TRINITY INTERNATIONAL SS &

COLLEGE

(PHYSICS)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

NAME: Shreya Adhikari
GRADE: ‘XI’ Milan Budathoki
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 783270071532 Rudra prasad Khanal

KATHMANDU, NEPAL
2021
 TRINITY INTERNATIONAL
COLLEGE
Dillibazar Height, Kathmandu

Certificate
This is to certify that Ms. Shreya Adhikari has successfully
completed her project work as per the requirement of the curriculum
of GRADE-XI (Physics) under NEB. She has completed her project
work within the prescribed period.
Registration No.: - 783270071532
Symbol number: - 12702707

Mr/Ms. Rudra prasad Khanal

External Co-ordinator Project Co-ordinator Milan Budathoki

Contents
Title of the project ............................................................................................................................ 4
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Background ................................................................................................................................... 5
Literature review ........................................................................................................................... 6
Objective of the study .................................................................................................................... 7
Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................................ 7
Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................... 8
Result or findings ............................................................................................................................ 11
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 12
References ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Title of the project
The title of the project is “Uses of alternative energy source in Nepal”.

Introduction
Alternative Energy alludes to energy sources other than petroleum derivatives. This
incorporates every single sustainable source and atomic. Atomic isn't delegated an
environmentally friendly power source. An environmentally friendly power source is
delivered from sources that don't exhaust or can be renewed inside a human's lifetime.
Atomic is delivered from mined components like uranium and thorium which can't be
recharged. Imagine a scenario where there was a disclosure that appeared to work on
individuals' lives for quite a long time. It assisted them with getting starting with one spot
then onto the next quicker than any time in recent memory in mankind's set of experiences. It
assisted them with remaining warm or cool with a flick of a switch. Yet, eventually, it was
additionally found that there were some disadvantages. It changed the nature of the air. It
very well may be all around untidy to discover, cycle and transport. It here and there caused
quarrels between nations. It may even be changing the manner in which the climate
capacities, and it will ultimately run out. That disclosure? It was petroleum derivatives, most
explicitly coal, gas and flammable gas. Furthermore, in light of those drawbacks, the chase
has been on for alternatives. Alternative energy, by definition, is any wellspring of energy
that doesn't utilize petroleum derivatives.
You have presumably likewise known about environmentally friendly power sources, which
can frequently be equivalent to alternative energy sources. While alternative energy is
practically everything except petroleum derivative, sustainable power comes from normal
cycles that recharge themselves. They additionally will in general be perfect energies that
don't dirty. Nepal is a nation favoured with high capability of option environmentally friendly
power assets. The prospects of creating power from streaming water, blowing winds or
daylight is boundless. Nepal has plentiful hydroelectricity potential. What's more, nobody
denies the way that hydroelectricity is a significant wellspring of our energy. Being the
second most extravagant country in water assets, the hypothetical capability of
hydroelectricity creation in Nepal is 83, 000 MW of which 42,000 MW is monetarily and in
fact achievable in our specific circumstance. However, another amazing reality is that even
with such rich assets the Nepalese are as yet dealing with the issue of influence slice because
of deficient hydroelectricity creation. Present creation of hydroelectricity is just around 1000
MW inspire of the enormous creation potential.

Other elective energy bounteously accessible in the nation is sunlight-based energy, biomass
and wind. The nation is situated at a great scope getting the glow of sun practically all the
year. A new report has shown that the usage of just 0.01% of Nepalese land is fit for creating
around 3000 GWh of sun-based energy each year. Yet at the same time the nation isn't having
the option to use this brilliant energy source according to its ability. Scarcely any
administration set up sun-based boards have been laid in certain spots.
Wind energy is likewise produced in the uneven spaces of Nepal. Yet, this is restricted to not
many uneven areas like Manang and Mustang. The utilization of bio-gas is extremely popular
in the town regions. The absolute creation of creature manure is around 15 million ton that is
utilized either to deliver bio-gas or consumed further developed cook-ovens. Around 900
thousand family have totally taken on such clean energy arrangements.

