QUIZ 3: SOLUTION

Question 1 [3.5 Marks]:

Consider a continuous linear time invariant (LTI) system whose frequency response is
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝜔)
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = ∫ ℎ(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = .
𝜔
−∞

If the input to this system is a periodic signal

1, 0≤𝑡<4
𝑥(𝑡) = { ′
−1, 4≤𝑡<8
with period 𝑇 = 8, determine the corresponding system output 𝑦(𝑡).

SOLUTION: Question 1

With 𝑇0 = 8; 𝜔0 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇0 = 2𝜋⁄8 = 𝜋⁄4

The Fourier series coefficient of 𝑥(𝑡) is obtained as:

1 1 8
𝐶𝑘𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0 8 0
4 8
1
= [(∫ 1 × 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋𝑡⁄4 𝑑𝑡) + (∫ −1 × 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋𝑡⁄4 𝑑𝑡)]
8 0 4
4 8
1 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋𝑡⁄4 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋𝑡⁄4 1 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 − 𝑒 0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘2𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋
= {[− ] +[ ] } = {− ( )+( )}
8 𝑗 𝑘𝜋⁄4 0 𝑗 𝑘𝜋⁄4 4 8 𝑗 𝑘𝜋⁄4 𝑗 𝑘𝜋⁄4
1 1 1
= (𝑒 −𝑗𝑘2𝜋 − 2𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 + 1) = (2 − 2𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 ) = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 )
𝑗2𝑘𝜋 𝑗2𝑘𝜋 𝑗𝑘𝜋

Note: 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘2𝜋 = 1
1
𝐶𝑘𝑥 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 )
𝑗𝑘𝜋
𝐶0𝑥 = 0

But 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 = 1 for all k even, and 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 = −1 for all k odd.

Hence,
1
𝐶𝑘𝑥 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 ) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑗𝑘𝜋
Then,
 1 2
𝐶𝑘𝑥 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 ) = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑗𝑘𝜋 𝑗𝑘𝜋
If
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝜔)
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) =
𝜔
Then,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝜋)
𝐻(𝑗𝑘𝜔0 ) = 𝐻(𝑗𝑘𝜋⁄4) = 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)|𝜔=𝑘𝜋⁄4 =
𝑘(𝜋⁄4)
∞ ∞
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝜋) 2 𝑗𝑘𝜔 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐻(𝑗𝑘𝜔0 )𝐶𝑘𝑥 𝑒 = ∑ ( ) 𝑒 0
𝑘(𝜋⁄4) 𝑗𝑘𝜋
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 𝑜𝑑𝑑

But for all k odd,

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝜋)
=0
𝑘(𝜋⁄4)
Hence,
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝜋) 2 𝑗𝑘𝜔 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = ∑ ( ) 𝑒 0 =0
𝑘(𝜋⁄4) 𝑗𝑘𝜋
𝑘=−∞
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 𝑜𝑑𝑑

QUESTION 2 [3.5 Marks]

Consider a signal 𝑥(𝑡) with Fourier transform 𝑋(𝑗𝜔). Suppose we are given the following facts:

i. 𝑥(𝑡) is real and non-negative

ii. Inverse Fourier Transform ℱ −1 {(1 + 𝑗𝜔)𝑋(𝑗𝜔)} = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), where 𝐴 is independent of 𝑡
and 𝑢(𝑡) is the unit step function.
∞
iii. ∫−∞|𝑋(𝑗𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔 = 2𝜋.

Determine a closed-form expression for 𝑥(𝑡).

SOLUTION: Question 2

From Fourier Transform Pair Table:

1
𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ⟺
2 + 𝑗𝜔
From:
 ℱ −1 {(1 + 𝑗𝜔)𝑋(𝑗𝜔)} = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝐴
(1 + 𝑗𝜔)𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = ℱ{𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)} =
2 + 𝑗𝜔
1
⟹ 𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = 𝐴 [ ]
(1 + 𝑗𝜔)(2 + 𝑗𝜔)

But (in partial fraction):

