ME 356 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II

Dr. G.F.K. Tay

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KNUST

0
 Course Outline
1. Deflection of Beams;
2. Struts and Columns;
3. Compressions, Bending and Torsion under Plastic Conditions
4. Bending of Curved Bars
5. Mechanical Springs
6. Thin Shells

1
 CHAPTER 1

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
 Chapter Outline

(A) DIFFENTIAL EQUATION OF THE DEFLECTION CURVE

1. Introduction
2. Relationship between Bending Stress, Deflection and Radius of Curvature
3. Relationship between Bending Moment and Radius of Curvature
4. Differential Equation of the Deflection Curve

(B) METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE DEFLECTION OF A BEAM

1. The Method of Calculus
2. Singularity Function (Macaulay’s Method)
3. Strain Energy Method (Castigliano’s Theorem)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE
DEFLECTION CURVE

4
 Introduction
‣ In the design of beams, it is necessary to quantify the deflection to
ensure that it does not exceed the maximum allowable deflection

‣ A knowledge of deflection is also required in the analysis of statically

indeterminate beams where there are more unknowns than there are
equilibrium equations to be solved

5
 Relationship between Bending Stress and Beam
Deflection

Consider an initially straight prismatic beam

ABA1B1 subjected to a pure bending moment M

Under the action of M the beam deforms, causing

surfaces AB and A1B1 to bend into circular arcs.
Surface AB experiences a compressive (-ve) stress
Surface A1B1 experiences a tensile (+ve) stress
Therefore, there must be an inner surface such as
CD where the bending stress σ is zero. This is
called the Neutral Surface
6
 Relationship between Bending Stress and Beam Deflection

Let θ be the angle at the centre of curvature

R the radius of curvature
EF a filament or fibre of the deformed beam
y the deflection of the filament from the
neutral surface
x-y is the coordinate system with the y-axis
direction positively downwards
From ME 255/256, the stress in the filament is
given by
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
where E is the Young’s modulus of elasticity and ε is the normal strain 7
 Relationship between Bending Stress and Beam Deflection

The strain ε is
𝜎 𝐸𝐹 − 𝐶𝐷
𝜖= =
𝐸 𝐶𝐷

For θ in radians, lengths of the arcs CD and EF are given by CD = Rθ and

EF = (R + y)θ.
𝜎 𝑅 + 𝑦 𝜃 − 𝑅𝜃 𝑦
⟹ = =
𝐸 𝑅𝜃 𝑅
𝐸𝑦
⟹ 𝜎=
𝑅
Thus, the bending stress is proportional to the deflection, y 8
 Relationship between Bending Moment and Radius of
Curvature

transverse section
Consider a transverse section of the beam
as shown in the diagram
The neutral surface will intersect the transverse
section in a straight line XX called the Neutral
Axis of the transverse section
Let dA be an element of area of the transverse
section at a distance y from the neutral axis
The differential bending moment dM on the area
element is given by
𝑑𝑀 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 ∙ 𝑦
9
 Relationship between Bending Moment and Radius of
Curvature
transverse section
∴ 𝑀 = න 𝜎𝑦 𝑑𝐴

By substituting 𝜎 = 𝐸𝑦Τ𝑅, we have

𝑀 = න 𝐸𝑦 2 /𝑅 𝑑𝐴 =( 𝐸 Τ𝑅 ) න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

But ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 is the area moment of inertia or the

second moment of area, I, of the beam cross section.
Thus, we have Flexural Rigidity
𝐸𝐼
𝑀= EI
𝑅 10
 Some Important Results

Recall, transverse section

𝜎 = 𝐸𝑦Τ𝑅, and 𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼 Τ𝑅
𝜎 𝑀 𝐸
Then = =
𝑦 𝐼 𝑅
If ymax is the maximum deflection of the beam, then
the maximum bending stress σmax is given by
𝑀𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝐼 𝐼 Τ𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
The quantity 𝐼 Τ𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 is called the section modulus, 𝑍.
‣ At maximum stress the bending moment that can be supported is called the moment
of resistance. 11
 Differential Equation of the Deflection Curve

𝑀 𝐸
From previous analyses we recall, =
𝐼 𝑅
𝑀 1
⟹ =
𝐸𝐼 𝑅

For the beam, the quantity 1/R, known as the curvature of the beam is
given by
1 𝑑2𝑦
= 2 𝑑 2
𝑦
𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑀(𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑀 𝑑2 𝑦
= 2
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 12
 Differential Equation of the Deflection Curve

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑀(𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼 2 or 𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Either of the above equations is known as the differential equation of the

deflection curve. It is a second order differential equation which can be
integrated to give the slope dy/dx and the deflection y of the beam.

