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(CLASSICAL METHODS)
CHAPTER 7
WHAT HAVE WE LEARN?
▪ Introduction
▪ Determinacy & stability
▪ Analysis of truss
▪ Analysis of beams & frames (AFD, SFD, BMD)
▪ Analysis of cables & arches
▪ Influence lines
▪ Deflections of beams (classical method: double integration, conjugate
beam)
▪ Deflection of beams, frames & trusses (virtual work method)
▪ Approximate method of analysis
OUTLINE
▪ Deflection diagram & elastic curve: we have been doing this all
along!
▪ Elastic beam theory
▪ Methods:
✓ Double integration
method
✓ Conjugate beam
method
BY THE WAY…
ΔA
θA Elastic curve
(deformed shape)
TERMINOLOGIES
ΔB
θB
DEFLECTED SHAPE
M M
C
M
T
ELASTIC BEAM THEORY
ρ dθ
y
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜌𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑠 ′ − 𝑑𝑠 𝑦
𝜀= =− 1
𝑑𝑠 ′ = 𝜌 − 𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑠 𝜌
1 𝑑 2 𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2 𝑀
= =
𝜌 1 + 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2 3/2 𝐸𝐼
𝑑2𝑦 𝑀
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼
DOUBLE INTEGRATION
METHOD
𝑑2𝑦 𝑀
From the elastic beam theory, = Equation of moment
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑦 𝑀
= න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜃 Equation of slope
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
𝑀
𝑦 = ඵ 𝑑𝑥 Equation of deflection
Integrating further, 𝐸𝐼
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Integration process:
▪ Integrate once: yield slope (dy/dx) at any point in the beam
▪ Integrate twice: yield displacement (y) at any point in the beam
▪ Bending moment M must be expressed as a function of x before
integration
▪ Differential equation is of second order. The solution must
contain 2 constant of integration. They must be evaluated at
known deflection and slope points (based on boundary
condition)
ASSUMPTIONS AND
LIMITATIONS
▪ Deflections caused by shearing action is negligibly small
compared to bending
▪ Deflections are small compared to the cross-sectional dimensions
of the beam
▪ All portions of the beam are acting in the elastic range
▪ Beam is straight prior to the application of loads
EXAMPLE 1
y w
w V
x wL/2
L 𝑤𝐿 𝑤
wL wL 𝑀= 𝑥 − 𝑥2
2 2
2 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑤𝐿 𝑤 2
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑥− 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑀
𝑑𝑥 2 2 From =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝐿 2 𝑤 3
Integrating; 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 4 6
𝑤𝐿 3 𝑤 4
Integrating; 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
12 24
𝑤𝐿 3 𝑤 4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
12 24
𝑤𝐿 3 𝑤 4
At x=0, y=0: 0= 0 − 0 + 𝐶1 0 + 𝐶2 𝐶2 = 0
12 24
𝑤𝐿 3 𝑤 4 𝑤𝐿3
At x=L, y=0: 0= 𝐿 − 𝐿 + 𝐶1 𝐿 + 0 𝐶1 = −
12 24 24
Thus;
𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝐿 2 𝑤 3 𝑤𝐿3
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 4 6 24
𝑤𝐿 3 𝑤 4 𝑤𝐿3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
12 24 24
𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝐿 2 𝑤 3 𝑤𝐿3 y
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − w
𝑑𝑥 4 6 24
x
L
𝑤𝐿 3 𝑤 4 𝑤𝐿3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
12 24 24
5𝑤𝐿4
Max. Δ occurs @ x = L /2: 𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =−
384
5𝑤𝐿4
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =−
384𝐸𝐼
P
A B
C
2a a
P
A B C
Vertical displacement @ c = Δc
2a a ∆c
P/2 3P/2
Since the bending moment is discontinuous along points A-B & B-C, we need to have
2 equations of moment in each sections (in terms of x).
M1 M2
x1
x1
V 2a V
P/2 P/2
𝑃 𝑀2 = 𝑃𝑥2 − 3𝑃𝑎
𝑀1 = − 𝑥1
2
Slope:
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑦1 𝑃 𝑑 2 𝑦2
𝐸𝐼 2 = − 𝑥1 𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑃𝑥2 − 3𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑥1 2 𝑑𝑥2
(Eq 2)
𝑑𝑦1 𝑃 𝑑𝑦2 𝑃 2
Integrating; 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝑥12 + 𝐶1 (Eq 1) Integrating; 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3𝑃𝑎𝑥2 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑥1 4 𝑑𝑥2 2 2
(Eq 3)
𝑃 𝑃 3 3
Integrating; 𝐸𝐼𝑦1 = − 𝑥13 + 𝐶1 𝑥1 + 𝐶3 Integrating; 𝐸𝐼𝑦2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑃𝑎𝑥22 (Eq 4)
12 6 2
+𝐶2 𝑥2 + 𝐶4
y
𝑥1 = 0 P
A B C
𝑦1 = 0 x
(cannot move ∆c
vertically due to 2a a
pin support) P/2 3P/2
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 2𝑎
𝑃 3
From Eq 3; 𝐸𝐼𝑦1 = − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥1 + 𝐶3
12 1
𝑃 3
When x1=0, y1=0 𝐸𝐼 0 = − 0 + 𝐶1 0 + 𝐶3
12
Thus; 𝐶3 = 0
𝑃 3
Also @ x1=2a, y1=0 𝐸𝐼 0 = − 2𝑎 + 𝐶1 2𝑎 + 0
12
𝑃𝑎2
Thus; 𝐶1 = −
3
Repeat this procedure using other Equations & boundary conditions to obtain C2 & C4
(please try!)
