HEAT TRANSFER

Summary of the course taught by Pr. V. Terrapon and P. Dewallef

Tom BERTRAND

June 2022

I
II
1 General method
1.1 7-step method
(a) Knowns
(b) Unknowns
(c) Schematic
(d) Assumptions
(e) Properties
(f) Analysis
(g) Comments

1.2 General formulae

Energy conservation:
𝐸̇ − 𝐸̇ + 𝐸̇ − 𝐸̇ = 0

Conduction → Fourier’s law (1D Cartesian):

𝜕𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘
𝜕𝑥
𝐿
𝑅=
𝐴𝑘
Convection → Newton’s law of cooling:
𝑞 = ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
1
𝑅=
ℎ 𝐴
Radiation (grey and diffuse and large surroundings):
⎧ 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10− 𝑊
𝑞 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) = ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ), ⎨ 𝑚 ⋅𝐾
⎩ ℎ = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 + 𝑇 )(𝑇 + 𝑇 )
1
𝑅=
ℎ 𝐴
𝑇 must be in 𝐾 + Might need to use iterative method

1.3 Assumption
Steady-state, constant properties, isothermal surface, adiabatic <part>, neglected <heat
transfer mode>, no phase change, no chemical reaction

1
2 Conduction
2.1 Generic formulation
Isotropic: 𝑘 = 𝑘 = 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕
∇↔ 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 ↔ 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 ↔ 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝑞 = −𝑘∇𝑇

𝐸̇ = 𝐸̇ − 𝐸̇ + 𝐸̇ ⇔ 𝜌𝑐𝑇 ̇ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑞 + 𝑞 + 𝑞 − 𝑞 + −𝑞 − −𝑞 + + 𝑞 𝑑𝑉

Taylor 𝑑𝑞 𝑑 𝜕𝑇
Useful to know that 𝑞 + ≈ 𝑞 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞 + 𝑑𝑥 −𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑞 1 𝜌𝑐
∇ 𝑇+ = 𝑇̇ ≡ 𝑇̇
𝑘 𝛼 𝑘
𝑇 ∈ 𝐶 everywhere and ∈ 𝐶 everywhere excepted contact resistance
Axis or plane of symmetry are adiabatic

2.2 Shape factors

𝑘𝐴 𝐴
𝑞 = 𝑆𝑘Δ𝑇 = 𝑞 ∗ Δ𝑇 , 𝐿 =
𝐿 4𝜋
1
𝑅= → correlations for 𝑆
𝑆𝑘

2.3 Conduction in 1D

Geometry Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

Thermal 𝐿 ln(𝑟 ⁄𝑟 ) 1⁄𝑟 − 1⁄𝑟

resistance 𝑘𝐴 2𝜋𝐿𝑘 4𝜋𝑘

2.4 Fins
𝜃(𝑥) ≡ 𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇 and 𝜃 ≡ 𝑇basis − 𝑇

𝑞with fin 𝑞 𝑘 𝑃
𝜀 = = = ⇒ criterion to be worth it: 𝜀 ≥ 2
𝑞without fin ℎ𝐴 𝜃 ℎ𝐴
𝑞through fin 𝑞
𝜂 = = → correlations
𝑞through perfect fin ℎ𝐴 𝜃