Self-assessment:
What is deflection of beams and state the relation between deflection and
bending moment.

13
METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE SLOPE
AND DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM

14
Methods for Slope and Deflection at a Section
1. Calculus (Double Integration Method)

2. Singularity Function (Macaulay’s Method)

3. Strain Energy Method (Castigliano’s Theorem)

15
 Double Integration Method
2
d y
Bending moment at a point is given by M = EI 2
dx
dy
The value of slope at any point
EI =M
dx

EI. y =  M
The value of deflection at any point,

16
Case 1: Simple Supported Beam with a Central Point Load
Therefore d 2 y Wx
EI 2
=
dx 2

Integrating
dy Wx 2
EI = + C1
dx 4
Reactions at A and B are W
R A = RB = Using Boundary Condition
2
l dy Wl 2
x= =0 C1 = −
2 dx 16
The bending moment at this section
Wx Hence
M x = RB x = dy Wx 2 Wl 2
2 EI = − 17
dx 4 16
Case 1: Simple Supported Beam with a Central Point Load
Integrating the above equation

3 2
Wx Wl x
EI . y = − + C2
12 16
Using Boundary Condition, x = 0, y = 0, C2 = 0

Hence,
3 2
Wx Wl x
EI . y = −
12 16
18
 Example 1

A simply supported beam of span 3 m is subjected to a central load of 10 kN. Find the
maximum slope and deflection of the beam. Take I= 12 × 106 mm4 and E = 200 GPa

Solution
Given: Span (l) = 3 m = 3 x 103 mm; Central load (W) = 10 kN = 10 x 103 N; Moment of
inertia (I)= 12 x 106 mm4 and Modulus of elasticity (E)= 200 GPa = 200 x 103 N/mm2,

Maximum slope of the beam, @ x= 0

 
2 2
dy W ( 0 ) Wl
2 2 EI   = −
EI
dy Wx Wl
= −  dx  max 4 16
dx 4 16  
dy Wl 2
  =−
 dx  max 16 EI 19
 Example 1 (continued)
 dy 
  =−
Wl
=−
2
( 3
10 x10 3 x10 )( )
3 2
= −0.0023 rads
 dx  max 16 EI ( 3
16 200 x10 12 x10 6
)( )
Maximum deflection of the beam, @ x= l/2 3 2
W (l / 2) Wl (l / 2)
Wx 3
Wl x 2 EI . y max = −
EI . y = − 12 16
12 16 Wl 3
y max =
48 EI

=−
Wl 3
=
(10000 )(3000 )
3
= −2.34 mm
ymax
( 3
)(
48 EI 48 200 x10 12 x10 6
) 20
 Case 2: Simple Supported Beam with a Uniformly
Distributed Load

wl
Reactions at A and B, R A = RB =
2
The bending moment at this section wlx wx 2
M x = RB x = −
2 2
Therefore d 2 y wlx wx 2
EI 2 = −
dx 2 2 21
 Case 2: Simple Supported Beam with a
Uniformly Distributed Load
Integrating the above equation, Integrating the above equation,
dy wlx 2 wx 3 EI . y =
wlx 3 wx 4 wl 3 x
− − + C2
EI = − + C1
dx 4 6 12 24 24

Using Boundary Condition Using Boundary Condition, x = 0, y = 0, C2 = 0

3
l wl
= 0 C1 = −
x= dy
2
dx 24 Hence,
wlx 3 wx 4 wl 3 x
Hence, EI . y = − −
12 24 24
dy wlx 2 wx 3 wl 3
EI = − −
dx 4 6 24 22
 Example 2
A simply supported beam of span 4 m is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m over
the entire span. Find the maximum slope and deflection of the beam. Take EI for the beam as 80
x 109 N-mm2
Solution
Given: Span (l) = 4 m = 4 x 103 mm; Uniformly distributed load (w) = 2 kN/m = 2Nlmm and
flexural rigidity (EI)= 80 x 109 N-mm2 dy wlx 2 wx 3 wl 3
EI = − −
dx 4 6 24
Maximum slope of the beam, @ x= 0
wl (0) 2 w(0) 3 wl 3
EIimax = − −
2(4000 )
4 6 24 3 3
wl
wl 3 =− =− = 0.067 rad
imax = −
24 EI
imax
24 EI 24 80 x10 9
( ) 23
 Example 2 (continued)
wlx 3 wx 4 wl 3 x
EI . y = − −
12 24 24
Maximum deflection of the beam, @ x=l/2
wl (l / 2) 3 w(l / 2) 4 wl 3 (l / 2)
EI . y max = − −
12 24 24
4
wl
y max =
384 EI

5(2)(4000 )
4 4
5wl
yC = = =
( )
83 .3 mm
384 EI 384 80 x10 9 24
 Example 3
A simply supported beam of span 6 m is subjected to a uniformly distributed load over the
entire span. If the deflection at the centre of the beam is not to exceed 4 mm, find the value of
the load. Take E= 200 GPa and I = 300 x 106 mm4.

