Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CYCLES
Overview of Reciprocating Engines
Terms
TDC
BDC
Stroke
Bore
Displacement or swept volume
Clearance volume
2
Overview of Reciprocating Engines Cont’d
Compression ratio, rv
𝑉 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉 𝐵𝐷𝐶 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒+𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑟𝑣= = =
𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉 𝑇𝐷𝐶 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3
Otto cycle: The ideal cycle for Spark – ignition engines
( )
𝛾 −1
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝛾 −1 𝑇3
= = (𝑟 𝑣 ) =
𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑇4
and
( 𝑇4 − 𝑇1) 1
⇒ 𝜂 =1 − 𝛾 −1
=1 − 𝛾 −1
( 4
𝑇 −𝑇 1) ( 𝑣 )
𝑟 ( 𝑣)
𝑟 6
Deviation of the actual Otto cycles from the ideal Otto cycle
Causes
Air is not the working fluid throughout the cycle (the gaseous
products of combustion differ from air)
Some of the energy released during combustion goes into
dissociation of molecules and therefore not available for useful
work.
There is heat loss through the cylinder walls
There are friction losses between the piston and the cylinder
There is a finite time required for the spark flame to propagate
through the entire mass of gas.
7
Diesel cycle: The ideal cycle for CI engines
Thermal efficiency
𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 But ,
𝜂=
𝑄 𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝑖𝑛 =𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑇 3 −𝑇 2 ) =( 𝑢3 −𝑢 2 ) + 𝑃 ( 𝑣 3 −𝑣 2 )
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑐𝑣 ( 𝑇 4 − 𝑇 1 ) =( 𝑢 4 −𝑢1 )
𝑐𝑣 ( 𝑇4 − 𝑇1)
⇒ 𝜂 =1 −
𝑐𝑝 ( 𝑇 3 − 𝑇 2 ) 8
Diesel cycle Cont’d
𝑉 3 𝑇3
2 – 3 is a constant pressure process: ⇒ =
𝑉 2 𝑇2
𝑇3
∴ =𝛽 ⇒ 𝑇 3= 𝛽 𝑇 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 3 −𝑇 2=𝑇 2 ( 𝛽 −1 )
𝑇2
1 – 2 and 3 – 4 are an adiabatic – isentropic process:
( )
𝛾 −1
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝛾 −1 𝑇2
= =𝑟 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑇 1= rv = Compression ratio
𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑟
𝛾−1
𝑣
( )
𝛾 −1
𝑇4 𝑉 3 𝑉1
= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 =𝑟 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑉 1=𝑟 𝑣 𝑉 2
𝑇3 𝑉 4 𝑉2 9
Diesel cycle Cont’d
( ) ( )
𝛾 −1
( )
𝑇 𝑉3 𝛽
𝛾 −1
𝛽
𝛾 −1
∴ 4= = ⇒ 𝑇 4 =𝑇 3
𝑇 3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉 2 𝑟𝑣 𝑟𝑣
But
𝑇 2 𝛽𝛾 𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑇 4 −𝑇 1= − = ( 𝛽
𝛾
− 1)
[ ]
𝛾 −1 𝛾 −1 𝛾 −1
𝑟𝑣 𝑟𝑣 𝑟𝑣
𝑇2
( 𝛽 −1 )
𝛾
( )
𝛾 −1
𝑐𝑣 ( 𝑇 4− 𝑇 1) 1 𝑟𝑣 1 𝛽𝛾 − 1
∴𝜂=1− =1− =1− 𝛾 −1
𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑇 3 − 𝑇 2) 𝛾 𝑇 2 ( 𝛽− 1 ) 𝛾𝑟𝑣 𝛽− 1 10
The dual – combustion cycle
1 – 2: isentropic compression
2 – 3: Reversible constant volume heating
3 – 4: Reversible constant pressure heating
4 – 5: Isentropic expansion
5 – 1: Reversible constant volume cooling
13