Background
The expanding interest for fuel and kindling as an energy asset in country regions has
influenced the timberland assets, compromising the excellence of the climate, adding to
environmental warming, flooding, desertification, and the evaporating of water assets. Since
the principal wellspring of country energy is biomass fills (kindling, agrarian build-ups, and
creature compost), energy use has both natural and improvement suggestions. Further
developed utilization of biomass assets will be fundamental for saving the normal asset base
on which rural efficiency generally depends. Simultaneously, saving human energy in
overseeing energy assets, and further developing medical issue by diminishing homegrown
air contamination are essentials for expanding the useful and conceptive limits of ladies.
Bigger amounts of energy and better nature of energy are similarly important for increasing
living expectations notwithstanding a rising populace and for giving energy to financial turn
of events. In provincial spaces of Nepal, energy needs at the family level are nearly met
through customary sources and native innovations. For example, 88 % of the all-out energy
utilization in Nepal is met by biomass, of which the significant offer comes from kindling.
The rest is met by business energy sources. Just around 14 % of the all-out populace
approach power, and this figure drops to only 3 % of the rustic populace. There are numerous
impediments when utilizing conventional energy assets however they are some of the times
advantageous for ladies to utilize. For example, cooking with conventional ovens causes
quicker exhaustion of kindling assets, a decrease in agrarian usefulness (move of biomass
from homestead to the chimney), and expansion in the drudgery of (ladies' time is needed for
relentless assignments, for example, fuel assortment), and it influences ladies and kids'
wellbeing with expanded homegrown air contamination. Ladies' drudgery further increments
with shortage of kindling, since they need to walk extremely significant distances to gather
the kindling to satisfy their fundamental energy needs. Essentially, ladies invest greatest time
and energy in preparing grain with customary advances. Notwithstanding, such native
advancements are as yet utilized as a necessary piece of provincial livelihoods. Ladies have a
significant obligation in overseeing family energy frameworks. Consequently, energy needs
are straightforwardly identified with ladies' responsibility and their time. For example, ladies
in provincial mountain regions regularly still go through five to six hours gathering kindling
and two to four hours preparing grain with native advancements (creator's very own
perception). The ladies' metabolic energy is regularly made undetectable and nearly forgotten
by the rustic energy organizers. For example, water factories for pounding grain fall under the
energy area, while ladies doing likewise task with other native innovations don't.
Overlooking human energy burdens ladies specifically, since ladies give critical measures of
work and time in overseeing family energy frameworks. There are alternative
(environmentally friendly power) advances that offer critical potential as far as diminishing
ladies' drudgery and further developing ailments, permitting ladies to have sufficient
opportunity to be associated with pay creating, social and local area improvement exercises
just as giving neighbourhoods work freedoms to provincial ladies. For instance, biogas,
miniature hydro, and sun-oriented photovoltaics have been found to positively affect ladies'
Energy for Sustainable advancement day by day responsibility, their day-to-day
environments, and financial strengthening.

Literature review
Nepal is one of the least developed countries with more than 80% of its general population
living in commonplace regions. It has no oil, gas, or coal stores, and its energy area is
overwhelmed by the customary energy sources like kindling, crop deposits, and creature
excrement fundamentally for homegrown use. Most of country populaces are meeting their
energy needs by consuming biomass in conventional ovens, and generally fossil-inferred
powers are imported. Additionally, the nonstop increment of petrol imports antagonistically
affects its delicate economy. The huge wellsprings of practical force source are more modest
than expected and scaled down scale hydropower, sun fuelled essentialness, various sorts of
biomass imperativeness, biogas and wind imperativeness, etc. And simultaneously around
85% of the full-scale definitive imperativeness usage in Nepal is met by traditional biomass
essentialness and around 28% of nuclear families in Nepal don't move toward power. Nepal
hopes to achieve general admittance to flawless, strong and sensible reasonable force source
game plans by 2030. It is depended upon to reduce dependence on customary and imported
imperativeness by extending admittance to economical force source. The use of sun-based
imperativeness is more reliable than standard force in Nepal. Private foundations of sun-
based sheets are progressively visit in metropolitan areas used as a support during the power
outages.

