Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering Midterm Examination

3rd Year Mechanical Power Time Allowed: 60 min.
Heat and Mass Transfer B (MEP 304B) May 2017
Question 1: [ 8 Marks]

The bottom of a pressurized “stainless steel (ground and polished)” vessel (Csf = 0.006), 25 cm in
diameter, where water is boiled, is maintained at a temperature corresponding to a DNBR value of
1.5 at 2.455 bar by an electric heater.
a) Estimate the power required to boil water in this vessel.
b) What is the evaporation rate?
c) Estimate the surface temperature of the bottom of the pressure vessel.

Question 2: [ 12 Marks]

A counter flow, double pipe heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating oil for a large industrial
gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner thick “stainless steel AISI 316
(k = 13.4 W/m.K)” tube (Dot = 33.4 mm and Dit = 26.64 mm) is 0.2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil
through the outer annulus (Doa = 52.5 mm) is 0.1 kg/s. The oil and water enter at temperatures of
97°C and 27°C, respectively. If fouling effects are ignored, determine:
a) How long must the tube be made if the outlet temperature of the oil is to be 57°C?
b) What is the effectiveness of that heat exchanger?
c) Using the length of tube calculated in (a) above, and if inlet temperatures and flow
rates are kept constant, whereas the flow geometry is changed to a parallel flow
condition, calculate what changes do you think will occur to the performance of the
heat exchanger (exit temperatures, total heat transfer rate and effectiveness).

GOOD LUCK!
AK, HK, AR & AA

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 Heat Transfer Data sheet
1. Boiling Heat transfer Correlations
Nucleate Pool boiling:
1⁄ 3
𝑞 𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) 2 𝐶𝑝𝑙 . ∆𝑇𝑒
( ⁄𝐴) = 𝜇𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [ ] [ ]
𝜎 𝐶𝑠𝑓 . ℎ𝑓𝑔 . 𝑃𝑟𝑙

Properties of Liquid and vapor are evaluated at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡

Film Boiling on Outer Surface of Horizontal Tube:

4⁄ ) (4⁄3) 1⁄ )
ℎ( 3 = ℎ𝑏 + ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 . ℎ( 3 [𝐹𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 < ℎ𝑏 ∶ ℎ ≈ ℎ𝑏 + 3⁄4 ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 ]
1⁄
4
𝑘𝑣3 𝑔 𝜌𝑣 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) (ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 0.4 . 𝐶𝑝𝑣 . ∆𝑇𝑒 )
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: ℎ𝑏 = 𝐶 [ ]
𝜇𝑣 . 𝑑 . ∆𝑇𝑒

5.67 × 10−8 . 𝜀 . (𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡

4 )
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 = , 𝜀 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

𝐶 = 0.62 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 & 𝐶 = 0.67 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠.

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑓 = (𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )⁄2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝜌𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

The critical heat flux:

𝑞 1
𝐶𝐻𝐹 = ( ⁄𝐴) = 𝐶𝑐𝑟 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [𝑔 𝜎 𝜌𝑣2 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )] ⁄4
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
𝟏⁄
∗ 𝒈(𝝆𝒍 − 𝝆𝒗 ) 𝟐
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑐𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦, 𝑳 = 𝑳[ ]
𝝈
Heater Geometry 𝑪𝒄𝒓 Characteristics Range of 𝑳∗
Dimension of Heater, L

Large horizontal flat heater 0.149 Width or diameter 𝐿∗ ≥ 27

small horizontal flat heater 18.9 k1 Width or diameter 9 < 𝐿∗ < 20

Large horizontal cylinder 0.12 Radius 𝐿∗ > 1.2

Small horizontal cylinder 0.12 (𝐿∗ )

−1⁄
4 Radius 0.15 ≤ 𝐿∗ ≤ 1.2

𝑘1 = 𝜎⁄[𝑔 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) 𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ] & Properties of Liquid and vapor are evaluated at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡

The Minimum Heat Flux: (Properties of Liquid and vapor are evaluated at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

For infinite horizontal flat plate:

1⁄
𝑞 𝑔 𝜎 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) 4
( ⁄𝐴) = 0.09 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜌𝑣 [ ]
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ,𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡 (𝜌𝑙 + 𝜌𝑣 )2

For horizontal cylinder:

1⁄
18 4
𝑞 𝑞
( ⁄𝐴) = 0.515 [ ∗ 2 ] ( ⁄𝐴)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿 ( 2 𝐿∗ 2 + 1) 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ,𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿∗ = 𝑅 [𝑔 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )⁄𝜎]1⁄2 & 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

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 2. Forced convection Heat Transfer correlations
Internal Flow through Tubes

𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 3.66 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 (𝑅𝑒𝐷 < 2300 ), 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑃𝑟 ≥ 0.6

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≥ 10000 ), 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑, 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤160 , L/D ≥ 10

𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒𝐷0.8 𝑃𝑟 𝑛
n = 0.4 for Ts > Tm , n = 0.3 for Ts < Tm
𝑢 𝑚 𝐷ℎ
𝑅𝑒𝐷 = ; 𝐷ℎ = 4 𝐴𝑐 ⁄𝑃 ; 𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚̇⁄(𝜌𝐴𝑐 )
𝜈

