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AERO3261

Turbojet

Ass. Prof Dries Verstraete

The University of Sydney


Overview

– Thermodynamic cycle
– Inlet
– Compressor
– Combustion chamber
– Turbine
– Nozzle

– Optimisation

– Performance

Thermodynamic cycle

– Gas turbine with inlet and nozzle


\

– Inlet
– Role: deliver air at the right Mach number and flow quality to the
compressor
– Compressor inlet Mach number around 0.5 to 0.6

Va
a 9
0

pt0

Enthalpy h
Thermodynamic cycle pt2
Δpt

– Inlet t0 t2
ht2 = ht0 p
– T-s diagram ht2s
2

V22/2
t2s
2

V02/2
p0

– Ideal inlet: 0
– adiabatic Δsd
s0 s2 Entropy s
V22 V02
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Tt,2 = T2 + = T0 + = Tt,0
2cp 2cp
– reversible
<latexit sha1_base64="fzov7gVhcB+cBFfojW1HcqnR7b0=">AAAB+nicbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLdWlm8EiuJCSlKJuhIIblxXsBdoQJtNJO3RyYeZEKTGP4saFIm59Ene+jdM0C239YeDjP+dwzvxeLLgCy/o2SmvrG5tb5e3Kzu7e/oFZPeyqKJGUdWgkItn3iGKCh6wDHATrx5KRwBOs501v5vXeA5OKR+E9zGLmBGQccp9TAtpyzWrspnDeyPA1zsnKXLNm1a1ceBXsAmqoUNs1v4ajiCYBC4EKotTAtmJwUiKBU8GyyjBRLCZ0SsZsoDEkAVNOmp+e4VPtjLAfSf1CwLn7eyIlgVKzwNOdAYGJWq7Nzf9qgwT8KyflYZwAC+likZ8IDBGe54BHXDIKYqaBUMn1rZhOiCQUdFoVHYK9/OVV6Dbq9kXdumvWWs0ijjI6RifoDNnoErXQLWqjDqLoET2jV/RmPBkvxrvxsWgtGcXMEfoj4/MHvj+S+Q==</latexit>

pt,2 = pt,0

Thermodynamic cycle

– Inlet <latexit sha1_base64="hRUrroe39Cwrka2jC1VsEs1ikrc=">AAACBXicbZC7SgNBFIbPxluMt1VLLQaDYCFhNwS1EQI2ljGYCyTLMjuZTYbMXpiZFcKyjY2vYmOhiK3vYOfbOEm20MQfBj7+cw5nzu/FnEllWd9GYWV1bX2juFna2t7Z3TP3D9oySgShLRLxSHQ9LClnIW0ppjjtxoLiwOO0441vpvXOAxWSReG9msTUCfAwZD4jWGnLNY+bTXSN+r7AJI3dVJ1Xs2wOVpa5ZtmqWDOhZbBzKEOuhmt+9QcRSQIaKsKxlD3bipWTYqEY4TQr9RNJY0zGeEh7GkMcUOmksysydKqdAfIjoV+o0Mz9PZHiQMpJ4OnOAKuRXKxNzf9qvUT5V07KwjhRNCTzRX7CkYrQNBI0YIISxScaMBFM/xWREdaJKB1cSYdgL568DO1qxb6oWHe1cr2Wx1GEIziBM7DhEupwCw1oAYFHeIZXeDOejBfj3fiYtxaMfOYQ/sj4/AGPBZfz</latexit>

pt,2
RR =
– Real inlet: not reversible pt,0
pt,2 < pt,0
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– Ram Recovery

Enthalpy h
Thermodynamic cycle pt3
ht3 t3
ht3s t3s
– Compressor <latexit sha1_base64="R17gc35Gp6nYoG/GbRV7hbhf9CI=">AAACBnicbZDLSsNAFIYnXmu9RV2KMFgEF1KSWtSNUHDjsoK9QBPCZDpph04mw8xEKCErN76KGxeKuPUZ3Pk2TtsstPWHgY//nMOZ84eCUaUd59taWl5ZXVsvbZQ3t7Z3du29/bZKUolJCycskd0QKcIoJy1NNSNdIQmKQ0Y64ehmUu88EKlowu/1WBA/RgNOI4qRNlZgH3mCwmvoRRLhTASZPjvP8xnU8jywK07VmQougltABRRqBvaX109wGhOuMUNK9VxHaD9DUlPMSF72UkUEwiM0ID2DHMVE+dn0jByeGKcPo0SaxzWcur8nMhQrNY5D0xkjPVTztYn5X62X6ujKzygXqSYczxZFKYM6gZNMYJ9KgjUbG0BYUvNXiIfIJKJNcmUTgjt/8iK0a1X3ourc1SuNehFHCRyCY3AKXHAJGuAWNEELYPAInsEreLOerBfr3fqYtS5ZxcwB+CPr8wekPJiR</latexit>