It has no oil, gas, or coal stores, and its imperativeness division is administered by the regular
essentialness sources like fuel, crop developments, and animal fertilizer generally for private
use. Nepal is a country contributed with high potential for feasible force source resources like
hydro, sun situated, wind, biomass, etc. The country has copious hydroelectric potential. The
theoretical hydroelectric potential has been surveyed to be pretty much as high as 83,000
MW of which 42,000 MW are seen as really and financially conceivable. Moreover, Nepal
also has gigantic potential for daylight-based imperativeness. The country is arranged at ideal
degree that gets bountiful proportions of daylight-based radiation. From sun-controlled
imperativeness alone, around 2,920 GWH of essentialness for every year can be outfit with
utilization of just 0.01% of the total land locale of Nepal. Other supportable influence sources
luxuriously available in the country are biomass and wind. The acceptable smoothly of fuel
wood from reachable domain of all land resources is around 12 million tons. Additionally,
total formation of animal faces is around 15 million tons. Utilization of 10% of the total
domain of Nepal could financially make in excess of 3,000 MW of force with thought about
the presented furthest reaches of 5MW per km2.However, we can't totally change over it into
significant imperativeness. Eventually, around 12 % of people is shocked by elective
imperativeness sources like scaled down scale hydro plant and sun-controlled home system.
Around 900 thousand nuclear families are using clean imperativeness plans like further
developed cook broilers, biogas, etc for cooking. Regardless of the way that, the part of
elective essentialness sources is pretty much nothing, it has extended by over half since 2005.
Objective of the study
Nepal has as of late gained striking headway in provincial jolt and the appropriation of clean
business powers the nation over. Notwithstanding the aggressive provincial charge activities
and ascend in per-capita pay, a critical extent of Nepalese families actually utilize customary
energizes for cooking and space warming. Accordingly, thinking about the new
advancements in energy openness, utilization of clean energy assets, and further developed
cooking innovation are essential. Subsequently, the principal objective of this examination is
to survey the current energy progress designs in Nepal while explicitly zeroing in on clean
energy advancement and further developed cooking innovations in Nepal. To comprehend the
flow energy advancement drifts, this investigation gives a refreshed perspective on flow
power utilization patterns, hydropower improvement patterns, and the scattering of other
perfect and elective energy administrations all through the country. Moreover, in view of a
field study, this investigation dissected the current circumstance of cooking powers,
sentiments and inclination of the respondent on current cooking fuel utilized in three climatic
districts in Nepal
 To support the particular utilization of environmentally friendly power in Nepal
 To discuss the best specialized and feasible alternatives for expanding
environmentally friendly power and energy effectiveness in Nepal
 Work with Research and Development in environmentally friendly power and energy
effectiveness
 Scatter data on sustainable power and energy proficiency
 To campaign on the essential issues influencing the improvement of a sustainable
power area in Nepal
 To go about as a consultative body on issues identified with interfacing Nepal to
sustainable power markets

Limitations of the Study

Energy is a significant contribution for financial turn of events and human prosperity. The
judiciousness of energy advances toward cleaner energy assets isn't just to work on singular
everyday environments, yet in addition to upgrade the monetary development of a country.
Nepal is viewed as one of the nations with a low for each capita power use, intensely
depending on customary energy assets like kindling and horticultural build-ups. The nation is
rich in hydropower assets. Be that as it may, different monetary and financial imperatives
have left the huge potential for hydroelectricity undiscovered. This examination portrays the
energy change designs in Nepal dependent on a writing audit and field review of family
energy use in the colder time of year. We gathered information from 516 families in the
Solukhumbu, Panchthar, and Jhapa regions of Nepal. The pace of per-capita power utilization
was 330 kWh/capita/year, which is essentially lower than that of other contemporary
worldwide social orders like India 1000 and China 4900 kWh/capita/year. The expanding
pattern in hydroelectricity creation has hopefully changed the energy area toward cleaner
assets; this associates with the GDP per capita. Sunlight based home frameworks, smaller
than normal and miniature hydropower plants, biogas innovation, and further developed cook
ovens have been generally utilized, which has brought down the wellbeing and ecological
weights in provincial regions. By examining the review information, we tracked down that
25% of the families just depended on conventional cooking fuel, while 67% and 8% of the
families depended on blended and business cooking powers, individually. Also, 77% and
48% of customary and blended fuel-utilizing families were discontent with current cooking
powers while 40% and 66% of these families liked to utilize clean cooking powers. The
portion of customary energy assets diminished from 78% to 68%, while that of business
energy assets expanded from 20% to 28% from 2014/15 to 2019/20. This examination
proposes that future energy strategies and projects ought to recognize the truth of energy
progress to accomplish maintainability by setting up dependable and clean wellsprings of
energy.

