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AERO3261

Propellers

Ass. Prof Dries Verstraete

The University of Sydney


Overview

– Actuator Disk Theory

– Blade Element Theory

– Non-dimensional coefficients

– Propeller types

Actuator disk theory

– Flow model V∞ Streamline


p∞ Vd
Vs
pf pr p∞

Streamtube
1 2 3
pr

Pressure p∞
p∞
pf

Vs
Vd
Velocity V∞

p∞
Actuator disk theory

– Expressions for thrust


– Momentum across the streamtube volume
2
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T = ṁ (Vs V1 ) = ⇢AVd (Vs V1 ) = ⇢AV1 (1 + a)(1 + b 1)


2
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T = ⇢AV1 (1 + a)b

2
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– Force balance across the disk <latexit sha1_base64="1oPQa9t7gSSiRc5hRqitc5s7ew4=">AAACF3icbVBNS8NAEN34bf2qevSyWIR6sCRS1Iug6MFjhVaFJoTNdtIubpJldyKU0H/hxb/ixYMiXvXmv3Fbe9Dqg4G3782wMy9SUhh03U9nanpmdm5+YbG0tLyyulZe37gyWa45tHgmM30TMQNSpNBCgRJulAaWRBKuo9uzoX99B9qILG1iX0GQsG4qYsEZWiks15r0mPq6l9FT6p+DREaVVexDQoxVFWq6R1UY+1p0e7gblituzR2B/iXemFTIGI2w/OF3Mp4nkCKXzJi25yoMCqZRcAmDkp8bUIzfsi60LU1ZAiYoRncN6I5VOjTOtK0U6Uj9OVGwxJh+EtnOhGHPTHpD8T+vnWN8FBQiVTlCyr8/inNJMaPDkGhHaOAo+5YwroXdlfIe04yjjbJkQ/AmT/5LrvZr3kHNvaxXTurjOBbIFtkmVeKRQ3JCLkiDtAgn9+SRPJMX58F5cl6dt+/WKWc8s0l+wXn/Aiu+nM4=</latexit>


p = ⇢V1 b (1 + a)
T = ⇢A p = A (pr pf )
– Bernouilli
2
⇢Vd2 2
⇢Vd2
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⇢V1 ⇢V1
p1 + = pf + pf = p 1 +
2 2 2 2
⇢Vs2 ⇢Vd2 ⇢Vs2 ⇢Vd2
p3 + = pr + p r = p3 +
2 2 2 2

Actuator disk theory

– Bernouilli ✓ ◆
⇢Vs2 ⇢Vd2 2
⇢Vd2
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⇢V1
p = pr p f = p3 + p1 +
2 2 2 2
⇢Vs2 2
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⇢V1
=
2 2 <latexit sha1_base64="dSooA6Vszxn7mbA2gph6yVEjhog=">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</latexit>

✓ ◆
⇢V12
2 b
= (1 + b)2 1 p = ⇢V1 b 1 +
2 2
2
⇢V1
= 2b + b2
2
– Half of velocity increase occurs upstream of the propeller
b
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a=
2
<latexit sha1_base64="7BJEcae1cKjjtt2mCDtYYyZA1Bg=">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</latexit>

✓ ◆
2 b
T = ⇢AV1 1+ b
2

Actuator disk theory

– Definitions
T
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– Thrust coefficient CT =
⇢n2 D4
P
<latexit sha1_base64="vUoUzRN2vSK8L8ad4KBoa7UlTHc=">AAACBXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtdDBbBVUm0PjZCoS5cRrAPaNIwmU7aoZNJmJkIJWTjxl9x40IRt/6DO//G6WOhrQcuHM65l3vvCRJGpbKsb6OwtLyyulZcL21sbm3vmLt7TRmnApMGjlks2gGShFFOGooqRtqJICgKGGkFw/rYbz0QIWnM79UoIV6E+pyGFCOlJd88rPsOvIZuKBDOnDxzxSCGvHsGb7rnuW+WrYo1AVwk9oyUwQyOb365vRinEeEKMyRlx7YS5WVIKIoZyUtuKkmC8BD1SUdTjiIivWzyRQ6PtdKDYSx0cQUn6u+JDEVSjqJAd0ZIDeS8Nxb/8zqpCq+8jPIkVYTj6aIwZVDFcBwJ7FFBsGIjTRAWVN8K8QDpQJQOrqRDsOdfXiTN04p9UbHuquVadRZHERyAI3ACbHAJauAWOKABMHgEz+AVvBlPxovxbnxMWwvGbGYf/IHx+QNEtZcc</latexit>

