
_______1. He is the one who invented the venturi meter.

_______2. A venturi meter is consist of a short length of pipe shaped like a ______.
_______3. It is that portion of the venturi where the fluid gets converges.
_______4. It is the portion that lies in between the converging and diverging part of the venturi.
_______5. It is the portion of the venturimeter (venturi) where the fluid gets diverges.
_______6. The working of venturi meter is based on what principle?
_______7-8. The angle of the diverging section, ¬¬______ is the recovery.
_______9. The increase in kinetic energy is equal to the decrease in potential energy.
_______10. The value of this is affected by the design of the meter and by the roughness of its inner
surface.
Fluid Mechanics: Venturi Meter

C. Problem Solving: (10 points each)
1. A Venturi meter having a throat 4in. in diameter is installed in a horizontal 12-in. pipe line carrying a light
oil (sp gr 0.82). A mercury U-tube connected as shown in Fig.43 shows a difference in height of mercury
columns of 9 in., the remainder of the tube being filled with oil. Find the rate of discharge, Q, in cubic feet
per second, if C = 0.975.
2. A 75mm x 37.5 mm Venturi meter (C= 0.957) is installed in a 75-mm-diameter horizontal pipe carrying oil
having specific gravity of 0.853. A differential gage connected with inlet and throat contains water in the
lower part of the tube, the remainder of the tube being filled with oil. The difference in height of the water
column in the two legs of the tube 560 mm. If the coefficient of meter is 0.957.
a. Compute the change in pressure head between 1 and 2 in meter of oil.

b. Compute the velocity of the throat.
c. Compute the discharge.

Contents
History
Giovanni Battista Venturi

The Venturi effect was described scientifically by
Giovanni Battista Venturi. He stated that fluids under pressure
passing through converging pipes gain speed and lose head
and vice versa for diverging pipes. Venturi was a very bright
man, his ingenuity can be understood when he.s describing
the Venturi effect and stating that fluid is under pressure. This
means that there should be a pressure difference in the pipe
for the fluid to flow.
Figure 1.0 Giovanni Battista Venturi

Clemens Herschel
March 23, 1842: Clemens Herschel is born. “Clemens
Herschel (March 23, 1842 – March 1, 1930) was an
American hydraulic engineer. His career extended from
about 1860 to 1930, and he is best known for developing
the Venturi meter, which was the first large-scale,
accurate device for measuring water flow
Clemens Hershel was the first man to put the Venturi
principle in his flow meter invention. He named his
invention the Venturi Meter out of respect to Venturi’s
seventeen hundred ninety seven experiments on the
subject. If he named his invention the Hershel Meter,
Venturi’s name would be a small footnote in scientific
Figure 1.1 Clemens Herchel books, we should be thankful to Clemens Hershel.s for his
modesty. Hershel was awarded the Herriot-Cresson
Gold Medal of the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania for his Venturi Meter in eighteen hundred eighty
nine..
What is Venturi Meter?
 Venturi meter is the most widely used device to

measure the discharge through the pipe. A
venturi is a converging-Diverging nozzle of
circular cross-section.
 Venturi meter – this is a classic flow
measurement device, where water is passed
through a narrow throat (throat diameter = 38
mm) in order to induce a higher velocity.
Figure 2.0 Venturi Meter

3

Pressure is measured upstream and in the throat, to give the two values corresponding to high and low
velocity.
 A Venturi Meter is a device that allows flow rates through pipes to be calculated by measuring the
difference in pressure created by a contraction in a pipe. When the flow goes through the contraction it
must speed up, and so the pressure must drop. By measuring the two pressures, engineers can
directly calculate the velocity of the fluid. Knowing the pipe diameter, this velocity can be converted into
a flow rate.
 Venturi Meter are used to measure the velocity of flow of fluids in a pipe. They consist of a short length
of pipe shaped like a vena contracta, or the portion with the least cross-sectional area, which fits into a
normal pipe-line. The obstruction caused to the flow of liquid at the throat of the venturi produces a local
pressure drop in the region that is proportional to the rate of discharge. This phenomenon, using
Bernoullis equation, is used to calculate the rate of flow of the fluid flowing through the pipe
The following are the main parts and areas of venturi meter:
Figure 3.0 Main Parts And Areas Of Venturi Meter
The entry of the venturi is cylindrical in shape to match the size of the pipe through which fluid
flows. This enables the venture to be fitted to the pipe. After the entry, there is a converging conical section
with an included angle of 19’ to 23’. Following the converging section, there is a cylindrical section with
minimum area called as the throat. After the throat, there is a diverging conical section with an included
angle of 5’ to 15’. Openings are provided at the entry and throat (at sections 1 and 2 in the diagram) of the
venture meter for attaching a differential pressure sensor (u-tube manometer, differential pressure gauge,
etc) as shown in diagram.
Main parts of Veturimeter
Figure 3.1 Main Parts Of Venturi Meter
1. A short converging part: It is

that portion of the venturi where the fluid gets converges.