pt,3
– Pressure Ratio ⇡=

Real Power
pt,2

Ideal Power
– Efficiency
pt2
– Isentropic Tt,3
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Tt,2 t2
⌘is = Δsc
Tt,3 Tt,2
s2 s3 Entropy s

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1
!
⇡ 1
Tt,3 = Tt,2 1+
⌘is

Enthalpy h
Thermodynamic cycle pt3
ht3 t3
ht3s t3s
– Compressor
– Efficiency

Real Power
Ideal Power
– Isentropic
– Polytropic
pt2
– Isentropic efficiency of an t2
infinitesimally small stage Δsc
1
s2 s3
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ln (⇡) Entropy s
⌘p = T
ln Tt,3
t,2
1
<latexit sha1_base64="nKeDxKnR2BSDJi+HOTS2ZX59obk=">AAACJnicbZBNS8NAEIY3flu/qh69LBbBg5ZERb0IBS8eFawtNDVMtpu6uJuE3YlQQn6NF/+KFw8VEW/+FLcfglZfWHh4Z4bZecNUCoOu++FMTc/Mzs0vLJaWlldW18rrGzcmyTTjdZbIRDdDMFyKmNdRoOTNVHNQoeSN8P58UG88cG1EEl9jL+VtBd1YRIIBWison10HOe4dFvSMDumgoD7rJEj9VNzmfqSB5X4XlAK67xXf6HOEIC2KoFxxq+5Q9C94Y6iQsS6Dct/vJCxTPEYmwZiW56bYzkGjYJIXJT8zPAV2D13eshiD4qadD88s6I51OjRKtH0x0qH7cyIHZUxPhbZTAd6ZydrA/K/WyjA6beciTjPkMRstijJJMaGDzGhHaM5Q9iwA08L+lbI7sNGgTbZkQ/AmT/4LNwdV77jqXh1VakfjOBbIFtkmu8QjJ6RGLsglqRNGHskz6ZNX58l5cd6c91HrlDOe2SS/5Hx+ARrKpPY=</latexit>

Tt,3 = Tt,2 · ⇡ ⌘p

– Power P = ṁ ht =ṁ cp Tt
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=ṁ cp (Tt,3 Tt,2 )


1
!
⇡ 1
=ṁ cp Tt,2
⌘is


Thermodynamic cycle

– Combustion chamber
– Energy balance
288) + ⌘cc ṁf LHV = (ṁa + ṁf ) cp,g · (Tt,4
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ṁa cp (Tt,3 288)

Qactual
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⌘cc =
LHV
– Small pressure drop
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py,3 pt,4
cc =
pt,3

– Fuel to air ratio


ṁf
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F AR =
ṁa

Enthalpy h
pt4
Thermodynamic cycle
ht4 t4

– Turbine

Real Power
Ideal Power
– Role: drive compressor
PT = Pc or Pc = ⌘ m PT
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pt5
t5
ht5s t5s ht5

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Δst
(ṁa + ṁf ) cp (Tt,4 Tt,5 ) = ṁa cp (Tt,3 Tt,2 ) s4 s5 Entropy s

– Pressure after the turbine is obtained via the efficiency


Tt,4 Tt,5
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⌘is,T =
Tt,4 Tt,5

<latexit sha1_base64="1gEU1yV0OXBUgsngynfXntktAso=">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</latexit>