– Power coefficient CP =
⇢n3 D5
V
<latexit sha1_base64="JIwgPEDCVYdadkCJ27RTUrJkrTA=">AAAB+nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/Uj16WSyCp5JIUS9CQQ/iqYL9gDaUzXbTLt1swu5GKTE/xYsHRbz6S7z5b9y2OWjrg4HHezPMzPNjzpR2nG+rsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7tnl/ZaKEklok0Q8kh0fK8qZoE3NNKedWFIc+py2/fHV1G8/UKlYJO71JKZeiIeCBYxgbaS+Xb5Fl6gXSEzSVpYKdJ317YpTdWZAy8TNSQVyNPr2V28QkSSkQhOOleq6Tqy9FEvNCKdZqZcoGmMyxkPaNVTgkCovnZ2eoWOjDFAQSVNCo5n6eyLFoVKT0DedIdYjtehNxf+8bqKDCy9lIk40FWS+KEg40hGa5oAGTFKi+cQQTCQztyIywiYHbdIqmRDcxZeXSeu06p5VnbtapV7L4yjCIRzBCbhwDnW4gQY0gcAjPMMrvFlP1ov1bn3MWwtWPnMAf2B9/gD6FpMj</latexit>

– Advance ratio J=
nD

T · V1
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– Efficiency ⌘=
P

Actuator disk theory

– Ideal power and ideal efficiency


– No losses in actuator disk theory
– Rate of change in kinetic energy
ṁ Vs2 V1 2
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⇢AVd
P = = Vs2 2
V1
2 2
3
=⇢AV1 (1 + a) (1 + b)2 1
3
=⇢AV1 (1 + a)b(1 + b/2)

3
(1 + a)2 2a
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P = ⇢AV1

– Ideal or Froude efficiency


T · V1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="9EiyZxbwODW2Jf+gxJx7VdLI5Ww=">AAACHHicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdelmsAiCUBIt6kYouHFZoS9oQphMJ+3QySTM3Agl5EPc+CtuXCjixoXg3zh9INp64MLhnHu5954gEVyDbX9ZS8srq2vrhY3i5tb2zm5pb7+l41RR1qSxiFUnIJoJLlkTOAjWSRQjUSBYOxjejP32PVOax7IBo4R5EelLHnJKwEh+6dxlQPA1dkNFaNbALu3FgFt+5nIZwijPs3r+Yzt55pyS3C+V7Yo9AV4kzoyU0Qx1v/Th9mKaRkwCFUTrrmMn4GVEAaeC5UU31SwhdEj6rGuoJBHTXjZ5LsfHRunhMFamJOCJ+nsiI5HWoygwnRGBgZ73xuJ/XjeF8MrLuExSYJJOF4WpwBDjcVK4xxWjIEaGEKq4uRXTATE5gMmzaEJw5l9eJK2zinNRse+q5Vp1FkcBHaIjdIIcdIlq6BbVURNR9ICe0At6tR6tZ+vNep+2LlmzmQP0B9bnN5qKoQs=</latexit>

⌘= =
P 1+a

Actuator disk theory

– Ideal or Froude efficiency


ηF = 1
1+a
1
Losses
0.83
Profile drag
Efficiency η

ηp losses
dominant
V∞ 1
ν= =
Vs 1+2a
0
0 1
Speed Ratio ν
Hub Tip

Blade Element Theory dr

– Divide blade into sections (elements)