2. Throat: It is the portion that lies in between the converging and diverging part of the venturi. The
cross section of the throat is much less than the cross section of the converging and diverging
parts. As the fluid enters in the throat, its velocity increases and pressure decreases.
3. Diverging part: It is the portion of the venturimeter (venturi) where the fluid gets diverges.
Applications:
Venturi used in a wide variety of applications that includes gas, liquids, slurries, suspended oils, and
other processes where permanent pressure loss is not tolerable. It is widely used in large diameter pipes
such as found in the waste treatment process. It allows solid particles flow through it because of their
gradually sloping smooth design; so they are suitable for measurement of dirty fluid. It is also be used to
measure fluid velocity. Other applications of Venturi are as follows:
 It is used where high pressure recovery is required.
 Can be used for measuring flow rates of water,gases,suspended solids, slurries and dirty liquids.
 Can be used to measure high flow rates in pipes having diameters in a few meters.
 A Venturi meter is used in water purification.
 A Venturi meter is used in rifles for balancing for recoil less cartridge.
 A Venturi meter is used in basic carburetor
Advantages of venturi meters
 Less changes of getting clogged with sediments

 Coefficient of discharge is high.
 Its behaviour can be predicted perfectly.
 Can be installed vertically, horizontally or inclinded.
Limitations
 They are large in size and hence where space is limited, they cannot be used.
 Expensive initial cost, installation and maintenance.
 Require long laying length. That is, the veturimeter has ti be proceeded by a straight pipe which is
free from fittings and misalignments to avoid turbulence in flow, for satisfactory operation.
Therefore, straightening vanes are a must.
 Cannot be used in pipes below 7.5cm diameter.
Characteristics:
 Theoretically there is no restriction to the flow down the pipe.

 They can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.
 The temperature and pressure within the pipe does not affect the meter or its accuracy.
 There are no moving parts.
 Unfortunately the accurate shape required of the inside of the meter makes them relatively
expensive to manufacture.
Operation of venturi meter:

Figure 4.0 Operations Of Venturi Meter
The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the entry section of the venturi meter with a
pressure P1. As the fluid from the entry section of venturi meter flows into the converging section, its
pressure keeps on reducing and attains a minimum value P2 when it enters the throat. That is, in the throat,
the fluid pressure P2 will be minimum. The differential pressure sensor attached between the entry and
throat section of the venturi meter records the pressure difference(P1-P2) which becomes an indication of
the flow rate of the fluid through the pipe when calibrated. The diverging section has been provided to
enable the fluid to regain its pressure and hence its kinetic energy. Lesser the angle of the diverging section,
greater is the recovery.
WORKING
The venturimeter is used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through the pipes. Lets
understand how it does this measurement step by step.
 Here we have considered two cross section, first at the inlet and the second one is at the throat.
The difference in the pressure heads of these two sections is used to calculate the rate of flow
through venturimeter.
 As the water enters at the inlet section i.e. in the converging part it converges and reaches to the
throat.
 The throat has the uniform cross section area and least cross section area in the venturimeter. As
the water enters in the throat its velocity gets increases and due to increase in the velocity the
pressure drops to the minimum.
 Now there is a pressure difference of the fluid at the two sections. At the section 1(i.e. at the inlet)
the pressure of the fluid is maximum and the velocity is minimum. And at the section 2 (at the
throat) the velocity of the fluid is maximum and the pressure is minimum.
 The pressure difference at the two section can be seen in the manometer attached at both the
section.
 This pressure difference is used to calculate the rate flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
 The diverging section has been provided to enable the fluid to regain its pressure and hence its
kinetic energy. Lesser the angle of the diverging section, greater is the recovery
Principle of Venturi Meter
The principle of venturimeter is that when a fluid flows through the venturimeter, it accelerates in
the convergent section and decelerates in the divergent section, resulting in a drop in the static pressure
followed by a pressure recovery in the flow direction. By measuring the difference in the pressures at an
axial station upstream of the convergent section and at the throat, the volumetric flow rate can be estimated.
The working of venturimeter is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation.

6

Bernoulli’s Statement: it states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total energy at any
point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure energy, kenetic energy and potential
energy or datum energy.
Mathematically:
Here all the energies are taken per unit weight of the fluid.
The Bernoulli’s equation for the fluid passing through the section 1 and 2 are given by
Continuity Equation
If steady flow exists in a channel and the principle of conservation of mass is applied to the
system, there exists a continuity of flow, defined as: "The mean velocities at all cross sections having
equal areas are then equal, and if the areas are not equal, the velocities are inversely proportional to the
areas of the respective cross sections." Thus if the flow is constant in a reach of channel the product of the
area and velocity will be the same for any two cross sections within that reach. Looking a the units of the
product of area (sq-ft) and velocity (fps) leads to the definition of flow rate (cfs). This is expressed in the
Continuity Equation:
Where:
Q = the volumetric flow rate
A = the cross sectional area of flow
V = the mean velocity
To measure the flow of a fluid, we need the following values.
1. Actual discharge of the fluid

2. Theoretical discharge of the fluid
With the help of the above values mentioned, we can find the co – efficient of discharge. The
actual discharge is nothing but the water that has to be discharged in the tank. The theoretical discharge
gives the real time flow of the water in to the tank due to the venturi meter.
"Venturi Principle
The increase in kinetic energy is equal to the decrease in potential energy."