Properties are evaluated at 𝑇𝑚 ≅ (𝑇𝑚𝑖 + 𝑇𝑚𝑜 )⁄2

Table1: Nusselt number for fully Table 2: Hydraulic diameters and wetted perimeters for different
developed laminar flow in a circular tube configurations.
annulus with one surface insulated and Hydraulic Hydraulic
the other at constant temperature diameter diameter
Di/Do Nui Nuo Configuration 4 ∗ 𝐴𝐶 Configuration 4 ∗ 𝐴𝐶
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞 =
0 — 3.66 𝑃 𝑃
0.05 17.46 4.06 Ac= 𝜋D2/4 Ac = 0.5*b*h
0.10 11.56 4.11 P = 𝜋D P=3b , h=3D/2 ,
0.25 7.37 4.23 Deq = D Deq = 2h/3
0.50 5.74 4.43
1.00 4.86 4.86 𝜋 2
Ac= D2 𝐴𝑐 = (𝐷 − 𝑑2 )
4
P = 4D 𝑃 = 𝜋(𝐷 + 𝑑)
Deq = D 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = (𝐷 − 𝑑)

3. Heat Exchangers Charts and Relations

Effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger Effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger

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 Table 3. Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water.
Thermal
Specific volume Heat of Specific heat Viscosity Surface
Tempera- Conductivity Prandtl number Expansion Tempera-
Pressure, P (m3/kg) vapor- (kJ/kg . K) (N. s/m2) tension
ture, T (W/m. K) coefficient ture, T
(bars) ization, σf . 103
(k) µ f. βf . 106 (k)
υf . 103 υg hfg (kJ/kg) Cp,f Cp,g
106
µg. 106 kf. 103 kg. 103 Prf Prg (N/m)

285 0.01387 1.000 99.4 2473 4.189 1.861 1225 8.49 590 18.9 8.81 0.833 74.3 114.1 285
290 0.01917 1.001 69.7 2461 4.184 1.864 1080 8.69 598 19.3 7.56 0.841 73.7 174.0 290
295 0.02617 1.002 51.94 2449 4.181 1.868 959 8.89 606 19.5 6.62 0.849 72.7 227.5 295
300 0.03531 1.003 39.13 2438 4.179 1.872 855 9.09 613 19.6 5.83 0.857 71.7 276.1 300
305 0.04712 1.005 29.74 2426 4.178 1.877 769 9.29 620 20.1 5.20 0.865 70.9 320.6 305
310 0.06221 1.007 22.93 2414 4.178 1.882 695 9.49 628 20.4 4.62 0.873 70.0 361.9 310
325 0.1351 1.013 11.06 2378 4.182 1.903 528 10.09 645 21.3 3.42 0.901 67.5 471.2 325
330 0.1719 1.016 8.82 2366 4.184 1.911 489 10.29 650 21.7 3.15 0.908 66.6 504.0 330
373.15 1.0133 1.044 1.679 2257 4.217 2.029 279 12.02 680 24.8 1.76 0.984 58.9 750.1 373.15
400 2.455 1.067 0.731 2183 4.256 2.158 217 13.05 688 27.2 1.34 1.033 53.6 896 400
410 3.302 1.077 0.553 2153 4.278 2.221 200 13.42 688 28.2 1.24 1.054 51.5 952 410

Table 4. Thermophysical Properties of Engine Oil (Unused). Table 5. Selected Dimensionless Groups of Heat and mass transfer.
Saturated Liquids

Cp µ . 102 ν . 106 k . 103 α . 107

T (K) ρ (kg/m3) Pr GROUP DEFINITION GROUP DEFINITION
(kJ/kg.K) (N.s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m. K) (m2/s)

Rayleigh number
310 877.9 1.951 25.3 288 145 0.847 3400 Grashof Number 𝑔 𝛽 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿∗ 3
(Ra) 𝐺𝑟𝐿∗ . 𝑃𝑟
320 871.8 1.993 14.1 161 143 0.823 1965 (GrL) 𝜈2
330 865.8 2.035 8.36 96.6 141 0.8 1205 Nusselt number ℎ 𝐿∗ Schmidt number 𝜈
340 859.9 2.076 5.31 61.7 139 0.779 793 (Nu) 𝑘 (Sc) 𝐷𝐴𝐵

350 853.9 2.118 3.56 41.7 138 0.763 546 𝜇 𝐶𝑝 𝜈 Sherwood number ℎ𝑚 𝐿∗
Prandtl number (Pr) =
360 847.8 2.161 2.52 29.7 138 0.753 395 𝑘 𝛼 (ShL) 𝐷𝐴𝐵
370 841.8 2.206 1.86 22 137 0.738 300 Reynolds number 𝑉 𝐿∗ Number of transfer 𝑈𝐴
380 836 2.25 1.41 16.9 136 0.723 233 (ReL) 𝜈 units (NTU) 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

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