tanh(𝑚𝐿 ) ℎ𝑃 𝑡
If rectangular fin, 𝜂 = , 𝑚≡ and 𝐿 = 𝑙 +
𝑚𝐿 𝑘 𝐴 2

𝑞 𝑁𝐴
Global effect of 𝑁 fins: 𝜂 = =1− 1−𝜂 , 𝜃 = 𝑇basis − 𝑇
ℎ𝐴 𝜃 𝐴
1
𝑅=
𝜂 ℎ𝐴

2
2.5 Transient
ℎ𝐿 𝛼 𝑡 𝑘
𝐵𝑖 = and 𝐹𝑜 = , 𝛼 =
𝑘 𝐿 𝜌 𝑐
𝐵𝑖 < 0.1 ⇒ negligeable inertia ⇒ use lumped capacitance method (LCM)
𝑇 −𝑇 ℎ𝐴 1 1
LCM: = exp − 𝑡 = exp − 𝑡 , 𝜏 = 𝑅 𝐶 = 𝜌𝑉𝑐
𝑇 −𝑇 𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝜏 ℎ𝐴
Approximate analysis: 𝜃∗ = 𝐶 exp(−𝜁 𝐹𝑜) → correlations for 𝐶 and 𝜁
𝑥
→ For a plain wall, 𝜃∗ = 𝜃∗ cos(𝜁 𝑥∗ ) , 𝑥∗ = from center
𝑥max

FDM: we need 1 − 2𝐹𝑜 in 1𝐷 ≥ 0

1 − 4𝐹𝑜 in 2𝐷

2.6 Assumptions
1D, 2D, uniform temperature, isotropic, no heat generation, uniform heat generation, infinitely
long, no contact resistance, linear distribution of temperature, no thermal inertia

3
3 Convection
3.1 External flow
Convection = Advection + Diffusion
(=bulk motion) (=molecular motion)

𝑢| = =0

⎧= 5𝑥
(flat plate lam.)
𝛿(𝑥): 𝑢 𝑥, 𝛿(𝑥) = 0.99 𝑢 and 𝛿 ⎨ 𝑅𝑒
⎩∝ 𝑅𝑒− (flat plate turb.)
𝛿 (𝑥): 𝑇 − 𝑇 𝑥, 𝛿 (𝑥) = 0.99 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) and 𝛿 (𝑥) ≈ 𝑃 𝑟− ⁄
𝛿(𝑥) (Flat plate lam.)

⎧ 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝜕𝑢 = surface shear stress

𝜕𝑦 =
⎨ 𝜏 ∝ 𝛿(𝑥)
𝐶 = = friction coefficient
1 𝜌𝑢
⎩ 2
1
𝑞 ∝−
𝛿 (𝑥)
𝜕𝑇
ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) = −𝑘
𝜕𝑦 =

1
ℎ̅(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥∗ ) 𝑑𝑥∗
𝑥
𝑢 𝑥
𝑅𝑒 = = 5 × 10
𝜈
𝜏 (lam.) > 𝜏 (turb.)
⎧Mass 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0 :
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑑𝑝 𝜕 𝑢
Conservation ⇒ ⎨Momentum : 𝑢 + 𝑣 =− +𝜈
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 1𝜕 𝑇
Energy :𝑢 +𝑣 =
⎩ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝛼 𝜕𝑦
𝑢𝑥 𝜌𝑢𝑥 𝑢 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = = ↔ 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜈 𝜈 𝜈
𝜈
𝑃𝑟 =
𝛼
ℎ𝑥 ⁄
𝑁𝑢 = = 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑃 𝑟 = 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑃 𝑟 for a cylinder cross-flow
𝑘
ℎ 𝑁𝑢
𝑆𝑡 = =
𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟
𝑇 +𝑇
𝑇 =
2

4
3.2 Internal flow
𝑢 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜈
𝑅𝑒 = 2300
0.05𝑅𝑒 𝐷 in lam. 0.05𝑃𝑟𝑅𝑒 𝐷 in lam.
𝑥 = and 𝑥 =
10𝐷 in turb. 10𝐷 in turb.
𝑑𝑇 𝑃
= ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑚̇𝑐
4𝐴
𝐷 =
𝑃
Δ𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 and Δ𝑇 = 𝑇 −𝑇
1 Δ𝑇 − Δ𝑇
𝑞= Δ𝑇 = 𝑈̅ 𝐴 Δ𝑇 , Δ𝑇 =
𝑅 ln(𝛥𝑇 ⁄𝛥𝑇 )