The principle of venturimeter is that when a fluid flows through the venturimeter, it accelerates in
the convergent section and decelerates in the divergent section, resulting in a drop in the static pressure
followed by a pressure recovery in the flow direction. By measuring the difference in the pressures at an
axial station upstream of the convergent section and at the throat, the volumetric flow rate can be
estimated.
7

From the Bernoulli's principle , writing the energy equation between two points,
neglecting friction and assuming uniform distribution of velocity in each cross section,
V 21 p 1 V 22 p2
+ +z = + +z
2g w 1 2g w 2

Where: V= mean velocity
P= pressure
Z= elevation
V 21 V 22
With the velocity head and , it is related by the equation of continuity , Q = AV . Thus
2g 2g
for a given Q, V varies inversely as A. With circular cross sections, A varies directly as the square of the
diameter D. Therefore V varies inversely as D2, and a velocity head V 2 /2 g varies inversely as the fourth
power of the diameter D. Hence
V 22 D 4 V2
2g ( )
= 1 × 1
D2 2g
𝑸=𝑪×𝑸_𝒕
Where:
𝑄= actual flow
𝑄_𝑡= theoretical flow
𝐶= denotes the meter coefficient
Expression for the rate of flow through Venturimeter
Considered a venturimeter is fitted to a horizontal pipe through which fluid ( water) is flowing as
shown in the figure given below.
Figure 5.0 Expression For The Rate Of Flow Through

Venturimeter
Let d1, p1, v1 & a1, are the diameter at the inlet, pressure at the inlet, velocity at the inlet and area
at the cross section 1. And d2, p2, v2 and a2 are the corresponding values at section 2.
Applying Bernoulli's equation at section (1) and (2), we get
P1 v 12 P 2 v 22
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2 g 1 ρg 2 g 2
As pipe is horizontal, hence
z 1=z 2

P1 v 12 P 2 v 22
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2 g 1 ρg 2 g 2
P 1−P2 v 22 v 12
¿ = − −eq 1
ρg 2 g 2g
P 1−P2 P −P 2
But is the difference of pressure heads at section 1 and 2 and it is equal to h= 1
ρg ρg
Substitute the value of ' h ' in equation (1)
v 22 v 12
h= − −eq 2
2 g 2g
Now applying the continuity equation at section 1 and 2
a2 v 2
a 1 v 1=a2 v 2∨v 1=
a1
Substituting the value of ' v1 ' in equation (2)
2
a2 v 2
v 22
h= −
( ) a1
2g 2g
v 22 a2 2
¿
2g [ ]
1− 2
a1
v 22 a12−a22
¿
2g [ ]
a 12
a12
2
v =2 gh
2
( a12−a22 )
a12 a1
2
2
Discharge
√
v = 2 gh 2 2
=
a 1 −a2 √a 1 −a22
2
√ 2 gh
Q=a2 v 2
a1
¿ a2 2
× √ 2 gh
√a 1 −a22
a1a2
¿ 2 2
× √2 gh−eq 3
√ a1 −a2
The above equation (3) is discharge under ideal condition and is called, theoretical discharge;
Actual discharge will be less than theoretical discharge.
a1 a2 √2 gh
Qact =C d × 2
√a 1 −a 22
Where
Qactual = Actual discharge in m3 /s
A1 =area at the inlet side in m2
A2 =area at the throat side in m2
h =Differential pressure head of liquid in m
g =Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
C d=co−effi cient of venturi meter ∧its value isless than1

Actualrate of discharge
C d=
Theoretical rate of discharge

Value of ' h ' given by differential U-tube manometer
Figure 6.0 U-Tube Manometer
Case 1: The liquid in the manometer is heavier than the liquid flowing through the pipe
Sb
h=x
[ ]
So
−1
Sb :Specific gravity of the heavier liquid.

So : Specific gravity of the flowing liquid.
x : Difference of the heavier liquid column in U-tube
Case 2: The liquid in the manometer is lighter than the liquid flowing through the pipe
Sl
h=x 1−
[ ] So
Sl : Specific gravity of the lighter liquid.
x : Difference of the lighter liquid columns in U-tube
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
10

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1. Air flows through the device shown in the figure. If the flow rate is large enough, the
pressure within the construction will be low enough to draw the water up into the tube. Neglecting
compressibility and viscous effects. Unit weight of water and air are 9.80 and 12 Kn/m3 respectively.
a. Compute the pressure head of air at 2.

b. Determine the flow rate in liters/sec.
c. Determine the pressure needed at section 1 to draw the water in section 2.
Given: Unit weight of water and air are 9.80 and 12 Kn/m3
Required:
Pressure head at 2.
Flow Rate
Pressure at 1 needed to draw water into section 2.
Solution:
a. Pressure head at 2.
v 22 P2 v 32 P 3
+ +z = + + z3
2g ƴ w 2 2g ƴ w
Where:
Q2 = Q3
A2V2 = A3V3
π π
(25)2v2 = (50)2v3
4 4
v2 = 4 v3
4 v 32 P2 v2
+ + 0 = 3 +0+0
2g ƴ w 2g
2 2
P2 v 3 16 v 3
= −
ƴ w 2g 2g
P2 −15 v 32
=
ƴ w 2g
P2 = 0- ƴ w (h)
P2 = - (9800N/m3)(0.3m)
P2 = -2940 N/m2
P2 2940
=-
ƴ air 12
P2
=245 mof air
ƴ air
b. Flow Rate
11