✓ ◆
pt,4 Tt,4 1
=
pt,5 Tt,5s

Thermodynamic cycle
– Nozzle (converging only for now)
– Two cases depending on pressure ratio
<latexit sha1_base64="BANqnZpb7/DfCU5rspWs6KPfa2M=">AAACAnicbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLepK3AwWwYWUROplIxTcuJIq9gJtCJPppB06uTBzIpQQ3Pgqblwo4tancOfbOG2z0NYfBj7+cw5nzu/FgiuwrG+jsLC4tLxSXC2trW9sbpnbO00VJZKyBo1EJNseUUzwkDWAg2DtWDISeIK1vOHVuN56YFLxKLyHUcycgPRD7nNKQFuuuXdTv8OXuOtLQtPYTeH4NMs0kMw1y1bFmgjPg51DGeWqu+ZXtxfRJGAhUEGU6thWDE5KJHAqWFbqJorFhA5Jn3U0hiRgykknJ2T4UDs97EdSvxDwxP09kZJAqVHg6c6AwEDN1sbmf7VOAv6Fk/IwToCFdLrITwSGCI/zwD0uGQUx0kCo5PqvmA6ITgN0aiUdgj178jw0Tyr2WcW6rZZr1TyOItpHB+gI2egc1dA1qqMGougRPaNX9GY8GS/Gu/ExbS0Y+cwu+iPj8wdZGJa9</latexit>

pt,5
NPR =
pa
<latexit sha1_base64="o/lBeZScEiqrVprOdn8zHfPR7uY=">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</latexit>

✓ ◆ 1
pt 1
= 1+ M2
p 2

– Can not go beyond Mach 1 for converging nozzle


<latexit sha1_base64="Z9FPYqzOGxjC2Uxm+E3V1NFUNDE=">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</latexit>

✓ ◆
pt 1 1
⇧crit = = 1+
p M =1 2

1A B pt5 m pa
pa / pt5

C
D Choked
Flow
Mass Flow Rate m

Thermodynamic cycle
– Nozzle (converging only for now)
– Choked nozzle N P R > ⇧crit
<latexit sha1_base64="A1r9e7Z3AWAYxXSR3pT/6Jvu7Rw=">AAAB+XicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oh69LBbBU0mkqCcpePEkUewHtCFsttt26WYTdjeFEvpPvHhQxKv/xJv/xk2bg7Y+GHi8N8PMvDDhTGnH+bZKa+sbm1vl7crO7t7+gX141FJxKgltkpjHshNiRTkTtKmZ5rSTSIqjkNN2OL7N/faESsVi8aSnCfUjPBRswAjWRgps+957RDeo57EgI5LpWWBXnZozB1olbkGqUMAL7K9ePyZpRIUmHCvVdZ1E+xmWmhFOZ5VeqmiCyRgPaddQgSOq/Gx++QydGaWPBrE0JTSaq78nMhwpNY1C0xlhPVLLXi7+53VTPbj2MyaSVFNBFosGKUc6RnkMqM8kJZpPDcH534wgMsISE23CqpgQ3OWXV0nrouZe1pyHerVRL+Iowwmcwjm4cAUNuAMPmkBgAs/wCm9WZr1Y79bHorVkFTPH8AfW5w9cipLO</latexit>

M9 = 1
<latexit sha1_base64="uXwE9UsvQqLsooU9hbAfM28USFE=">AAAB7nicbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgKeyK+DgIAS9ehAjmAckSZiezyZDZ2WWmVwhLPsKLB0W8+j3e/BsnyR40saChqOqmuytIpDDout9OYWV1bX2juFna2t7Z3SvvHzRNnGrGGyyWsW4H1HApFG+gQMnbieY0CiRvBaPbqd964tqIWD3iOOF+RAdKhIJRtFLrvndNbojXK1fcqjsDWSZeTiqQo94rf3X7MUsjrpBJakzHcxP0M6pRMMknpW5qeELZiA54x1JFI278bHbuhJxYpU/CWNtSSGbq74mMRsaMo8B2RhSHZtGbiv95nRTDKz8TKkmRKzZfFKaSYEymv5O+0JyhHFtCmRb2VsKGVFOGNqGSDcFbfHmZNM+q3kXVfTiv1M7zOIpwBMdwCh5cQg3uoA4NYDCCZ3iFNydxXpx352PeWnDymUP4A+fzB3O/jko=</latexit>

