- Many work producing devices (engines) utilize a working fluid that is always a gas.

- The spark-ignition automotive engine is a familiar example, as are the diesel engine
and the conventional gas turbine.
- In all these engines there is a change in the composition of the working fluid, because
during combustion it changes from air and fuel to combustion products.

- For this reason, these engines are called internal-combustion engines. In contrast, the
steam power plant may be called an external-combustion engine, because heat is transferred
from the products of combustion to the working fluid.
- The internal-combustion engine operates on the so-called open cycle. However, for
analyzing internal-combustion engines, it is advantageous to devise closed cycles that closely
approximate the open cycles.
 The air-standard Brayton cycle is the ideal cycle for the simple gas turbine.
The simple open-cycle gas turbine utilizing an internal-combustion process and the
simple closed-cycle gas turbine which utilizing heat-transfer process.

(𝑎)

(𝑏) The air-standard Brayton

cycle is shown on the P-v
A gas turbine operating and T-s diagrams
on the Brayton cycle. (a)
Open cycle. (b) Closed
cycle. The analysis of the Brayton cycle is done with a control
volume around each of the four devices (b).
From the analysis we can find the overall conversion efficiency for the cycle as
𝑇
𝑞𝐿 ℎ4 − ℎ1 𝐶𝑝 𝑇4 − 𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑇4 − 1
1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− ≈1− =1−
𝑞𝐻 ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝐶𝑝 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 𝑇
𝑇2 3 − 1
𝑇2
From the ideal cycle we know that the pressure increase in the compressor equals the pressure
decrease in the turbine, so
𝑃2 𝑃3
=
𝑃1 𝑃4

and from the two isentropic processes we get the power relations as

𝑘/(𝑘−1) 𝑘/(𝑘−1)
𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑃3 𝑇3 𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4 𝑇3 𝑇4
= = = = ∴ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −1= −1
𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑃4 𝑇4 𝑇4 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1

𝑇1 1
The cycle efficiency thus becomes 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1− =1− (2-1)
𝑇2 𝑃2 /𝑃1 (𝑘−1)/𝑘

The efficiency of the air-standard Brayton cycle is therefore a function of the isentropic pressure
ratio.
 The actual gas-turbine engine differs from the ideal cycle primarily because of
irreversibilities in the compressor and turbine, and because of pressure drop in the flow
passages and combustion chamber.

The efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are defined in relation to isentropic
processes. The definitions of compressor and turbine efficiencies are

ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1 ℎ3 − ℎ4
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = (2-2) 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = (2-3)
ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠
 In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15℃. The
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
1100℃. Determine. (a) the pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle (b) the
compressor work, turbine work, and cycle efficiency.
Sol. 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 , 𝑇3 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
CV @ compressor CV @ turbine 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑃4 = 𝑃1 , 𝑇3 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
(𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑤𝑐 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑞. : 𝑤𝑡 = ℎ3 − ℎ4
=
𝑇1 𝑃1 (𝑘−1)/𝑘
= 1.004 (556.8 − 288.2) 𝑇3 𝑃3
𝑃2
(𝑘−1)/𝑘 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝐸𝑞. : =
= 269.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑇4 𝑃4
𝑇2 = 𝑇1
𝑃1
(1.4−1)/1.4 (𝑘−1)/𝑘 (1.4−1)/1.4
1.0 𝑃4 0.1
= 288.15 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 = 1373.15 = 711.2 𝐾
0.1 𝑃3 1
= 556.8 𝐾 𝑤𝑡 = ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )
= 1.004 1373.15 − 711.2 = 664.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑐 = 664.6 − 269.5 = 395.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