P2 −15 v 32
=
ƴ air 2g
15 v 32
−245 m= 2
2(9.81 m/s )
v3 = 17.9 m/s
Q = A3V3
π
Q= (0.050)2(17.9)
4
Q = 0.0351 m3/s
Q = 35.1 liters/sec
C. Pressure at 1 needed to draw water into section 2.
v 12 P1 v 32 P3
+ + z1 = + z3
2 g ƴ air 2 g ƴ air
A1 = A3
V1 = V3
P1
+0=0+ 0
ƴ air
P1 = 0
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2. Water flows through a 12 by 6 in Venturi meter at a rate of 1.49 cfs and the
differential gage is deflected 3.50 ft. as shown. The sp. Gr. Of the gage of the liquid is 1.25.
a. Determine the change in pressure head from A to B.

c. Compute the coefficient of the meter.
Given:
12 by 6 in Venturi meter
rate of 1.49 cfs
differential gage is deflected 3.50 ft
sp. Gr. Of the gage of the liquid is 1.25.
Required :
Change in pressure head from A to B.

Velocity at the throat
Coefficient of the meter
Solution :
12

a. Change in pressure head from A to B.
Q = AAVA
π 12 2
1. 49 = ( ) vA
4 12
VA = 1.897 m/s
v A2 P A vB2 P B
+ +zA = + +z
2g ƴ w 2g ƴ w B
PA PB
− y−3.50 ( 1.25 )=3.50+ y=
ƴ w ƴ w
P A−P B
= 0.875 ft.
ƴ w
b. Velocity at the throat.
2
(1.897)2 P A−P B v B
+ =
2g ƴ w 2g
VB = 7. 74 fps
c. Coefficient of the meter

Q = CA v B
π 6 2
1.49 = C ( ) (7.74)
4 12
C = 0.98
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3. When the flow of water through a horizontal 300mm x 150mm Venturi meter (C=
0.95) is 0.111 m3/s
a. Compute the theoretical discharge.

b. Determine the velocity at the throat.
c. Find the deflection of the mercury in the differential gage attached to the meter.
Given: 300mm x 150mm Venturi meter (C= 0.95) is 0.111 m3/s

Required :
Theoretical discharge.
Velocity at the throat.
Deflection of the mercury in the differential gage attached to the meter.
Solution:
a. Theoretical discharge.
Q = 0. 111
13

0.111
Qt =
0.95
Qt = 0.1168 m3/s
b. Velocity at the throat.
v 12 P 1 v 22 P 2
+ + z1 = + +z
2g w 2g w 2
V1A1 = V2A2 = 0.1168
0.1168
V1 = π
(0.3)2
4
V1 = 1.65 m/s
0.1168
V2 = π
(0.15)2
4
V2 = 6.62 m/s
c. Deflection of the mercury in the differential gage attached to the meter.
P1 P2
+ Z−h ( 13.6 )−( Z−h )=
w w
P 1 P2
− =12.6 h
w w
P 1 P2 v 22−v 12
− =
w w 2g
(6.62)2−(1.66)2
12.6 h =
2(9.81)
h = 0.166 m
h = 166 mm
14

EXERCISES
1. Water flows through a Venturi meter as shown at a rate of 2.12cfs
a. Determine the change in pressure head between 1 and 2

b. Determine the velocity at the throat.
c. Determine the discharge coefficient.
15

EXERCISES
2. A vertical Venturi meter, 150mm in diameter is connected to a

300mm diameter pipe. The vertical distance from the inlet to the throat
being 750mm. If the deflection of a mercury in the differential
manometer connected from the inlet throat is 360mm, determine the
flow of water through the meter if the meter coefficient is 0.68.
Determine also the head lost from the inlet to the throat.
16

EXERCISES
3. A 150mm diameter horizontal venturi meter is installed in a 450mm diameter water main. The deflection
of mercury in the differential manometer connected from the inlet to the throat is 375mm.
a. Determine the discharge neglecting head lost.

b. Compute the discharge if the head lost from the inlet to the throat is 300 mm of water, and
c. What is the meter coefficient?
17

POST TEST
A. True or False
_______1. A Venturi meter may also be used to increase the velocity of any type fluid in a pipe at any
particular point.
_______2. The point where the characteristics become high pressure and high velocity is the place where
the venturi flow meter is used.
_______3. A venturi is a converging-Diverging nozzle of circular cross-section.
_______4. A Venturi Meter is a device that allows flow rates through pipes to be calculated by measuring
the difference in pressure created by a contraction in a pipe
________5. Venturi meter can be used in pipes below 7.5cm diameter.
________6. The temperature and pressure within the pipe affect the meter or its accuracy.
________7. The irreversible head for Venturi meters due to friction is only about 20 percent.
________8. A Venturi meter is used in rifles for balancing for recoil less cartridge.
________9. A Venturi meter basically works on the principle of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
________10. Venturi meter gradual contraction and expansion prevent flow separation and swirling, and it
suffers only frictional loses in the inner surface.
B. IDENTIFICATION
_______1. He is the one who invented the venturi meter.
_______2. He stated that fluids under pressure passing through converging pipes gain speed and lose head
and vice versa for diverging pipes.
_______3. A venturi meter is consist of a short length of pipe shaped like a ______.
_______4. It is the portion that lies in between the converging and diverging part of the venturi.
_______5. It gives the real time flow of the water in to the tank due to the venturi meter.
_______6. The working of venturi meter is based on what principle?
_______7. As the water enters in the throat its velocity gets -_______ and the pressure drops to the
minimum.
8-10. Name the main parts of venturi meter .
C. Enumeration:
1.Advantages of venturI meter (AT LEAST 2).
18

