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The general solution for the conduction period is:

𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡 + (𝐼𝑜 −𝐼𝑠𝑜 )𝑒 − 𝑡−𝑡0 /τ

For the ON period

𝑑𝑖𝑜
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿 +E
𝑑𝑡

The general solution for the conduction period (𝑡𝑜 = 0) is:

𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡 + (𝐼𝑜 −𝐼𝑠𝑜 )𝑒 − 𝑡−𝑡0 /τ

𝑉𝑑 − 𝐸 𝑉𝑑 − 𝐸
𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = + 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 − ( ) 𝑒 − 𝑡 /τ ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑅 𝑅
(1)
At the end of the ON period t=𝑡𝑜𝑛 =D𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑉𝑑 − 𝐸 𝑉𝑑 − 𝐸
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 − ( ) 𝑒 −𝐷𝑇𝑠 /τ
𝑅 𝑅
𝑽𝒅 − 𝑬
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑫𝑻𝒔 /𝝉 + 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒆−𝑫𝑻𝒔/𝝉 (2)
2
𝑹
 For the OFF period Using (2) and (4)
𝑑𝑖𝑜
0 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿 +E
𝑑𝑡 𝑽𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕𝒐𝒏 Τ𝝉 𝑬 𝑽𝒅 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒏 Τ𝝉 − 𝟏 𝑬
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = − 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = −
𝑹 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑻𝒔Τ𝝉 𝑹 𝑹 𝒆𝑻𝒔Τ𝝉 − 𝟏 𝑹
The general solution for the conduction period is:
(5)
𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡 + (𝐼𝑜 −𝐼𝑠𝑜 )𝑒 − 𝑡−𝑡0 /τ

𝐸 𝐸
𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = − + 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 − 𝑡−𝑡𝑜𝑛 /τ
; 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠
𝑅 𝑅

𝑬 𝒕−𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝒊𝒐 𝒕 = − (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝝉 ) + 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒆− 𝒕−𝒕𝒐𝒏 /𝝉
; (3)
𝑹
Where 𝐿
τ=
𝑅
At the end of the OFF period t=𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑬 𝟏−𝑫 𝑻𝒔
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = − (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝝉 ) + 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒆− 𝟏−𝑫 𝑻𝒔/𝝉 ; (4)
𝑹
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 𝐸 𝐸
𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = − + 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑡−𝑡𝑜𝑛 /τ
; 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡𝑥
𝑅 𝑅

𝑬 𝒕−𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝒊𝒐 𝒕 = − (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝝉 ) + 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒆− 𝒕−𝒕𝒐𝒏 /𝝉 (3)
𝑹

At t=𝑡𝑥 , 𝑖 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

The general solution for the conduction period is: 𝑬 𝒕𝒙 −𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒙 −𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝟎=− (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝝉 ) + 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒆− 𝝉 (4)
− 𝑡−𝑡0 /τ 𝑹
𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡 + (𝐼𝑜 −𝐼𝑠𝑜 )𝑒
𝑉𝑑 − 𝐸 𝑉𝑑 − 𝐸
𝑖𝑜 𝑡 = + 0−( ) 𝑒 − 𝑡 /τ ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑅 𝑅 Solve equation (4), gets
𝑽𝒅 − 𝑬 𝒕
𝒊𝒐 𝒕 = (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝝉 ) (1)
𝑽𝒅 − 𝑬
𝑹 𝒕𝒙 = 𝝉 𝒍𝒏 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒏 Τ𝝉 𝟏 + 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕𝒐𝒏Τ𝝉 (5)
At the end of the oN period t=𝑡𝑜𝑛 =D𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑬

𝑽𝒅 − 𝑬 𝑫𝑻𝒔
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝝉 ) (2)
𝑹

Example:

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Simplified (linear) analysis

If T << τ, the current variation is almost linear, and the waveform of the current becomes triangular rather than true
exponential. Moreover, the analysis is greatly simplified, as explained hereunder (Assuming RL load).

𝑑𝑖
For one quadrant chopper with RL load, during on period 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
Since 𝐿 ≅ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
𝑑𝑡
𝐼2 − 𝐼1
𝑖𝐿 = 𝐼1 + 𝑡
𝑡𝑜𝑛

Δ𝐼𝐿 Y-b=m(x-a), (a,b)

𝑖𝐿 = 𝐼1 + 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐷𝑇𝑠
during off period

𝐼2 −𝐼1
𝑖𝐿 = 𝐼2 − (𝑡 − 𝐷𝑇𝑠 ) , 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠
1−𝐷 𝑇𝑠

The average value of inductor current is : 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 𝐼 +𝐼

2 𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 1 2 2 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 𝐼𝐿 = = = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 9
𝑇𝑠 2
Equivalent circuit at source
The average value of the input current 𝑖𝑖𝑛 is
terminals
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷𝐼𝑜 = 𝐷2 𝑉𝑑 /𝑅
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = . 𝐷𝑇𝑠 = 𝐷 = D𝐼𝑜
2𝑇𝑠 2
The average value of the diode current is The actual Apparent
Source Resistance
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑠 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 𝑉𝑑
𝐼𝐷 = . = 1−D = (1 − 𝐷)𝐼𝑜 of Load
2 𝑇𝑠 2 𝑹𝒊𝒏
The average load current (Io) will set up a voltage across the 𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = = 𝑅Τ𝐷2
load whose average value equals R Io. Since the average 𝐼𝑖𝑛
load voltage is given by 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷𝑉𝑑 , then
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷𝑉𝑑 =R𝐼𝑜 Equivalent circuit at Load
terminals
Hence 𝐷𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑜
𝐼𝑜 =
𝑅
Apparent Source The Actual
Voltage Resistance
𝑽𝒐 of Load R

𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷𝑉𝑑 = 𝑅𝐼𝑜

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Two Quadrant Chopper

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Note for me: In two quadrants chopper cct. Operation
When T1 in operation (ON/OFF) along with D1(OFF/ON), the armature voltage is positive and the current in one direction
no matter the duty cycle value is..
To operate in generating mode (dynamic breaking) T2 is operate (ON/OFF) along with D2 (OFF/ON). The
The armature voltage is still positive but the current direction is changed and transfer energy from the machine 13
To the source.

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