Solution
Given: Span (l)= -6 m = 6 x 103 mm ; Deflection at the centre (Yc) = 4 mm ; modulus of
elasticity(E)= 200 GPa = 200 x 103 N/mm2 and moment of inertia(I)= 300 x 106 mm4

Let w = Value of uniformly distributed load in N/mm or kN/m.

5w(6000 )
4
5wl 4 4
4= = = 0.281w  w = = 14.2 N mm
( 3
)(
384 EI 384 200 x10 300 x10 6
) 0.281
25
 Case 3: Cantilever Beam with a Point Load at
the Free End

The bending moment at this section

M x = −Wx Integrating the above equation

Therefore dy Wx
EI =− + C1
d y 2 dx 2
EI 2 = −Wx
dx 26
 Case 3: Cantilever Beam with a Point Load at the
Free End
Using Boundary Condition Integrating the above equation
dy
x=l =0 Wx 3 Wl 2 x
dx EI . y = − + + C2
6 2
Wl 2
C1 =
2 Using Boundary Condition
x = l and y = 0 Wl 3
Hence, C2 = −
Hence, 3
3 2 3
dy Wx 2 Wl 2 Wx Wl x Wl
EI =− + EI . y = − + −
dx 2 2 6 2 3
27
 Example 4
A cantilever beam 120 mm wide and 150 mm deep is 1.8 m long. Determine the slope and
deflection at the free end of the beam when it carries a point load of 20 kN at its free end. Take
E for the cantilever beam as 200 GPa.

Solution
Given: Width (b)= 120 mm; Depth (d)= 150 mm; Span(l)= 1.8 m = 1.8 x 103 mm; Point load
(W) = 20 kN = 20 x 103 N and modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 N/mm2

I=
bd
=
(120 )(150 )
3 3
= 33.75  10 mm
6 4

12 12
28
 Example 4 (continued)
Slope at the free end W (0) 2 Wl 2
EIiB = − +
2 2

iB =
Wl 2
=
(20000 )(1800 )
2
= 0.0048 rad
( )(
2 EI 2 200  10 33.75  10
3 6
)
Deflection at the free end 3 2 3
W (0) Wl (0) Wl
EI . yB = − + −
6 2 3

yB = −
Wl 3
=−
(20000 )(18000 )
3
= −5.76 mm
3EI ( 3
)(
3 200  10 33.75  10 6
) 29
 Example 5
A cantilever beam of 160 mm width and 240 mm depth is 1.75 m long. What load can be
placed at the free end of the cantilever if its deflection under the load is not to exceed 4.5 mm?
Take E for the beam material as 180 GPa

Solution
Given: Width (b)= 160 mm: Depth (d)= 240 mm; Span(l) = 1.75 m = 1.75 x 103 mm ;
Deflection under the load (yB) = 4.5 mm and modulus of elasticity (E) = 180 GPa = 180 x 103
N/mm2
I=
bd
=
(
3
160 )(240 )
3
= 184.32  106 mm 4
12 12
W (18000 )
3 3
Wl
4.5 = =  W = 83.57 kN
( )(
3EI 3 801  10 1824.32  10
3 6
) 30
 Case 4: Cantilever Beam with a Uniformly Distributed
Load

The bending moment at this section Integrating the above equation

wx 2
Mx =− dy wx 3
2 EI =− + C1
Therefore dx 6
d2y w.x 2
EI 2
=− 31
dx 2
 Case 4: Cantilever Beam with a Uniformly Distributed
Load

Using Boundary Condition Integrating the above equation

3 wx 4 wl 3 x
x=l
dy
=0 C1 =
wl EI . y = − + + C2
dx 6 24 6

Using Boundary Condition

Hence,
wl 4
x = l and y = 0 C2 = −
8
dy wx 3 wl 3
EI =− + Hence, 4 3 4
dx 6 6 wx wl x wl
EI . y = − + −
24 6 8 32
 Example 6
A cantilever beam 2 m long is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over its
entire length. Find the slope and deflection of the cantilever beam at its free end. Take EI= 2.5 x
1012 mm2
Solution
Given: Span (l) = 2 m = 2 x 103 mm ; Uniformly distributed load (w) = 5 kN/m =5N/mm and
flexural rigidity (EI)= 2.5 x 1012 N-mm2