Materials and Methods

1. Hydrogen Gas
In contrast to different types of petroleum gas, hydrogen is a totally perfect consuming fuel.
Once delivered, hydrogen gas cells produce possibly water fume and warm air when being
used. The significant issue with this type of elective energy is that it is for the most part
gotten from the utilization of flammable gas and petroleum derivatives. Thusly, it very well
may be contended that the emanations made to remove it check the advantages of its
utilization.
The course of electrolysis, which is fundamental for the parting of water into hydrogen and
oxygen, makes this less of an issue. Nonetheless, electrolysis actually positions underneath
the recently referenced strategies for getting hydrogen, however research keeps on making it
more proficient and practical.
2. Tidal Energy
While tidal energy utilizes the force of water to create energy, similar as with hydroelectric
strategies, its application really shares more for all intents and purpose with wind turbines
much of the time. However, it is a genuinely new innovation, its latent capacity is
tremendous. A report delivered in the United Kingdom assessed that tidal energy could meet
as much as 20% of the UK's flow power requests. The most well-known type of tidal energy
age is the utilization of Tidal Stream Generators. These utilizations the active energy of the
sea to control turbines, without creating the misuse of petroleum derivatives or being as
helpless to the components as different types of elective energy.

3. Biomass Energy
Biomass energy arrives in various structures. Consuming wood has been utilized for
millennia to make heat, however later headways have additionally seen squander, like that in
landfills, and liquor items utilized for comparable purposes. Zeroing in on consuming wood,
the warmth produced can be comparable to that of a focal warming framework. Besides, the
expenses included will in general be lower and the measure of carbon delivered by this sort of
fuel falls underneath the sum delivered by petroleum products. Nonetheless, there are various
issues that you need to consider with these frameworks, particularly whenever introduced in
the home. Upkeep can be a factor, in addition to you might have to get authorization from a
neighbourhood power to introduce one.

4. Wind Energy
This type of energy age has become progressively well-known as of late. It offers a lot of the
very advantages that numerous other elective fuel sources do in that it utilizes a sustainable
source and produces no waste. Current wind energy establishments power about twenty
million homes in the United States each year and that number is developing. Most states in
the country presently have some type of wind energy set-up and interest into the innovation
keeps on developing. Tragically, this type of energy age likewise presents difficulties. Wind
turbines confine sees and might be hazardous to certain types of natural life.

5. Geothermal Power
At its generally fundamental, geothermal power is tied in with removing energy from the
beginning us. It is becoming progressively mainstream, with the area all in all encountering
five percent development in 2015. The World Bank presently appraises that around forty
nations could meet the majority of their power requests utilizing geothermal power. This
power source has monstrous potential while doing little to upset the land.

6. Natural Gas
Natural gas sources have been in need for various many years, yet it is through the movement
of pressure methods that it is turning into a more suitable elective energy source. Specifically,
it is being utilized in vehicles to decrease fossil fuel by-products. Interest for this energy
source has been expanding. In 2016, the lower 48 conditions of the United States arrived at
record levels of interest and utilization. In spite of this, natural gas accompanies a few issues.
The potential for pollution is bigger than with other elective fuel sources and natural gas
actually transmits ozone depleting substances, regardless of whether the sum is lower than
with petroleum products.

7. Biofuels
Rather than biomass energy sources, biofuels utilize creature and vegetation to make energy.
Generally, they are energizing that can be gotten from some type of natural matter. They are
sustainable in situations where plants are utilized, as these can be regrown consistently.
Notwithstanding, they do require devoted hardware for extraction, which can add to
expanded outflows regardless of whether biofuels themselves don't. Biofuels are
progressively being taken on, especially in the United States. They represented around seven
percent of transport fuel utilization starting at 2012.

8. Wave Energy
Water again demonstrates itself to be an important supporter of elective energy fuel sources
with wave energy converters. These hold a benefit over flowing energy sources since they
can be put in the sea in different circumstances and locations. Much like with flowing energy,
the advantages come in the absence of waste created. It is additionally more solid than
numerous different types of elective energy and has gigantic expected when utilized
appropriately.

