Transverse and Longitudinal Vibration (2)

Natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibrations for a Shaft subjected to a Number of Point
Loads
1. Energy method
Let, y1, y2, y3, y4, etc. be total deflection under loads W1, W2, W3,
W4 etc. shown in right figure.
The maximum potential energy
1 1 1 1
=2 × 𝑚1 𝑔𝑦1 + 2 × 𝑚2 𝑔𝑦2 + 2 × 𝑚3 𝑔𝑦3 + 2 × 𝑚4 𝑔𝑦4 + ⋯
1
= ∑𝑚. 𝑔. 𝑦
2

And maximum kinetic energy

1 1 1 1
=2 × 𝑚1 (𝜔𝑦1 )2 + 2 × 𝑚2 (𝜔𝑦2 )2 + 2 × 𝑚1 (𝜔𝑦3 )2 + 2 ×
𝑚1 (𝜔𝑦4 )2 + ⋯

1 1 1 1
=2 × 𝜔2 [𝑚1 𝑦12 + 2 × 𝑚2 𝑦22 + 2 × 𝑚3 𝑦32 + 2 × 𝑚4 𝑦42 + ⋯ ]

1
= 2 𝜔2 ∑𝑚𝑦 2

Maximum P.E.=Maximum K.E.

1 1
∑𝑚. 𝑔. 𝑦 = 2 𝜔2 ∑𝑚𝑦 2
2
∑𝑚.𝑔.𝑦 𝑔∑𝑚.𝑦
𝜔2 = =
∑𝑚𝑦 2 ∑𝑚𝑦 2

𝑔∑𝑚.𝑦
𝜔 = √ ∑𝑚𝑦2
1 𝑔∑𝑚.𝑦
𝑓𝑛 = 2𝜋 √ ∑𝑚𝑦2

2. Dunkerley’s method:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯ … . +
(𝑓𝑛 )2 (𝑓𝑛1 )2 (𝑓𝑛2 )2 (𝑓𝑛3 )2 (𝑓𝑛𝑠 )2
fn = Natural frequency of transverse vibration of the shaft carrying point loads and
uniformly distributed load.
fn1, fn2, fn3, etc = Natural frequency of transverse vibration of each point load
fns = Natural frequency of transverse vibration of the uniformly distributed load (or due to
the mass of the shaft)

Let’s see one example.

 0.4985
𝑓𝑛1 = 𝐻𝑧
√𝛿1

0.4985
𝑓𝑛2 = 𝐻𝑧
√𝛿2

0.4985
𝑓𝑛3 = 𝐻𝑧
√𝛿3

0.4985
𝑓𝑛𝑠 = 𝐻𝑧
√𝛿𝑠

Now,
1 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ⋯….+
(𝑓𝑛 ) (𝑓𝑛1 ) (𝑓𝑛2 ) (𝑓𝑛3 ) (𝑓𝑛𝑠 )2

𝛿
1 𝛿2 3 𝛿 𝑠𝛿
= (0.4985) 2 + (0.4985)2 + (0.4985)2 + ⋯ + (0.5615)2
1 𝛿𝑠
= (0.4985)2 [𝛿1 + 𝛿2 + 𝛿3 + ⋯ + ]
1.27
0.4985
𝑓𝑛 = Hz
√𝛿1 +𝛿2 +𝛿3 +⋯+ 𝛿𝑠
1.27
Critical or Whirling Speed of a Shaft:

m = Mass of the rotor

e = eccentricity
y = Additional deflection of center of gravity of the rotor
when the shaft starts rotating at  rad/s and
ks = Stiffness of the shaft

𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝜔2 (𝑦 + 𝑒) = 𝑘𝑠 𝑦
⇒ 𝑚𝜔2 𝑦 + 𝑚𝜔2 𝑒 = 𝑘𝑠 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦(𝑘𝑠 − 𝑚𝜔2 ) = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑒
𝑚𝜔2 𝑒 𝜔2 𝑒
∴ 𝑦= =
𝑘𝑠 − 𝑚𝜔 2 𝑘𝑠 − 𝜔 2
𝑚
y also can be written as:

𝜔2 𝑒
𝑦=
𝜔𝑛2 − 𝜔 2

𝑒
⇒𝑦=
𝜔𝑛2
−1
𝜔2

±𝑒
⇒𝑦=
𝑟2 −1
Critical or whirling speed 𝜔𝑛 .
𝑘 𝑔
𝜔𝑛 = 𝜔𝑐 = √ 𝑚𝑠 = √𝛿 Hz as  =W/Ks
Now,
𝑔
2 𝑁𝑐 = √
𝛿
1 𝑔 0.4985
⇒ 𝑁𝑐 = 2𝜋 √𝛿 = rps
√𝛿