– Assumption: isolated airfoil Rotation Speed
Section AA

– No interference
– Only valid for low solidity B·c
<latexit sha1_base64="0G9I6BM1UJyS1HHLN2MVvbbkIic=">AAACDnicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g6XgqiQi6qJC0Y3LCvYBTSiTyaQdOpkJMxOhhHyBG3/FjQtF3Lp25984bbPQ1gMXDufcy733BAmjSjvOt1VaWV1b3yhvVra2d3b37P2DjhKpxKSNBROyFyBFGOWkralmpJdIguKAkW4wvpn63QciFRX8Xk8S4sdoyGlEMdJGGtg1T9FhjOAV9CKJcHYNPRwKDXGeeQmFMoeNRsMd2FWn7swAl4lbkCoo0BrYX14ocBoTrjFDSvVdJ9F+hqSmmJG84qWKJAiP0ZD0DeUoJsrPZu/ksGaUEEZCmuLmlKn6eyJDsVKTODCdMdIjtehNxf+8fqqjSz+jPEk14Xi+KEoZ1AJOs4EhlQRrNjEEYUnNrRCPkIlFmwQrJgR38eVl0jmtu+d15+6s2jwr4iiDI3AMToALLkAT3IIWaAMMHsEzeAVv1pP1Yr1bH/PWklXMHII/sD5/AMgfmp0=</latexit>

= <<< 1
⇡r
– Airfoil around one element

ΔT L i ne
oLift
Z e r
ΔL

α
θ
V Vax
ΔFθ
ΔD

Line
Blade Element Theory ΔT
Z e ro Li
ft

ΔL
α
θ
V Vax
– Geometry =✓ ↵
<latexit sha1_base64="yG8TGptLHZ6DgvOGI5Y7qlduy9M=">AAACAHicbVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/oh48eFksghdLIkW9CAUvHivYD2hCmWw3zdLNB7sToZRe/CtePCji1Z/hzX9j0uagrQ8GHu/NMDPPS6TQaFnfRmlldW19o7xZ2dre2d0z9w/aOk4V4y0Wy1h1PdBcioi3UKDk3URxCD3JO97oNvc7j1xpEUcPOE64G8IwEr5ggJnUN4+cJBD0hjoYcAR6Th2QSQCVvlm1atYMdJnYBamSAs2++eUMYpaGPEImQeuebSXoTkChYJJPK06qeQJsBEPey2gEIdfuZPbAlJ5myoD6scoqQjpTf09MINR6HHpZZwgY6EUvF//zein61+5EREmKPGLzRX4qKcY0T4MOhOIM5TgjwJTIbqUsAAUMs8zyEOzFl5dJ+6JmX9as+3q1US/iKJNjckLOiE2uSIPckSZpEUam5Jm8kjfjyXgx3o2PeWvJKGYOyR8Ynz9dTZTt</latexit>

ΔFθ
ΔD

– Force balance
T = L cos D sin
<latexit sha1_base64="obXYquGI5l0n9yhaRIl05P989Ms=">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</latexit>

F✓ = L sin + D cos
– Torque is the rolling moment around the axis
Q = r F✓
<latexit sha1_base64="AQRsXxcDVnDA0zYEgmdKQymbJ40=">AAACCHicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdenCwSK4KokUdSMUFHHZgn1AE8pketsOnTyYuRFK6NKNv+LGhSJu/QR3/o1Jm4W2Hrhw5px7mXuPF0mh0bK+jaXlldW19cJGcXNre2fX3Ntv6jBWHBo8lKFqe0yDFAE0UKCEdqSA+Z6Elje6zvzWAygtwuAexxG4PhsEoi84w1TqmkfODUhktE6vqKL547abODgEZJNi1yxZZWsKukjsnJRIjlrX/HJ6IY99CJBLpnXHtiJ0E6ZQcAmTohNriBgfsQF0UhowH7SbTA+Z0JNU6dF+qNIKkE7V3xMJ87Ue+17a6TMc6nkvE//zOjH2L91EBFGMEPDZR/1YUgxplgrtCQUc5TgljCuR7kr5kCnGMc0uC8GeP3mRNM/K9nnZqldK1UoeR4EckmNySmxyQarkjtRIg3DySJ7JK3kznowX4934mLUuGfnMAfkD4/MHJCOYHQ==</latexit>