9. Hydroelectric Energy
Hydroelectric techniques really are probably the most punctual method for making energy,
however their utilization started to decay with the ascent of petroleum derivatives. Regardless
of this, they actually represent roughly seven percent of the energy delivered in the United
States. Even better, it additionally offers various auxiliary advantages that are not quickly
obvious. The dams utilized in creating hydroelectric power likewise add to flood control and
water system procedures.

10. Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is among the most plentiful types of elective energy. It makes various direct
advantages as far as emanations and productivity, while additionally boosting the economy
by making occupations in plant creation and activity. Thirteen nations depended on nuclear
power to deliver no less than a fourth of their power starting at 2015 and there are as of now
450 plants in activity all through the world.
The disadvantage is that when something turns out badly with a nuclear power plant the
potential for disaster exists. The circumstances in Chernobyl and Fukushima are instances of
this.
11. Solar Power
At the point when the vast majority consider elective energy sources, they will in general
utilize solar power for instance. The innovation has developed greatly throughout the long
term and is currently utilized for enormous scope energy creation and power age for single
homes. This energy source is totally inexhaustible and the expenses of establishment are
offset by the cash saved in energy bills from customary providers. By and by, solar cells are
inclined to crumbling throughout huge timeframes and are not as successful in unideal
climate conditions.
Result or findings
As the issues that outcome from the utilization of customary petroleum derivatives become
more conspicuous, elective fuel sources like the ones referenced here are probably going to
acquire further significance.

Their advantages mitigate large numbers of the issues brought about by petroleum product
use, especially with regards to outflows. Notwithstanding, the progression of a portion of
these advances has been dialled back because of the measure of venture expected to make
them feasible.

Conclusion
Energy is the basic need of human. The current investigation has discovered that there was a
generous utilization of fuel-wood for cooking and readiness of creature feed alongside LPG
and biogas. All individuals use SHS for lighting, as the space was denied of lattice power, a
long way from the significant market place (Bharatpur) and an accessibility of other energy
sources in the space is restricted. The utilization of lamp oil was dislodged for lighting
(yearly 42 litre) because of establishment of SHS, which decreased the outflows of GHGs to
huge degree. The SHS was observed to be financially useful as advantage cost proportion
was observed to be 3.1:1, 3.5:1 and 4.6:1 for framework with no appropriation, endowment
from AEPC and from Indian Government Grant separately. In this way, SHS is outstanding
amongst other modify locals in decrease of CO2 outflow by substituting consuming lamp fuel
for lighting and is financially useful.

The energy change occurring is imperative to attract future thought to improve the financial
turn of events and to advance wellbeing and ecological state of individuals, especially those
living in agricultural nations, yet up until now, it has not yet been acknowledged well indeed.
This examination zeroed in on energy change examples of Nepal dependent on a writing
audit and field study. The discoveries of this examination are summed up as follows.

1. The pace of per-capita power utilization was 238 kWh/capita/year, which is lower than that
of other contemporary worldwide social orders. In Nepal, because of the absence of
dependable power, country families depend vigorously on kindling; thusly, the per-capita
power use is the most minimal on the planet. A viable energy strategy is needed to build the
per-capita power utilization.
2. Hydropower improvement is an arising area that gives clean energy assets in Nepal. The
right now introduced hydroelectricity limit has reached 1120 MW. The expanding pattern in
hydroelectricity advancement in Nepal is relied upon to satisfy the nation's need for cleaner
energy to work on the personal satisfaction for its residents.

3. This examination showed that a huge positive relationship exists between the GDP and
introduced hydroelectricity limit. As the introduced hydroelectricity limit builds, the GDP per
capita will in general increment. Subsequently, there is a critical need to build power creation
to expand the financial advancement of individuals.

Acknowledgement
I might want to communicate my exceptional thanks of appreciation to my educator MB &
RK sir just as our Trinity College who set a particularly precedent and offered me the
brilliant chance to do this great undertaking on the theme " ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCE IN NEPAL", which additionally assisted me with lotting of Research and I came to
think about such countless new things. I'm truly grateful to them. Furthermore, I might
likewise want to thank my folks and companions who helped me a great deal in completing
this undertaking inside the restricted time. I'm making this undertaking for marks as well as
increment my insight as well.
Shreya Adhikari

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4. East Consult, 1994. Final Report-BSP Biogas User Survey, East Consult Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu,
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5. tional Planning Commission (NPC), 1998. The Ninth Plan, (1997-2002), National Planning
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