 CV @ HT – H.E Therefore,

𝑞𝐻 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 395.1

𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.4820
𝑞𝐻 819.6
= 1.004 1373.15 − 556.8 = 819.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − (𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑃2 /𝑃1
CV @ LT – H.E
1
𝑞𝐿 = ℎ4 − ℎ1 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − 1.4−1 = 0.4820
1 1.4
= 1.004 711.2 − 288.2 = 424.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 0.1
 Consider a gas turbine with air entering the compressor under the same conditions as
example #1 and leaving pressure of 1.0 MPa. The maximum temperature is 1100℃. Assume a
compressor efficiency of 80%, a turbine efficiency of 85% and a pressure drop between the
compressor and turbine of 15kPa. Determine the compressor work, turbine work and cycle
efficiency. 𝑇3 𝑃3
(𝑘−1)/𝑘
CV @ turbine 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝐸𝑞. : =
Sol. CV @ compressor 𝑇4𝑠 𝑃4
(𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑇2𝑠 𝑃2 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 1.0 − 0.015 = 0.985 𝑀𝑃𝑎
=
𝑇1 𝑃1
(𝑘−1)/𝑘 (𝑘−1)/𝑘 (1.4−1)/1.4
𝑃2 𝑃4 0.1
𝑇2𝑠 = 𝑇1 𝑇4𝑠 = 𝑇3 = 1373.15 = 714.3 𝐾
𝑃1 𝑃3 0.985
(1.4−1)/1.4
1.0 ℎ3 − ℎ4 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 1373.15 − 𝑇4
= 288.15 = 556.8 𝐾 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = = = = 0.85
0.1 ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠 𝑇3 − 𝑇4𝑠 1373.15 − 714.3
ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1 𝑇2𝑠 − 𝑇1 556.8 − 288.2 𝑇4 = 813.1 𝐾
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = = = = 0.80,
ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑇2 − 288.2
𝑇2 = 624.0 𝐾 𝑤𝑡 = ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )
𝑤𝑐 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
= 1.004 1373.15 − 813.1 = 562.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
= 1.004 (624.0 − 288.2)
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑐 = 562.3 − 337.14 = 225.16 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
= 337.14 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
 Therefore,
CV @ HT – H.E
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 225.16
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.3
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑞𝐻 752.15
= 1.004 1373.15 − 624 = 752.15 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

CV @ LT – H.E
𝑞𝐿 = ℎ4 − ℎ1 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
= 1.004 813.1 − 288.2 = 527 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Comparison 𝑤𝑐 𝑤𝑡 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝐻 𝜂𝑡ℎ

Example 1 (ideal) 269.5 664.6 395.1 819.6 48.2
Example 2 (actual) 337.14 562.3 225.16 752.15 0.3
 The efficiency of the gas-turbine
cycle may be improved by introducing a
regenerator.
𝑞𝐻 ≅ 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑥 )
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑐
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = 𝑤𝑡 ≅ 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )
𝑞𝐻 𝑞𝐻

for an ideal regenerator, 𝑇4 = 𝑇𝑥 , and 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑇𝑥 = 𝑇4

therefore 𝑞𝐻 = 𝑤𝑡 , consequently,
𝑤𝑐 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝜂𝑡ℎ =1− ≅1−
𝑤𝑡 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )
𝑇
𝑇1 𝑇2 − 1 𝑇1 𝑃2 /𝑃1 (𝑘−1)/𝑘 − 1
1
=1− =1−
𝑇4 𝑇3 1 − 𝑃1 /𝑃2 (𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑇3 1 −
𝑇3
𝑘−1
Thus, for the ideal cycle with regeneration,
𝑇1 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑇2 the thermal efficiency depends not only on the
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
𝑇3 𝑃1
=1−
𝑇3
pressure ratio but also on the ratio of the minimum of
the maximum temperature.
Regenerator Efficiency
State x represents the
high-pressure gas
leaving the regenerator.

Ideal Regenerator:
• only an infinitesimal temp. difference between the two streams

• High pressure gas would leave the regenerator at temperature 𝑇𝑥′ , and 𝑇𝑥′ = 𝑇4 .

Actual Regenerator:
ℎ𝑥 − ℎ2
• Operate with a finite temperature difference 𝑇𝑥 , the actual temperature 𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑔 = ′ (2-4)
leaving the regenerator is therefore less than 𝑇𝑥′ . ℎ𝑥 − ℎ2

𝑇𝑥 − ℎ2
If the specific heat is assumed to be constant, the regenerator efficiency 𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑔 = ′
is also given by the relation 𝑇𝑥 − ℎ2
 If an ideal regenerator is incorporated into the cycle of example #1, determine the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Sol. CV @ HT – H.E
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ3 − ℎ𝑥 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑥 )

𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑇𝑥 = 𝑇4 = 711.2 𝐾
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ3 − ℎ𝑥 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑥 )

= 1.004 1373.15 − 711.2 = 664.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑐 = 664.6 − 269.5 = 395.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 395.1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.595
𝑞𝐻 664.6
 Gas-turbine engines are widely used to power aircraft because they are light and
compact and have a high power-to-weight ratio.
Aircraft gas turbines operate on an open cycle called a jet-propulsion cycle. The ideal
jet-propulsion cycle differs from the simple Brayton cycle in that the gases are not expanded to
the ambient pressure in the turbine.
Instead, they are expanded to a pressure such that the power produced by the turbine is
just sufficient to drive the compressor and the auxiliary equipment, such as a small generator
and hydraulic pumps. That is, the net work output of a jet-propulsion cycle is zero.
The gases that exit the turbine at a relatively high pressure are subsequently
accelerated in a nozzle to provide the thrust to propel the aircraft.
Since the gases leave at a high velocity, the change in momentum that the gases
undergo gives a thrust to the aircraft in which the engine is installed.
 In the ideal case, the turbine work is assumed to equal the compressor work. Also, the
process in the diffuser, the compressor, the turbine, and the nozzle are assumed to be
isentropic.
In the analysis of actual cycles, however, the irreversibilities associated with these
devices should be considered. The effect of the irreversibiltiies is to reduce the thrust that can
be obtained from a turbojet engine.
The pressures at the inlet and the exit of a turbojet engine are identical (ambient
pressures); thus, the net thrust developed by the engine is
ሶ 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑚𝑉
𝐹 = (𝑚𝑉) ሶ = 𝑚(𝑉
ሶ 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 )
𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