1 𝐶 𝐷
= +
(1 + 𝑗𝜔)(2 + 𝑗𝜔) (1 + 𝑗𝜔) (2 + 𝑗𝜔)
1
⟹𝐶=[ ] (1 + 𝑗𝜔)|𝑗𝜔=−1 = 1
(1 + 𝑗𝜔)(2 + 𝑗𝜔)
1
⟹𝐷=[ ] (2 + 𝑗𝜔)|𝑗𝜔=−2 = −1
(1 + 𝑗𝜔)(2 + 𝑗𝜔)
1 1 1
⟹ 𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = 𝐴 [ ] = 𝐴[ − ]
(1 + 𝑗𝜔)(2 + 𝑗𝜔) 1 + 𝑗𝜔 2 + 𝑗𝜔
From the Fourier Transform Pair Table:
1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ⟺
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
⟹ 𝑥(𝑡) = ℱ −1 {𝑋(𝑗𝜔)} = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) … … … (𝑎)
Using Parseval’s relationship, we have:
∞ ∞
1
∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ |𝑋(𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋
−∞ −∞
∞
But ∫−∞|𝑋(𝑗𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔 = 2𝜋: given.
∞ ∞
1 1
⟹ ∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ |𝑋(𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔 = (2𝜋) = 1 … … (𝑏)
2𝜋 2𝜋
−∞ −∞

By substituting (a) into (b), we have:

∞ ∞

∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ |𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = 1

−∞ −∞
∞

⟹ ∫ (𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡))(𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡))𝑑𝑡 = 1

−∞
 ∞ ∞

∫ (𝐴2 −2𝑡
𝑒 2 −3𝑡
−𝐴 𝑒 −𝐴 𝑒 2 −3𝑡
+𝐴 𝑒 2 −4𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
= 𝐴 ∫ (𝑒 −2𝑡 − 2𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝑒 −4𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
2

0 0
∞ ∞ ∞
2 (𝑒 −2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 2 (𝑒 −3𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
=𝐴 ∫ − 2𝐴 ∫ + 𝐴 ∫ (𝑒 −4𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
2

0 0 0
𝐴2 2𝐴2 −3𝑡 ∞ 𝐴2 −4𝑡 ∞
= − [𝑒 −2𝑡 ]∞
0 + [𝑒 ]0 − [𝑒 ]0
2 3 4
𝐴2 2𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐴2 2𝐴2
= − [0 − 1] + [0 − 1] − [0 − 1] = + − =1
2 3 4 2 4 3
𝐴2
⟹ =1 ⟹ 𝐴 = ±√12
12
But 𝑥(𝑡) is real and non-negative: given, hence

𝐴 = √12

Consequently, (by substituting 𝐴 = √12 into (a)):

𝑥(𝑡) = √12[𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

QUESTION 3 [3.0 Marks]

For a given signal

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑘𝑡),

determine the total signal energy 𝐸𝑇 .

SOLUTION: Question 3

From Fourier Transform pair Table:

𝛽 𝜔
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝛽𝑡) ⟺ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
𝜋 2𝛽
𝜋 𝜔
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝛽𝑡) ⟺ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
𝛽 2𝛽
From 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑘𝑡) , ⟹𝛽=𝑘
𝜋 𝜔
𝑋(𝜔) = ℱ{𝑥(𝑡)} = ℱ{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑘𝑡} = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
𝑘 2𝑘
Using Parseval’s relationship, we have:
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 𝜋 𝜔 2 𝜋2 𝜔 2
𝐸𝑇 = ∫|𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫|𝑋(𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔 = ∫ | 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )| 𝑑𝜔 = ∫ |𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )| 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑘 2𝑘 2𝜋𝑘 2 2𝑘
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

𝜔
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 (2𝑘) is plotted below, with magnitude 1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 𝑘 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝜔
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
1 2𝑘

𝜔
Hence, −𝑘 𝑘

∞ 𝑘
𝜋2 𝜔 2 𝜋2 2
𝜋2 𝑘
𝜋2 2𝑘𝜋 2 𝜋
⟹ 𝐸𝑇 = ∫ |𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )| 𝑑𝜔 = ∫|1| 𝑑𝜔 = [𝜔]−𝑘 = (𝑘 − (−𝑘)) = =
2𝜋𝑘 2 2𝑘 2𝜋𝑘 2 2𝜋𝑘 2 2𝜋𝑘 2 2𝜋𝑘 2 𝑘
−∞ −𝑘

𝜋
𝐸𝑇 =
𝑘