pt,5 Tt,5
<latexit sha1_base64="Sr2BookMoGAjsEX8RvvrcL1F8CA=">AAACFHicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g0UQqiUp9bUQCm5cVugLmhAm00k7dCYJMxOhhHyEG3/FjQtF3Lpw5984bbPQ6oELh3Pu5d57/JhRqSzryygsLa+srhXXSxubW9s75u5eR0aJwKSNIxaJno8kYTQkbUUVI71YEMR9Rrr++Gbqd++JkDQKW2oSE5ejYUgDipHSkmdWWt4VvIZOIBBOW16qTs6yLLUrc8EZIs4RPLWztJZlnlm2qtYM8C+xc1IGOZqe+ekMIpxwEirMkJR924qVmyKhKGYkKzmJJDHCYzQkfU1DxIl009lTGTzSygAGkdAVKjhTf06kiEs54b7u5EiN5KI3Ff/z+okKLt2UhnGiSIjni4KEQRXBaUJwQAXBik00QVhQfSvEI6TjUDrHkg7BXnz5L+nUqvZ51bqrlxv1PI4iOACH4BjY4AI0wC1ogjbA4AE8gRfwajwaz8ab8T5vLRj5zD74BePjG+SJnXQ=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="9Vm2BwQLnnABg5GqtkMXS00L+qI=">AAACCXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g0VwISWR+loIBTcuK9gHNCVMppN26OTBzI1QQrZu/BU3LhRx6x+482+ctFlo64ELh3Pu5XKOFwuuwLK+jdLS8srqWnm9srG5tb1j7u61VZRIylo0EpHsekQxwUPWAg6CdWPJSOAJ1vHGN7nfeWBS8Si8h0nM+gEZhtznlICWXBPH7hW+xo4vCU1jN4WTsyxLnSZ3Uyo5ZJlrVq2aNQVeJHZBqqhA0zW/nEFEk4CFQAVRqmdbMfRTIoFTwbKKkygWEzomQ9bTNCQBU/10miTDR1oZYD+SekLAU/X3RUoCpSaBpzcDAiM17+Xif14vAf+yn/IwToCFdPbITwSGCOe14AGXjIKYaELy4JxiOiK6FNDlVXQJ9nzkRdI+rdnnNeuuXm3UizrK6AAdomNkowvUQLeoiVqIokf0jF7Rm/FkvBjvxsdstWQUN/voD4zPHz1jmgk=</latexit>

p9 = T9 =
⇧crit 1 + 21
p <latexit sha1_base64="lvhHcY9Oh/4riIiyrWHUqpEPrrM=">AAACAnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdSVuBovgqiRS1C6EghuXVfqCJoSb6bQdOpPEmYlQQnHjr7hxoYhbv8Kdf+P0sdDWAxcO59zLvfeECWdKO863tbS8srq2ntvIb25t7+zae/sNFaeS0DqJeSxbISjKWUTrmmlOW4mkIEJOm+Hgeuw3H6hULI5qephQX0AvYl1GQBspsA8hKOMr7Kl7qTOvB0IAvsO1oDwK7IJTdCbAi8SdkQKaoRrYX14nJqmgkSYclGq7TqL9DKRmhNNR3ksVTYAMoEfbhkYgqPKzyQsjfGKUDu7G0lSk8UT9PZGBUGooQtMpQPfVvDcW//Paqe5e+hmLklTTiEwXdVOOdYzHeeAOk5RoPjQEiGTmVkz6IIFok1rehODOv7xIGmdF97zo3JYKldIsjhw6QsfoFLnoAlXQDaqiOiLoET2jV/RmPVkv1rv1MW1dsmYzB+gPrM8fTnKWDQ==</latexit>

a9 = RT9
– Adapted nozzle N P R < ⇧crit
<latexit sha1_base64="xI5xLMx04oXVoopMJrzxlQS1/OM=">AAAB+XicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oh69LBbBU0mkqAcPBS+eJIr9gDaEzXbbLt1swu6mUEL/iRcPinj1n3jz37hpc9DWBwOP92aYmRcmnCntON9WaW19Y3OrvF3Z2d3bP7APj1oqTiWhTRLzWHZCrChngjY105x2EklxFHLaDse3ud+eUKlYLJ70NKF+hIeCDRjB2kiBbd97j+gG9TwWZEQyPQvsqlNz5kCrxC1IFQp4gf3V68ckjajQhGOluq6TaD/DUjPC6azSSxVNMBnjIe0aKnBElZ/NL5+hM6P00SCWpoRGc/X3RIYjpaZRaDojrEdq2cvF/7xuqgfXfsZEkmoqyGLRIOVIxyiPAfWZpETzqSE4/5sRREZYYqJNWBUTgrv88ippXdTcy5rzUK826kUcZTiBUzgHF66gAXfgQRMITOAZXuHNyqwX6936WLSWrGLmGP7A+vwBWWySzA==</latexit>