The power developed from the thrust of the engine is called the propulsive power, 𝑊𝑝, ሶ
which is the propulsive force (thrust) times the distance this force accts on the aircraft per unit
time, that is the thrust time the aircraft velocity.

𝑊𝑝 = 𝐹𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑉
ሶ 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 )𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡

Propulsive efficiency
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊𝑝ሶ
𝜂𝑝 = =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑄𝑖𝑛
 A turbojet aircraft flies with a velocity of 850 ft/s at an altitude where the air is at 5 psia
and −40℉. The compressor has a pressure ratio of 10, and the temperature of the gases at the
turbine inlet is 2000℉. Air enters the compressor at a rate of 100 lbm/s. Utilizing the cold-air-
standard assumptions, determine (a) the temperature and pressure of the gases at the turbine
exit, (b) the velocity of the gases at the nozzle exit, and (c) the propulsive efficiency of the
cycle. (𝑎)
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1 − 2(𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟)
Sol. note: 𝑐𝑝 = 0.240 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ ℉
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦.
0 𝑘/(𝑘−1)
𝑉22 𝑉12 𝑇2
ℎ2 + = ℎ1 + 𝑃2 = 𝑃1
2 2 𝑇1
𝑉12 1.4
0 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 −
2 480 1.4−1
= 5 = 8.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑉12 420
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 +
2𝐶𝑝
(850 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚
= 420 𝑅 +
2(0.240 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝑅) 25,037 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠 2
𝑇2 = 480 𝑅
 Sol. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 2 − 3(𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟)

𝑃3 = (𝑟𝑝 )𝑃2 = 10 8.0 = 80 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑃4

(𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑃3
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 = 480(10)(1.4−1)/1.4 = 927 𝑅
𝑃2

𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 4 − 5 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

ℎ3 − ℎ2 = ℎ4 − ℎ5
𝑐𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) = 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇4 − 𝑇5 )
𝑇5 = 𝑇4 − 𝑇3 + 𝑇2 = 2460 − 927 − 480 = 2013 𝑅
𝑘/(𝑘−1) 1.4/(1.4−1)
𝑇5 2013
𝑃5 = 𝑃4 = 80 = 39.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇4 2460
(𝑏) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 5 − 6 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒)

(𝑘−1)/𝑘
1.4−1 0
𝑃6 5 1.4 𝑉62 𝑉52
𝑇6 = 𝑇5 = 2013 𝑅 = 1114 𝑅 ℎ6 + = ℎ5 +
𝑃5 39.7 2 2
𝑉62
0 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇6 − 𝑇5 +
2
𝑉6 = 2𝑐𝑝 (𝑇5 − 𝑇6 ) = 2(0.240)(2013 − 1114) 25,037 = 3288 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

(𝑐) 𝑊𝑝 = 𝑚(𝑉
ሶ 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 )𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡
1 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚
= (100 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑠)(3288 − 850)(850𝑓𝑡/𝑠)
25,037 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠 2
= 8276 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑠 𝑜𝑟 11,707 ℎ𝑝 1 𝑏𝑡𝑢/𝑠 = 1.414 hp

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ4 − ℎ3 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 (𝑇4 − 𝑇3 )
= (100)(0.240) (2460 − 927) 𝑊𝑝 8276
𝜂𝑝 = = = 0.225
𝑄𝑖𝑛 36794
= 36,794 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑠

That is, 22.5% of the energy input is used to propel the

aircraft and to overcome the drag force exerted by the
atmospheric air
What happened to the rest of the energy?
𝑉𝑔2 3288 − 850 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2
1 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝐾𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ = (100 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑠) = 11,867 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑠 (32.2%)
2 2 25,037 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠 2
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑉𝑔 → 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡

𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ6 − ℎ1 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 (𝑇6 − 𝑇1 )
= (100)(0.240) (1114 − 420)
= 16,651 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑠 (45.3%) 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