2.Characteristics of a venturi meter (AT LEAST 2).
PROBLEM SOLVING.
1. A venturi meter having a diameter of 6 in. at the throat is installed in a horizontal 18-in water main. In
differential gage partly filled with mercury (the remainder of the tube being filled with water) and connected
with the meter at the inlet and throat, the mercury column stands 15 in. higher in one leg than the other.what
is the discharge through the meter in cubic feet per second: (a) neglecting friction; (b) if the loss of head
between inlet and throat is 1ft of water? Compute meter coefficient in (b).
2. For the venture shown, the deflection of mercury in differential gage is 14.3 in . Assuming no energy lost
between A and B, compute the (a) velocity at B. (b) velocity at c. (c) flow of water through a meter.
19

REFERENCES
 https://www.google.com/search?client=opera&q=venturi+meter&sourceid=opera&ie=UTF-
8&oe=UTF-8#q=venturi+meter+principle
 http://ef.engr.utk.edu/ef152-2007-01/sc/m3/ef152-lec-3-4.pdf
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-venturimeter-Why-do-we-use-it-and-how-does-it-work
 Hydraulics by H.W King C, O. Wisler J.G. Wood Burn
 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics by DIT GILLESANIA
20

KEY TO CORRECTION
PRE-TEST
A. TRUE OR FALSE
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. True
B. IDENTIFICATION
1. Clemens Herschel
2. Vena contracta
3. Short converging part
4. Throat
5. Diverging part
6. Bernoulli’s equation
7. Lesser
8. Greater
9. Venturi Principle
10. Venturi meter coefficient
Problem Solving Solution:
1. A Venturi meter having a throat 4in in diameter is installed in a horizontal 12in pipe line carrying a light oil
(S= 0.82). A ,mercury U-tube connected as shown in Fig. shows a difference in height of mercury columns
of 9in the remainder of the tube being filled with oil. Find the rate of charge, Q in cu.ft/sec if C=0.975.
21

Given:
D1=12∈→1 ft
D 2=4∈→ 0.33 ft
Soil =0.82
Sm =13.6
h=9∈→ 0.75 ft
C=0.975
Required:
ft 3
Q∈
s
Solution:
E1=E 2
V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
+ +Z 1= + + Z2
2g γ 2g γ
Z1 =Z 2
V 12−V 22 P2 P1 P1 P2 V 22 V 12
= − ∨ − = −
2g γ γ γ γ 2g 2g
P 1 P2 Sm
γ
− =( h )
γ Soil
−h( )
¿ ( 0.75 ) ( 13.6
0.82 )
−0.75
P 1 P2
− =11.69 ft
γ γ
V 1 P1 V 22 P2
2
+ = +
2g γ 2 g γ
P 1−P2 V 22 V 12
= −
γ 2g 2g
8Q 2 8Q 2
11.69 ft= 2 −
π g d 24 π 2 g d 14
8Q 2
¿
π2 ¿ ¿
11.69 ft=2.100 Q2
11.69
Q=
√2.100
22

ft 3
Q=2.36
s
ft 3
Q t =2.40
s
Q A =Q T C
ft 3 (
(
¿ 2.40
s ) 0.975 )
ft 3
Q A =2.34
s
2. A 75mm x 37.5 mm Venturi meter (C= 0.957) is installed in a 75-mm-diameter horizontal pipe carrying oil
having specific gravity of 0.853. A differential gage connected with inlet and throat contains water in the
lower part of the tube, the remainder of the tube being filled with oil. The difference in height of the water
column in the two legs of the tube 560 mm. If the coefficient of meter is 0.957.
a. Compute the change in pressure head between 1 and 2 in meter of oil.

c. Compute the discharge.
Given:
75mm x 37.5 mm Venturi meter
C= 0.957
75-mm-diameter horizontal
specific gravity of 0.853
difference in height of the water
coefficient of meter is 0.957
Required:
Change in pressure head between 1 and 2 in meter of oil.