10 2
𝐶2 = 𝑃𝑎 𝐶4 = −2𝑃𝑎3
3
To find ∆c, use Eq. 4:
𝑃 3 3 10
𝐸𝐼𝑦2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑃𝑎𝑥22 + 𝑃𝑎2 𝑥2 − 2𝑃𝑎 3
6 2 3
𝑃𝑎3
∆𝑐 = 𝑦2 = −
𝐸𝐼
DOUBLE INTEGRATION
METHOD
▪ This method will be very difficult to apply for beams with
discontinuous moment equation along its length
P 2𝑃
For 0≤ x ≤L/3; 𝑀= 𝑥
3
𝑃 𝑃𝐿
For L/3≤ x ≤L; 𝑀=− 𝑥+
L/3 2L/3 3 3
𝑑𝑉 𝑑2𝑀
=𝑤 =𝑤
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝜃 𝑀 𝑑2𝑦 𝑀
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼
Integrating;
𝑉 = න 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑀 = ඵ 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 𝑀
𝜃=න 𝑑𝑥 𝑦=ඵ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
BASIC PRINCIPLES
𝑉 = න 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑀 = ඵ 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 𝑀
𝜃=න 𝑑𝑥 𝑦=ඵ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
Theorem 1: The slope at a
point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the shear
at the corresponding point in
the conjugate beam
(slope = Vconjugate beam)
V
y M
M
Load = load Load=
EI
CONJUGATE BEAM – SUPPORTS
Make sure V & M of conjugate beam account for slope & displacement
of real beam at the supports
CONJUGATE BEAM – SUPPORTS
CONJUGATE BEAM – SUPPORTS
CONJUGATE BEAM – LOADING
▪ The conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram derived from
the load w on the real beam
▪ The loading is assumed to be distributed over the conjugate
beam.
▪ M/EI positive, arrow directed upward
▪ M/EI negative, arrow directed downward.
▪ Arrow is always away from the beam
PROCEDURES
1. Real beam: find the support reactions and draw the M/EI diagram
2. Draw the conjugate beam, by changing
i. Support reaction
ii. Load (M/EI of real beam)
3. Calculate V of conjugate beam to get θ, M to get ∆
EXAMPLE 3
20 kN
A B
5m 5m
Support reactions, M/EI diagram, conjugate beam
5m 5m
20 kN B
A
A B
∆B
Conjugate beam
100/EI
250
𝑉′𝐵 = − = 𝜃𝐵
𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐵 = −0.00263 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Conjugate beam
100/EI
2083
𝑀′𝐵 = − = ∆𝐵
𝐸𝐼
∆𝐵 = −21.9 𝑚𝑚
EXAMPLE 4
8 kN
A B
9m 3m
Real beam Conjugate beam
8 kN 18/EI
A B
9m 3m A B
2 kN 6 kN
Pin → Pin Roller → Roller
M (kNm)
∆max
Conjugate beam
18/EI ▪ ∆max of the real beam occurs at
point where the θ=0
9m 3m ▪ Assuming this point is within
A B 0x9m from A’;
45 𝑥 2𝑥
45/EI 63/EI − + − 𝑉′𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑥 2 45
𝑉′𝑥 = − = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
M’x
x
A 𝑥 2 45
− =0
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
V’x
45/EI 18x/9EI=2x/EI 𝑥 = 6.71𝑚 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9𝑚 − 𝑂𝐾!
45/EI 63/EI
45𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑀′𝑥 + − =0
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3
M’x
x 𝑥3 45𝑥
A 𝑀′𝑥 = −
3𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
V’x 201.2
45/EI 18x/9EI=2x/EI 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 6.71𝑚, 𝑀′𝑥 = − = ∆𝑥
𝐸𝐼
201.2
∆𝑥 = − = −16.8𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐼
EXAMPLE 5
60 kN
A
C
I=60000cm4 B I=45000cm4
6m 3m 3m
EXAMPLE 6
40 kN
50 kNm
A B C
4m 4m 5m
EXAMPLE 7
40 kN
30 kN 30 kN
I=270(106)mm4 I=270(106)mm4
A .C B
I=540(106)mm4
4m 2m 2m 4m
QUESTIONS?