p 9 = pa <latexit sha1_base64="0ttFvDZxiYEqWmSd0JdG4O2R450=">AAAB8HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyI+FgIBTcuK9iHtMOQSTNtaJIJSUYopV/hxoUibv0cd/6NaTsLbT1w4XDOvdx7T6w4M9b3v73Cyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/aJo004Q2SMpT3Y6xoZxJ2rDMctpWmmIRc9qKh7dTv/VEtWGpfLAjRUOB+5IljGDrpEcVXaMbpCIclSt+1Z8BLZMgJxXIUY/KX91eSjJBpSUcG9MJfGXDMdaWEU4npW5mqMJkiPu046jEgppwPDt4gk6c0kNJql1Ji2bq74kxFsaMROw6BbYDs+hNxf+8TmaTq3DMpMoslWS+KMk4simafo96TFNi+cgRTDRztyIywBoT6zIquRCCxZeXSfOsGlxU/fvzSu08j6MIR3AMpxDAJdTgDurQAAICnuEV3jztvXjv3se8teDlM4fwB97nD3pij4A=</latexit>

✓ ◆ 1 <latexit sha1_base64="Mfz+u3TRd4kkeLgmvwujQ0A37uo=">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</latexit>

T9 pa
=
Tt,5 pt,5
v "✓ #
u
<latexit sha1_base64="oYR0U47dhuRNmDNL7CHacpC2NkA=">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</latexit>

u 2 ◆ 1
p
pt,9
M9 = t
<latexit sha1_base64="IOxoRYxLcjJD2/48l3WZCySc3RQ=">AAACBnicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUZciBIvgqsxIUbsQCm7cCFX6gs4wZNJMG5pkxiQjlKErN/6KGxeKuPUb3Pk3po+Fth64l8M595LcEyaMKu0431ZuaXlldS2/XtjY3NresXf3mipOJSYNHLNYtkOkCKOCNDTVjLQTSRAPGWmFg6ux33ogUtFY1PUwIT5HPUEjipE2UmAfNoMKvIQ3pnvqXurM6yHOEbyD9aAyCuyiU3ImgIvEnZEimKEW2F9eN8YpJ0JjhpTquE6i/QxJTTEjo4KXKpIgPEA90jFUIE6Un03OGMFjo3RhFEtTQsOJ+nsjQ1ypIQ/NJEe6r+a9sfif10l1dOFnVCSpJgJPH4pSBnUMx5nALpUEazY0BGFJzV8h7iOJsDbJFUwI7vzJi6R5WnLPSs5tuVgtz+LIgwNwBE6AC85BFVyDGmgADB7BM3gFb9aT9WK9Wx/T0Zw129kHf2B9/gB4MZcv</latexit>

1 V 9 = M9 RT9
1 pa

Thermodynamic cycle
pt3 p
Temperature T

t4
t4
TIT =Tt4

pt5

Tt5s t5 Tt5
t5s
t3s t3
Tt3s pa
Tt3
Tt9s t9 Tt9
t9s
pt2
t2s
p2 0 t2 Tt2 =Tt2s
a
Entropy s
Exercise
– Turbojet with the following specifications:
⇡c = 8 RR = 0.96 T IT = 1200K ⌘is,C = 0.9 = ⌘is,T
<latexit sha1_base64="URXlGJGNaYkyPGlgmtR2fNkJ/ck=">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</latexit>

ṁ = 15kg/s cc = 0.06 ⌘cc = 0.95


V0 = 260m/s h = 23000f t LHV = 43M J/kg
c = 1.4 t = 1.33
– Calculate <latexit sha1_base64="J5K4ooa+XLO5zwCsAopjoTxMGqU=">AAAB/3icbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbjLSq4cTNYBFclkeJlVykUlxV7gyaEyXTSDp1MwsxEKLELX8WNC0Xc+hrufBsnbRfa+sPAx3/O4Zz5g4RRqWz72yisrK6tbxQ3za3tnd09a/+gLeNUYNLCMYtFN0CSMMpJS1HFSDcRBEUBI51gVMvrnQciJI15U40T4kVowGlIMVLa8q2jG/8auq5Z9zNO1CTH5n295lslu2xPBZfBmUMJzNXwrS+3H+M0IlxhhqTsOXaivAwJRTEjE9NNJUkQHqEB6WnkKCLSy6b3T+CpdvowjIV+XMGp+3siQ5GU4yjQnRFSQ7lYy83/ar1UhVdeRnmSKsLxbFGYMqhimIcB+1QQrNhYA8KC6lshHiKBsNKRmToEZ/HLy9A+LzsXZfuuUqpW5nEUwTE4AWfAAZegCm5BA7QABo/gGbyCN+PJeDHejY9Za8GYzxyCPzI+fwAZapQv</latexit>