Velocity of the throat.
Discharge.
23

Solution:
a. Change in pressure head between 1 and 2 in meter of oil.
P1 0.56 P
+h- – (h-0.56) = 2
γw 0.852 γw
P 1−¿ P
2
¿ = 0.0973 m
γw
b. Velocity of the throat.
V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
+ + Z 1= + +Z
2 g γw 2 g γw 2
V 22−V 12 P 1−¿ P
= ¿ 2
2g γw
V 22
=0.0973
2g
Q 1 = Q2
π π
(0.075 ¿2v1 = (0.0375 ¿2v2
4 4
v2 = 4 v1
4 V 12−V 12
= 0.0973
2g
15V 12
= 0.0973
2g
V 1=0.356 m/ s
V 2=¿ 4 v1
m
V 2=4 0.356( s )
V 2=1.424
c. Discharge.
Q = C A1 V1
π
Q = (0.957) (0.075 ¿2(0.356)
4
Q = 0.0015 m3/sec
Q = 1.5 liters/sec
24

KEY TO CORRECTION
POST-TEST
A. TRUE OR FALSE
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. True
B. IDENTIFICATION
1. Clemens Herschel
2. Giovanni Battista Venturi
3. Vena contracta
4. Throat
5. Theoretical discharge
6. Bernoulli’s equation
7. Increases
8. Short converging part
9. Throat
10. Diverging part
25

C. Enumeration
Advantage
• Less changes of getting clogged with sediments
• Coefficient of discharge is high.
• Its behaviour can be predicted perfectly.
• Can be installed vertically, horizontally or inclined.
Characteristics
• Theoretically there is no restriction to the flow down the pipe.
• They can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.
• The temperature and pressure within the pipe does not affect the meter or its accuracy.
• There are no moving parts.
D. PROBLEM SOLVING
QT= 6.30
Qa=6.08
C=0.967
1. A venturi meter having a diameter of 6 in. at the throat is installed in a horizontal 18-in water main. In
differential gage partly filled with mercury (the remainder of the tube being filled with water) and connected
with the meter at the inlet and throat, the mercury column stands 15 in. higher in one leg than the other.what
is the discharge through the meter in cubic feet per second: (a) neglecting friction; (b) if the loss of head
between inlet and throat is 1ft of water? Compute meter coefficient in (b).
Given:
D1 = 18 in. = 3/2 ft
D2 =6 in. = ½ ft
h =15 in. 5/4 ft
HL = 1 ft.
Required:
(a) Neglecting friction;
(b) If the loss of head between inlet and throat is 1ft of water? Compute meter coefficient in.
Solution:
P 1−¿ P Sm
a. 2
¿ = h ( −1)
w Sw
5 13.6
= ft ( −1)
4 1
P 1−¿ P2
¿ = 15.75 ft. of water. (Eq. 1)
w
P 1−¿ P V 22 V 12
2
= − ¿
w 2 g 2g
8 Q2 8Q 2
¿ 2 -
π g d 24 π 2 g d 1 4
8 Q2 8 Q2
¿ 2 - 2
π (32.14 )¿ ¿ π (32.14 )¿ ¿
P 1−¿ P2
=0.3983 Q 2 ¿ Eq. 2
w
Substitute Eq.1 to Eq 2.
26

P 1−¿ P
=0.3983 Q 2 ¿
2
w
15.75 = 0.3983 Q 2
15.75
Q=
√0.3983
Qt. = 6.29 ft3/s
P 1−¿ P 8 Qt 2 1 − 1
b. ¿ = 2
( 4 4)
w π2 g d2 d1
1 1
8Qt 2 4
−
15.75 = 2 ( 1 3 4) + 1
π (32.16) ( ) ( )
2 2
15.75 = 0.0252 Q 2(15.8025) + 1
15.75 = 0.3982 Q 2 + 1
15.75
Q=
0.3982 √
Qa = 6.09 ft3/s
Qa 6.09
C= = = 0.9682
Qt . 6.29
2. For the venture shown, the deflection of mercury in differential gage is 14.3 in . Assuming no energy lost
between A and B, compute the (a) velocity at B. (b) velocity at c. (c) flow of water through a meter.
Given:
Deflection of mercury in differential gage is 14.3 in
No energy lost between A and B
Required:
(a) Velocity at B.
(b) Velocity at c.
(c) Flow of water through a meter.
Solution:
(a) Velocity at B.
V A2 P A V B2 P B
+ + ZA= + + Z B + HL
2 g γw 2 g γw
V A2 P A V B2 PB 30
+ +0= + + +0
2 g γw 2 g γ 12
AAVA = AA VB
27

π 12 2 π 6
( ) vA = ( )2vB
4 12 4 12
VA = 0.25 VB
PA 14.3 14.3 ( 13.6 )−h− 30 PB
+ h+ - =
γw 12 12 12 γw
P A−¿ PB
¿ = 17.52 ft.
γw
(0.25)V B2 P A−¿ P V B2 30
+ ¿ =
B
+
2g γw 2 g 12
0.9375V B2
= 17.52-2.5
2g
VB = 32.12 ft./s
(b) Velocity at c.
VA = 0.25 (32.12)
VA = 8.03 fps
(c) Flow of water through a meter.

