Block diagram of Pneumatic System

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig. 6.1.1 Components of a pneumatic system
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2/2 Pilot Operated Diaphragm
Solenoid Valve : Normally Closed
PILOT OPREATED VALVE :Normally closed:when the valve
 receives an electrical signal, a magnetic field is formed which
attracts the plunger covering the pilot orifice to lift off, causing
system pressure (holding the diaphragm/piston closed) to
drop.
As system pressure on the top of the diaphragm/piston is
reduced, full system pressure on the other side of the
diaphragm/piston acts to lift the diaphragm/piston away from
the main orifice, which allows media flow through the valve.
Since the bleed orifice is dimensionally smaller than the pilot
orifice, the system pressure can t rebuild on the top of the
diaphragm/piston as long as the pilot orifice remains open.
Pilot operated valve:Normally
open:when the valve is energized, it
attracts the plunger. Then the
plunger covers the pilot orifice.
The system pressure builds up on
the top of the diaphragm/piston
through the bleed orifice, forcing
the diaphragm/piston down until it
covers the main orifice and stops
media flow through the valve.
Non Return Valve
 Non Return Valve
• Non-Return Valves (also known as check
valves or one-way valves) normally allow fluid
(liquid or gas) to flow through them in only
one direction. These two-port valves have two
openings in the body, one for fluid to enter
and the other for fluid to leave. Non-Return
Valves work automatically, which means that
most are not controlled by a person or an
external control.
Quick Exhaust Valve
 Quick Exhaust Valve

• Pneumatic industry requires a number of valves and pipe

fittings. From pneumatic check valves to flow control regulators,
specific applications require various components to work
together.
• Quick exhaust valves, or QEVs, are designed to increase a
cylinder’s cycle speed in a pneumatic system. Installing a
pneumatic QEV, either at the rod end or the blind end of a
cylinder, will cause rapid extension or rapid retraction. This
depends on your requirements.
• Upon removal of pressure from the input port of QEVs, backflow
occurs at the output. Let’s learn a bit more about these valves
and their industrial applications.
Pressure relief Valve
 WORKING
•It is for limiting the pressure in a hydraulic system
or in a part of the system.
•The pressure can rise in a hydraulic system if:
• the flow rate from the pump is larger than the flow
rate through the actuator
•the volume of a closed system is reduced.
•the load of the actuator rises.
•heat is introduced into a closed system.
• the hydraulic resistance of the system rises
 WORKING
• Pressure-relief valves limit the maximum pressure in a hydraulic circuit
by providing an alternate path for fluid flow when the pressure reaches a
preset level.
•  
• All fixed-volume pump circuits require a relief valve to protect the system
from excess pressure. Fixed-volume pumps must move fluid when they
turn.
•  
• When a pump unloads through an open-centre circuit or actuators are in
motion, fluid movement is not a problem.
•  
• A relief valve is essential when the actuators stall with the directional
valve still in shifted position.
 Symbol of pressure relief valve
The hydraulic system does not accept any flow, then
all the pump flow must return to the tank via the relief valve.
•The pressure-relief valve provides protection against any
overloads experienced by the actuators in the hydraulic system.
•A relief valve is not needed if a pressure-compensated vane
pump is used.
Pressure Reducing Valve
 Working
• This type of valve (which is normally open) is used to maintain reduced
pressures in specified locations of hydraulic systems. It is actuated by
downstream pressure and tends to close as this pressure reaches the valve
setting.
•  
• A pressure-reducing valve uses a spring-loaded spool to control the
downstream pressure. If downstream pressure is below the valve setting, the
fluid flows freely from the inlet to the outlet.
•  
• When the outlet (downstream) pressure increases to the valve setting, the
spool moves to the right to partially block the outlet port. Just enough flow is
passed to the outlet to maintain its preset pressure level. If the valve closes
completely, leakage past the spool causes downstream pressure to build up
above the valve setting.
Pressure Sequence Valve
 working
• A sequence valve is a pressure-control valve that is used to
force two actuators to operate in sequence.
• Instead of sending flow back to the tank, a sequence valve
allows flow to a branch circuit, when a preset pressure is
reached.
• The check valve allows the sequence valve to be bypassed in
the reverse direction.
• The component enclosure line indicates that the check valve
is an integral part of the component. The sequence valve has
an external drain line; therefore, a line must be connected
from the sequence valve’s drain port to the tank.
 Components of Pneumatic system
• Air filters: These are used to filter out the contaminants from the air.
• Compressor: Compressed air is generated by using air compressors. Air compressors
are either diesel or electrically operated. Based on the requirement of compressed
air, suitable capacity compressors may be used.
• 
• Air cooler: During compression operation, air temperature increases. Therefore
coolers are used to reduce the temperature of the compressed air.
• Dryer: The water vapor or moisture in the air is separated from the air by using a
dryer.
• Control Valves: Control valves are used to regulate, control and monitor for control
of direction flow, pressure etc.
• Air Actuator: Air cylinders and motors are used to obtain the required movements of
mechanical elements of pneumatic system.
• Electric Motor: Transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is used to
drive the compressor.
• Receiver tank: The compressed air coming from the compressor is stored in the air
receiver.
 Directional control valves

• Directional valves – number of ports and positions

•  
• The directional valves are described by the numbers of ports in the main valve (excluding pilot
ports) and the number of positions the valve can take, [number of ports] / [number of
positons]
•  
• Number of positions
•  
• for example:
•  
• 2 squares = 2 positons
•  
• 3 ports
•  
•  
•  
• Number of ports
•  
• In this case we speak of a 3/2 way valve (spoken: three two way valve). Each position of the
valve is displayed in a square. The basic position is symbolized by the numbers of the ports