A9
Fnet
T SF C

Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Optimisation
– No analytical solution due to dynamic pressure and nozzle
T IT
<latexit sha1_base64="vnIWmg6J/z3Ku7RJKTts8Efyy8s=">AAACCXicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdelmsAgupCRS1GXBje4qpA9oQphMJu3QySSdmQglZOvGX3HjQhG3/oE7/8Zpm4W2HrhwOOde7r0nSBmVyrK+jZXVtfWNzcpWdXtnd2/fPDjsyCQTmLRxwhLRC5AkjHLSVlQx0ksFQXHASDcY3Uz97gMRkibcUZOUeDEacBpRjJSWfBO6KfUxdMfjDIXQjQTCuXPnFLnj5+ocFYVv1qy6NQNcJnZJaqBEyze/3DDBWUy4wgxJ2betVHk5EopiRoqqm0mSIjxCA9LXlKOYSC+ffVLAU62EMEqELq7gTP09kaNYykkc6M4YqaFc9Kbif14/U9G1l1OeZopwPF8UZQyqBE5jgSEVBCs20QRhQfWtEA+RTkPp8Ko6BHvx5WXSuajbl3XrvlFrNso4KuAYnIAzYIMr0AS3oAXaAINH8AxewZvxZLwY78bHvHXFKGeOwB8Ynz9b/ZoW</latexit>

– 2 parameters determine performance ⇡c


Tt,a
600
Mn = 0.82
550 FL 350
500 ISA α=5
Overall
450 Efficiency
Specific Thrust [m/s]

400 0.280
α=5
350
300 0.210
α=4 α=4
250
200 α=3
0.140
α=3
150
100 0.070
50
α = TIT/Ta 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100
Compressor Pressure Ratio

Performance: Thrust
– Engine rating (spool speed N)
pa; Ta; Va Takeoff
Thrust

Max Cont
Max Cruise

nD
n (TIT)
– Ambient temperature
pa; Va ; TIT
Thrust

Ta

Performance: Thrust
– Ambient pressure
Ta; Va ; TIT
Thrust

pa
– Altitude
Va ; TIT
Thrust

11000 m Altitude

Performance: Thrust
– Flight speed
pa ;Ta ;TIT
Thrust

Ma=1 Va
Exercise
– JT4a-11 at 25,000 ft
– a = 309.7 m/s 1lbf = 4.4482 N
– Assume fully expanded nozzle
<latexit sha1_base64="6gZq9xqkVX+1rdOWbk3gcTFzVBk=">AAACC3icbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdelmaBHqwpJI8bEQCoK4rGDTQlPCZDpph04ezNwIJXTvxl9x40IRt/6AO//GaZuFth64cDjn3pl7j58IrsCyvo2l5ZXVtfXCRnFza3tn19zbd1ScSsqaNBaxbPtEMcEj1gQOgrUTyUjoC9byh9cTv/XApOJxdA+jhHVD0o94wCkBLXlm6QZfYbcXQxaOsStYABXHu8Qn2PGIK3l/AMeeWbaq1hR4kdg5KaMcDc/80g/SNGQRUEGU6thWAt2MSOBUsHHRTRVLCB2SPutoGpGQqW42vWWMj7TSw0EsdUWAp+rviYyESo1CX3eGBAZq3puI/3mdFIKLbsajJAUW0dlHQSowxHgSDO5xySiIkSaESq53xXRAJKGg4yvqEOz5kxeJc1q1z6rWXa1cr+VxFNAhKqEKstE5qqNb1EBNRNEjekav6M14Ml6Md+Nj1rpk5DMH6A+Mzx8VZ5kk</latexit>

F = ṁ (V9 Va )
– Thermal efficiency ṁ9 V92 ṁ0 V02
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⌘th =
2ṁf LHV
– Propulsive efficiency 2 F Va
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⌘p =
ṁ9 V92 ṁ0 V02
– Overall efficiency
⌘o = ⌘p · ⌘th
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Exercise
M
Va
T
TSFC
m0
FF
V9
ηprop ηth ηov
[—] [m/s] [daN] [kg/h/daN] [kg/s] [kg/s] [m/s] [—] [—] [—]

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

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