Q = AV
π 12 2
Q= ( ) (8.03)
4 12
Q= 6.31 cfs.
KEY TO CORRECTION
EXERCISES
1. Water flows through a Venturi meter as shown at a rate of 2.12cfs
d. Determine the change in pressure head between 1 and 2

e. Determine the velocity at the throat.
f. Determine the discharge coefficient.
Solution:
a. Change in pressure head between 1 and 2
P 1−P2
=( h ) ( S )−h
γ
28

P 1−P2 9 9
γ
=
12 ( )
( 13.6 )−
12
P 1−P2
=9.45 ft → eq(1)
γ
b. Velocity at the throat
V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
+ +Z 1= + + Z2
2g γ 2g γ
V 12 P1 −P2 V 22
+ = ¿1¿2
2g γ 2g
V 2 2 V 12
− =9.45
2g 2 g
Q= A 1 V 1
π 12 2
2.12= ( )
4 12
V1
V 1=2.70 fps
V 22 ( 2.70 )2
− =9.45
2g 2g
V 22=24.82 fps
c. Discharge Coefficient
Q=C d A2 V 2
π 4 2(
2.12=C d ( )( )
4 12
24.82 )
C d=0.979
2. A vertical Venturi meter, 150mm in diameter is connected to a 300mm diameter pipe. The vertical
distance from the inlet to the throat being 750mm. If the deflection of a mercury in the differential manometer
connected from the inlet throat is 360mm, determine the flow of water through the meter if the meter
coefficient is 0.68. Determine also the head lost from the inlet to the throat.
Given:
D1=300 mm → 0.30 m
D 2=150 mm → 0.15 m
Z2 =750 mm→ 0.75
h m=360
C=0.68
Required:
Q=?
H 1 ¿ 2¿=?
Solution:
V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
+ +Z 1= + + Z2
2g γ 2g γ
29

P 1−P2 V 22 V 12
= − +Z 2−Z 1
γ 2g 2g
8 Q2 8 Q2
¿ − + Z 2−Z 1
π 2 g d 24 π 2 g d 14
8 Q2 8 Q2
¿ − +0.75−0
π 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.15 )4 π 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.30 )4
P 1−P2 2
=153Q t + 0.75→ eq (1)
γ
P1 P1
+0.75+ y +0.36 ( 13.6 )−13.6− y=
γ γ
P 1−P2
=5.286 mof water → eq ( 2 )
γ
Substitute equation (2) to equation (1):
P 1−P2 2
=153Q t + 0.75
γ
153 Qt2=5.286 m−0.75
5.286 m−0.75
Qt =
√ 153
m3
Q t =0.1722
s
Q A =C QT
¿ ( 0.68 ) ( 0.1722 )
m3
¿ 0.1171
s
Head Lost
E1−HL=E 2
V 12 P1 V 22 P 2
+ +Z 1−HL= + + Z2
2g γ 2g γ
8Q2 P1 8 Q2 P
2 4
+ + Z 1 −HL= 2 4
+ 2 + Z2
π g d1 γ π g d2 γ
8 ( 0.1171 )2 P1 8 ( 0.1171 )2 P
4
+ +0−HL= 4
+ 2 + 0.75
2
π ( 9.8 ) ( 0.3 ) γ π ( 9.81 )( 0.15 ) γ
2
P1 −P 2
HL= −2.098−0.75
γ
¿ 5.286−2.098−0.75
HL=2.438 m
30

3. A 150mm diameter horizontal venturi meter is installed in a 450mm diameter water main. The deflection
of mercury in the differential manometer connected from the inlet to the throat is 375mm.
a. Determine the discharge neglecting head lost.

b. Compute the discharge if the head lost from the inlet to the throat is 300 mm of water, and
c. What is the meter coefficient?
Solution:
31

Given:
d 1=450 mm →0.45 m
d 2=150 mm → 0.15 m
z 1=z 2=0
Required:
a. Discharge neglecting head lost.
E1=E 2
V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
+ +Z 1= + + Z2
2g γ 2g γ
8Q 2 P1 8Q 2 P2
2 4
+ + Z 1 = 2 4
+ +Z 2
π g d1 γ π g d2 γ
P 1−P2 8 Q2 8 Q2
= 2 −
γ π g d2 4 π 2 g d1 4
P 1−P2 8 Q2 8 Q2
= 2 4
− 2 4
γ π (9.81)(0.15) π (9.81)(0.45)
P 1−P2 2
=161.20Q → eq(1)
γ
P 1 P2
= + y+ 0.375 ( 13.6 )−0.375− y
γ γ
P 1−P2
=4.725 → eq(2)
γ
Substitute equation (2) to equation (1):
P 1−P2 2
=161.20Q
γ
4.725=161.20 Q 2
4.725
QT =
√161.20
m3
Q T =0.1712
s
b. If the head lost from the inlet to the throat is 300 mm of water.
E1−HL=E 2
P 1−P2 2
−HL=161.20 Q
γ
4.725−0.30 m=161.20 Q2
4.425
Q=
√161.20
m3
Q A =0.1657
s
c. Meter coefficient.
QA
C=
QT
32

m3
0.1657
s
¿
m3
0.1712
s
C=0.9679
LEARNING ACTIVITY
SQUEEZE ME ‘TIL IM GONE GAME
33

Materials Needed:
Plastic Bottle
Water
Mechanics:
1. Each group will be given 5 bottles containing equal volume of water. The bottles are
sealed and have small holes on its cap.
2. Each group must have at least one representative at a time. When the reporters raised
the Go signal, the representatives of each group will hold the bottle until the water pours
out.
3. The group to finish squeezing the bottle will run to the masters of the game and raise the
question for additional points.
4. The group to answer the question will get the points.
EXPERIMENT
34

The experiment to be conducted is composed of two parts. The first part is the INDOOR
EXPERIMENT and the next one is the OUTDOOR EXPERIMENT. All this experiments are basically the
application of the principle of Fluid Mechanics specifically the principle of Venturi Meter.
Part 1: INDOOR Experiment
Materials Needed:
Elbow Straw
Zest-O Straw
Plastic Cup
Water
Instructions:
1. Make a hole on the elbow straw enough to fit the Zest-O straw as shown below:
2. Attached the Zest-O straw to the hole on the elbow straw.
3. Fill the plastic cup with water.
4. Place the device created inside the Plastic cup containing water.
5. Apply pressure on the straw by blowing through it.
Observation:
Upon writing the observation, the following questions must be answered:
1. What principle was/were used in the experiment?