⇢V 2
<latexit sha1_base64="RJjruy6PXDliY3tmPeD96gvglQM=">AAACrnichVFbb9MwFHbCbZRbB4+8HFGBhiaqpJqAl0kT5YHHVVq7iTpEjuM01hw7sk8mVVF/Hn+AN/4NzhpVsIE4kuXP5/Kd4+9ktZIOo+hnEN65e+/+g72Hg0ePnzx9Ntx/vnCmsVzMuVHGXmTMCSW1mKNEJS5qK1iVKXGeXU67+PmVsE4afYbrWiQVW2lZSM7Qu9Lhd/pZKGRwBsdvgBaW8Zba0sDi22TTTjZUiQIPpqkCyo0DWpcS3sE0zYE6qbdvauWqxLfwyefkBoH3d24pHfT0MziG//Dv+A63/Lt+/+K3uz6DdDiKxtG1wW0Q92BEejtNhz9obnhTCY1cMeeWcVRj0jKLkiuxGdDGiZrxS7YSSw81q4RL2mu5N/Dae3IojPVH+3k67+8VLaucW1eZz6wYlu5mrHP+LbZssPiYtFLXDQrNt42KRgEa6HYHubSCo1p7wLiVflbgJfOaot9wJ0J888u3wWIyjt+Po9nR6OSol2OPvCSvyAGJyQdyQr6QUzInPDgMZsHXYBlG4SJMwnSbGgZ9zQvyh4XlLwS9zHY=</latexit>

T = (Cl cos Cd sin ) B · c · dr


2
(2)
⇢V 2
Q= (Cl sin + Cd cos ) B · c · r · dr
2

– What is V? q
<latexit sha1_base64="EKXzQ/gODXGJPFjKh/pa/cbDfRo=">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</latexit>

2 +V2
V = Vax ✓
✓ ◆ (1)
Vax
↵ = ✓ atan
V✓

Line
Blade Element Theory ΔT
Z e ro Li
ft

ΔL
α
θ
V Vax
– Inflow factors ΔFθ
ΔD
<latexit sha1_base64="K/jh4L2BC2qD6KkjiCs2VWKzHwo=">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</latexit>


Vax = (1 + a) V1
V✓ = a⌦ ⌦r
– Axial momentum on ring <latexit sha1_base64="teqQpL15d8hD/Nz4zclQCjj8E5E=">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</latexit>

T = ṁ (Vs V1 ) = 2⇡rdr⇢V1 (1 + a) (Vs V1 )

2
T = 4⇡rdr⇢V1 (1 + a)a (3)
– Angular momentum
Q= F✓ r
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= 2⇡rdr⇢Vax (V✓,s V✓,1 ) r


Line
Blade Element Theory ΔT
Z e ro Li
ft

ΔL
α
θ
V Vax
– Angular momentum ΔFθ
ΔD
<latexit sha1_base64="iShnffm2sP5FmZ9+T+Bd2Sn0C8A=">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</latexit>

Q = 2⇡rdr⇢Vax (2a⌦ ⌦r 0) r

Q = 4⇡r3 dr⇢V1 (1 + a)a⌦ ⌦ (4)


<latexit sha1_base64="RTUWPmfoxzUAtKmI/wpFogwobt8=">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</latexit>

– How do we solve this?