3.3 Free convection

𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑁𝑢 ℎ
𝐺𝑟 = 𝐿 and 𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐿 and 𝑆𝑡 = =
𝜈 𝜈𝛼 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 𝜌𝑐𝑢
1
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 (ideal gas) ⇒ 𝛽 = , 𝑇 in 𝐾
𝑇
𝐺𝑟 ≪ 1 ⇒ forced
= 1 ⇒ mixed
𝑅𝑒
≫ 1 ⇒ free
𝑅𝑎 = 10

𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶𝑅𝑎
𝑇 +𝑇
𝑇 =
2

3.4 Assumptions
Ideal gas, 𝑅𝑒 = 5 × 10 (abrupt transition), incompressible, properties evaluated at 𝑇 , gas
behaves like air, no viscous dissipation, smooth surface, quiescent air, 𝑝 = 𝑝

5
4 Radiation
4.1 Properties
𝛼+𝜌+𝜏 =1
+
𝐸= 𝐸 𝑑𝜆 and 𝐸(𝜆) = 𝐼 (𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙

+
𝐺= 𝐺 𝑑𝜆 and 𝐺(𝜆) = 𝐼 (𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙

𝐸 = 𝜋𝐼
Diffuse: 𝐼 ≠ 𝑓(𝜃, 𝜙) ⇒ and 𝜀 ≠ 𝑓(𝜆) and 𝛼 ≠ 𝑓(𝜆)
𝐺 = 𝜋𝐼
Gray: 𝜀 = 𝛼
𝑊
Black body: gray and diffuse and 𝜀 = 1 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝜎𝑇 , 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−
𝑚 ⋅𝐾
𝑞 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐽 = 𝜀𝐸 + 𝜌𝐺
Radiation from the sun is negligeable for 𝜆 > 3 𝑛𝑚
If a body emits like a black body, check 𝐹 → (𝜆𝑇 )

4.2 View factors

𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝜔 ≡ = sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
𝑟
𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑞 = 𝐼
𝑟
𝑞→ =𝐹 𝐴𝐽
1 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝐹 = 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝜋𝑅

⎧Reciprocity :𝐴𝐹 =𝐴 𝐹
Summation : 𝐹 =1

Additivity : 𝐹 →( ) = 𝐹
⎨ ∈( )
∑ ∈( ) 𝐴 𝐹
Subdivision : 𝐹( )→ =
⎩ ∑ ∈( ) 𝐴
1−𝜀 − −
𝑅 = and 𝑅 = 𝐴 𝐹 = 𝐴𝐹
𝐴𝜀

4.3 Assumptions
Large surroundings, gray, diffuse, opaque, differential surfaces, black body (at <𝑇 >),
reradiating surface

6
5 Heat exchanger

𝐶 = 𝑚̇𝑐
Δ𝑇 − Δ𝑇
𝑞 = 𝐶 Δ𝑇 = 𝐶 Δ𝑇 = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇 = 𝑈𝐴
ln(𝛥𝑇 ⁄𝛥𝑇 )
1 1 1 1 1
= = =𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅 = +𝑅 +
𝑈𝐴 𝑈 𝐴 𝑈 𝐴 𝜂 𝐴 ℎ 𝜂 𝐴 ℎ

𝑞 𝑞 𝐶 𝑈𝐴
𝜀≡ = and 𝐶 ≡ min and 𝑁𝑇𝑈 ≡
𝑞max 𝐶min Δ𝑇 𝐶max 𝐶min
𝑁𝑇𝑈 ↗ ⇒ 𝜀 ↗
𝑁𝑇𝑈 ≲ 0.25 ⇒ 𝜀 ≠ 𝑓(𝐶 ) and 𝑁𝑇𝑈 ≳ 0.25 ⇒ counter-flow is more effective
𝜀 = 1 − 𝑒−
𝐶 =0⇒
𝜀max = 1
𝐶 = 1 ⇒ 𝜀max (↑↑) = 0.5 and 𝜀max (↑↓) = 1