2. What happened when you release a small amount of air on the straw? What happened when you
release a great amount of Pressure?
3. What did you learned in the experiment? Briefly discuss the principles behind the experiment.
Part 2: OUTDOOR EXPERIMENT
On the next activity, students will go to an area where a hose connected to a water source is
available. The reporters will demo the experiment.
1. Turn on the water source and let the water flow freely.
2. Block the halfway opening of the hose.
3. Note the observation.
DATA AND OBSERVATION:
1. What happened when the half part of the opening was blocked?
2. Draw the trajectory of the water when it was moving freely and when the half of the opening was
blocked.
3. Discuss your observation.
RESULTS
35

NAME PRE- TEST POSTTEST Group no.
(40 items) (45 Items)
BOYS
Julius Abardo 10 40 1
DOST
Nikko Acabado 11 (ABSENT)
Estanislao Alim IV 17 32 5
DOST
Paulo Balintong 10 (ABSENT) 2
Christian Barcelon 12 32
Eric Jay Bulalacao 12 ABSENT

DOST
Andrew Cabiles 15 (ABSENT) 4
Emmanuel Camu 11 37 2
Paul Christian Daños 11 31 3
Nikko Dasco 11 37 1
Karl Loñosa ABSENT 41 5

DOST
Mark John Millena 11 (ABSENT) 4
Deo Bonifacio Pestio 9 38 2

GIRLS
DOST
Ella Mae Aringo 14 (ABSENT) 2
Kristine Sandra Barcebal 15 37 1
Danica Buenaventura 11 29 3
Karla Mae Cornelio 11 40 5
Gay Mary Detera 16 30 3
Venus Domens 11 32 5
Rica Gomez 12 39 1
Erica Junah Joven 12 ABSENT 5
Maria Josefa Lleva 11 ABSENT 2
Jeremiah Magallanes 17 42 4
Shane Magdasoc 15 27 4
Julie Pearl Marollano 9 32 1
Ressel Mendevil 12 40
4
36

Cindy Meneses 14 41
Rostylyn Octavo 13 ABSENT 5
Evelyn Payoc 12 22 1
Zarah Lyn Tamang 13 30 2
PLUS POINTS:
 Group Solving (30 POINTS)
Group 1 – 18 points
 Experiment: (20 points)
Group 3 –20 points
 LEARNING ACTIVITY (40 points)
Group 3 – 27points
EVALUATION
37

ORAL REPORTING (NARVAEZ,ANTONETTE )
Mastery 20% 18.8
Coherence/ Clarity 15% 14
Presentation 15% 14
Total 50% 46.8
ORAL REPORTING (OPIANA, VON KLENT)
Mastery 20% 19.2
Coherence/ Clarity 15% 14.2
Presentation 15% 14.2
Total 50% 47.6
ORAL REPORTING (OLIVENZA, HANNAH)
Mastery 20% 19.6
Total 50% 48.2
ORAL REPORTING (MARTICIO, MARY JOY)
Mastery 20% 18.6
Presentation 15% 14
Total 50% 46.4

ORAL REPORTING (NABOR, REYMART)
Mastery 20% 18.8

38

Total 50% 46
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
Content 20% 19.2
Creativity 15% 13.8
Clarity 15% 14.4
Total 50% 47.4
EXPERIMENT
Preparation 15% 14.6
Relevance 15% 14.4
Output 20% 19.2
Total 50% 48.2
CONDUCT OF LEARNING ACTIVITY
Preparation and 20% 18.8

Execution
Relevance 15% 14
Fun/ Impact 15% 13.2
Total 50% 46
DOCUMENTATION
39

The Reporters Discussing Their Assigned Topics.
40

Group solving and group discussion
41

Students Actively Participating During The Reporter’s Discussion and
Boardwork.
Students taking their Pre-test and Post-Test
GROUP 1 DOCUMENTATION DURING THE EXPERIMENT
42

Group 2 DOCUMENTATION DURING EXPERIMENT
GROUP 3 DOCUMENTATION DURING THE EXPERIMENT
43

GROUP 4: DOCUMENTATION DURING EXPERIMENT
Group 5 DOCUMENTATION DURING EXPERIMENT
44

LEARNING ACTIVITY DOCUMENTATION
45

Preparation And Giving Instruction About The Mechanics Of The Game
Assembly and the Game Proper
Raising of Question to the players
46

Fluid Mechanics: Venturi Meter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Mechanics: Venturi Meter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PRE-TEST

Diverging part Clemens Herschel greater

vena contracta short converging part Throat

decrease Venturi meter coefficient Venturi

Bernoulli’s equation lesser increase

Venturi Principle Clemens Venturi

_______1. He is the one who invented the venturi meter.