Iterate
– Assume inflow factors a and a⌦
<latexit sha1_base64="b2b3vDkbwZxpDDfV5rDSOJOF1F8=">AAACAnicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUVfiJlgEV2VGirosuHFnBfuAdhjuZDJtaObRJCOUobjxV9y4UMStX+HOvzHTzkJbDyT3cM69JPd4CWdSWda3UVpZXVvfKG9WtrZ3dvfM/YO2jFNBaIvEPBZdDyTlLKItxRSn3URQCD1OO97oOvc7D1RIFkf3apJQJ4RBxAJGQGnJNY8A98fjFHxd8hvcrH8b0gFMXbNq1awZ8DKxC1JFBZqu+dX3Y5KGNFKEg5Q920qUk4FQjHA6rfRTSRMgIxjQnqYRhFQ62WyFKT7Vio+DWOgTKTxTf09kEEo5CT3dGYIaykUvF//zeqkKrpyMRUmqaETmDwUpxyrGeR7YZ4ISxSeaABFM/xWTIQggSqdW0SHYiysvk/Z5zb6oWXf1aqNexFFGx+gEnSEbXaIGukFN1EIEPaJn9IrejCfjxXg3PuatJaOYOUR/YHz+AIr6ltk=</latexit>

– Substitute in (1)
– Use (2) to get T and Q
<latexit sha1_base64="pYaj5G950rH4knhmnbWUZ8wjfSw=">AAACB3icbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUZeCBIvgqsxIUZcFXbhsoS9oh5LJ3GlDM48mGaEM3bnxV9y4UMStv+DOvzGdzkJbDyT3cM69JPe4MWdSWda3UVhb39jcKm6Xdnb39g/Mw6O2jBJBoUUjHomuSyRwFkJLMcWhGwsggcuh445v537nAYRkUdhU0xicgAxD5jNKlJYG5mn/DrgiuIn7k0lCPF2ye6E2BmbZqlgZ8Cqxc1JGOeoD86vvRTQJIFSUEyl7thUrJyVCMcphVuonEmJCx2QIPU1DEoB00myPGT7Xiof9SOgTKpypvydSEkg5DVzdGRA1ksveXPzP6yXKv3FSFsaJgpAuHvITjlWE56Fgjwmgik81IVQw/VdMR0QQqnR0JR2CvbzyKmlfVuyritWolmvVPI4iOkFn6ALZ6BrV0D2qoxai6BE9o1f0ZjwZL8a78bFoLRj5zDH6A+PzBxGvmB4=</latexit>

– Use (3) and (4) to get new value for a and a⌦


<latexit sha1_base64="b2b3vDkbwZxpDDfV5rDSOJOF1F8=">AAACAnicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUVfiJlgEV2VGirosuHFnBfuAdhjuZDJtaObRJCOUobjxV9y4UMStX+HOvzHTzkJbDyT3cM69JPd4CWdSWda3UVpZXVvfKG9WtrZ3dvfM/YO2jFNBaIvEPBZdDyTlLKItxRSn3URQCD1OO97oOvc7D1RIFkf3apJQJ4RBxAJGQGnJNY8A98fjFHxd8hvcrH8b0gFMXbNq1awZ8DKxC1JFBZqu+dX3Y5KGNFKEg5Q920qUk4FQjHA6rfRTSRMgIxjQnqYRhFQ62WyFKT7Vio+DWOgTKTxTf09kEEo5CT3dGYIaykUvF//zeqkKrpyMRUmqaETmDwUpxyrGeR7YZ4ISxSeaABFM/xWTIQggSqdW0SHYiysvk/Z5zb6oWXf1aqNexFFGx+gEnSEbXaIGukFN1EIEPaJn9IrejCfjxXg3PuatJaOYOUR/YHz+AIr6ltk=</latexit>

Propeller Types

– Fixed pitch
e d
e
– Ground-adjustable t Sp
n

Efficiency
st a
n
Co
– Flight-adjustable
β4 >β3>β2>β1 β β β β
– Constant speed 1 2 3 4
Advance Ratio

Propeller Types
0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
0.10 1.00

θ=33.80˚ θ=27.70˚ θ=23.80˚ θ=20.00˚


r/R=0.20 r/R=0.30 r/R=0.40 r/R=0.50

θ=17.50˚ θ=14.60˚ θ=12.50˚ θ=9.50˚


r/R=0.60 r/R=0.70 r/R=0.80 r/R=0.90

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