Slope of the cantilever beam at its free end Deflection of the cantilever beam at its free
end w(0) 4 wl 3 (0) wl 4
EIi B = −
w(0) 3 wl 3
+ EI . y B = − + −
6 6 24 6 8

iB = −
wl 3
=
(5)(2000 )
3
= 0.0027 rad yB =
wl 4
=
(5)(2000 )
4
= 4 mm
(
6 EI 6 2.5 x10 )
12
(
8 EI 8 2.5 x10 12
)33
 Further Examples
7. A cantilever beam 100 mm wide and 180 mm deep is projecting 2 m from a wall. Calculate
the uniformly distributed load, which the beam should carry, if the deflection of the free end
should not exceed 3.5 mm. Take E as 200 GPa

8. A cantilever beam of length 3 m is carrying a uniformly distributed load of w kN/m.

Assuming rectangular cross-section with depth (d) equal to twice the width (b), determine the
dimensions of the beam, so that vertical deflection at the free end does not exceed 8 mm. Take
maximum bending stress = 100 MPa and E = 200 GPa

34
 Singularity Function (Macaulay’s Method)

Macaulay’s method enables

one continuous expression for bending moment to be obtained, and
the same constants of integration for all sections of the beam.

For the purpose of illustration, it is advisable to deal with the different types of
loading separately.

35
 Case 1: Concentrated Load

= M = (− W1 x + Rx − a  − W 2 x − b − W3 x − c )
2
d
EI y 2
dx

EI dy
dx 2
(
= − W1 x 2 + Rx − a  − W2 x − b − W3 x − c + A
1 2 2 2
)

6
(
EIy = − W1 x 3 + Rx − a − W2 x − b − W3 x − c + Ax + B
1 3 3 3
) 36
 Case 2: Uniformly Distributed Load

= M = Rx − (w 2 )x − a  + (w 2 )x − b
2
EI d y 2 2
2
dx
= M = x − x − a  + x − b + A
dy R 2 w 3 w 3
EI
dx 2 6 6
EI . y = M = x − x − a  + x − b + Ax + B
R 3 w 4 w 4

6 24 24 37
 Case 3: Concentrated Moment

(
= M = − Rx + M 0 x − a  )
2
EI d y
0
2
dx
EI dy
dx
( )
= M = − Rx 2 2 + M 0 x − a  + A
 2
EIy = M =  − Rx 6 +
3 M0
x − a  + Ax + B
 2 
38
 Example 9
A horizontal steel girder having uniform cross-section is 14m long and is simply supported at
its ends. It carries two concentrated loads as shown in Fig. 17. Calculate the deflections of the
beam under the loads C and D. Take E = 200 GPa and 1 = 160x106 mm4

39
 Example 9 (continued)
Solution
Given: Span (l)= 14m= 14 x 103 mm; Load at C (W1) = 12 kN = 12 x 103 N; Load at D (W2) =
8 kN = 8 x 103 N; Modulus of elasticity (E)= 200 GPa = 200 x I 03 N/mm2 and moment of
inertia(I)= 160 x 106 mm4
Taking moments about A and equating the same
R A = 12 + 8 − 8 = 12000 N
14 R B = 12(3) + 8(9.5) = 112  R B = 8000 N
Now taking A as the origin and using Macaulay's method, the bending moment at any section X
at a distance x from A, 2
= 12000 x − 12000x − 3000 − 8000x − 9500 40
d y
EI 2
dx
 Example 9 (continued)
Integrating the above equation

= 6000 x 2 − 6000x − 3000 − 4000x − 9500 + C1

dy 2 2
EI
dx
Integrating the above equation once again
EI. y = 2000x − 2000x − 3000 − 1333x − 9500 + C1 x + C 2
3 3 3

Using Boundary Condition

x= 0 and y = 0, then C2 = 0

x= 14000 mm and y = 0, then C = −193.2  109

1
Hence

EI . y = 2000 x 3 − 2000x − 3000 − 1333x − 9500 − 193.2  109 x..(i )

3 3
41
 Example 9 (continued)
For 12 kN load; x = 3 m (or 3 x 103 mm)
EIyC = 2000(3000 ) − 193.2  109 (3000 ) = −525.6  1012
3

− 525.6  1012
 yC = = −16.4 mm
( )(
200  10 160  10
3 6
)
For 8 kN load; x = 9.5 m (or 9.5 x 103 mm)
EIyD = 2000(9500 ) − 193.2  10 (9500 ) − 20006500 = −669.9  1012
3 9 3

− 669.6  1012
 yD = = −20.9 mm
( )(
200  10 160  10
3 6
) 42
 Example 10
A cantilever AB 2 m long is carrying a load of 20 kN at the free end and 30 kN at a distance 1
m from the free end. Find the slope and deflection at the free end. Take E = 200 GPa and I =
150 × 106 mm4

43