 Correlations for boiling heat transfer

Range of 𝚫𝑻𝒆 Mode of boiling

Δ𝑇𝑒 ≤ Δ𝑇𝑒,𝐴 Free convection boiling

Δ𝑇(𝑒,𝐴) ≤ Δ𝑇𝑒 < Δ𝑇𝑒,𝐶 Nucleate boiling

Δ𝑇(𝑒,𝐶) ≤ Δ𝑇𝑒 < Δ𝑇𝑒,𝐷 Transition Unstable boiling (oscillation between bubble and film boiling)

Δ𝑇(𝑒,𝐷) ≤ Δ𝑇𝑒 Film Boiling

b) Nucleate boiling Rohsenow formula
1⁄ 2 3 Properties at
′′ − 𝜌𝑣 ) 𝑔( 𝑙 𝐶𝑝 ,𝑙 Δ𝑇𝑒
= 𝜇 𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [
𝑠 ] ( ) Tsat
𝜎 𝐶𝑠 ,𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑃𝑟 𝑛
c) Max. heat flux for nucleate boiling
C=/24 for horizontal Properties at Tsat
cylinder and spheres
C=0.149 for large
horizontal plates
d) Min. heat flux (Leidenfrost point) Leidenfrost point
C=0.09 Properties at Tsat

e) Film boiling on horizontal cylinders and spheres

1⁄ 4 C=0.62 for Properties at
ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝐷 𝑔 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )ℎ𝑓𝑔′ 𝐷3
𝑁𝑢 𝐷 = = 𝐶[ ] horizontal Tf except l
𝑘𝑣 𝜈𝑣 𝑘 𝑣 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
cylinders and h fg at Tsat
C=0.67 for spheres
ℎ𝑓𝑔′ = ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 0.8𝐶𝑝,(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡) 𝑇𝑓 = (𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡)⁄2

ℎ̅4⁄3 = ℎ̅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + ℎ̅𝑟𝑎𝑑ℎ̅

4⁄3 1⁄3
Ifℎ̅𝑟𝑎𝑑 < ℎ̅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

𝜎 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant =5.67*10-8 [W/K4]

f) Forced Convective boiling

External Flow over a cylinder
Low velocity High velocity

WeD =Weber number (Inertia force/Surface tension force) is given by

Low velocity High velocity

 Correlations for Condensation heat transfer

a) Laminar film condensation over a vertical plate

Properties at Tf. 𝜌𝑣
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑓𝑔 evaluated at
Tsat
 1⁄ 4
𝑔 𝑙 ( 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) 𝑘 𝑙3 ℎ𝑓𝑔′
ℎ 𝐿 = 0.943 [ ]
𝜇 ( 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ) 𝐿

ℎ𝑓𝑔′ = ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 0.68 𝐶𝑝l (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠) = ℎ𝑓𝑔(1 + 0.68 𝐽𝑎) 𝐽𝑎 = 𝐶𝑝l (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠) / ℎ𝑓𝑔

Condensate rate

The above equation can be used for vertical plate inclined with the vertical by angle  by replacing g with
g cos(). Also the above equation can be used for vertical cylinder provided that (𝐿) ≪ 𝑅, where R is the
cylinder radius. For Vertical cylinder Γ = 𝑚̇ ⁄𝜋𝐷.

b) Turbulent film condensation on vertical plate

h’fg = hfg + 0.68 Cpl * (Tsat – Ts)

h’fg = hfg (1 + 0.68 Ja) (10.27)

Ja = Cpl * (Tsat – Ts) / hfg

 1⁄ 3
ℎ 𝐿 ( 𝜈𝑙2 ⁄ 𝑔 )
𝑁𝑢 𝐿 = = 1.47 𝑅𝑒𝛿 Wave
𝑘 -1/3 𝑅𝑒𝛿 ≤ 30
free
1⁄ 3
ℎ 𝐿 ( 𝜈𝑙2 ⁄ 𝑔 ) 𝑅 𝛿 30 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝛿 ≤ 1800 Wavy
𝑁𝑢 𝐿 = = 1.22
𝑘𝑙 1.08 𝑅 𝛿 − 5.2
1⁄ 3
ℎ 𝐿 ( 𝜈𝑙2 ⁄ 𝑔 ) 𝑅𝑒𝛿 𝑅𝑒𝛿 > 1800
𝑁𝑢 𝐿 = = Turbulent
𝑘𝑙 8750 + 58 𝑃𝑟 − 0.5 (𝑅𝑒𝛿0.75 − 253 )

or in terms of the parameter P

1⁄ 3
ℎ 𝐿 ( 𝜈𝑙2 ⁄ 𝑔 ) − 1⁄ 4
𝑁𝑢 𝐿 = = 0.943 𝑃 ≤ 15.8 Wave
𝑘
1⁄ 3 free
ℎ 𝐿 ( 𝜈𝑙2 ⁄ 𝑔 ) 1
𝑁𝑢 = = (0.68 𝑃 + 0.89 ) 0.82 15.8 ≤ 𝑃 ≤ 2530
𝑘𝑙
Wavy
1⁄ 3
ℎ 𝐿 ( 𝜈𝑙2 ⁄ 𝑔 ) 1 4⁄ 3
𝑁𝑢 𝐿 = = [(0.024 𝑃 − 53 )𝑃𝑟 1 ⁄ 2 + 89 ] 𝑃 ≥ 2530, 𝑃𝑟𝑙 ≥ 1
𝑘𝑙 Turbulent

For Calculation of T from Re (problem 10.49)