TRANSMISSION MEDIA-ING.EDGAR OCHOA F.

RESOLUTION OF EXERCISES IN CHAPTER 2 (2.1-

2.10) (BOOK: MICROWAVE ENGINEERING POZAR
4th EDITION)

PEDRO CHACA
ISMAEL DUCHI
ANGÉLICA PERALTA

13/11/2020
2.1) A 75Ω coaxial line has a current 𝒊(𝒕, 𝒛) = 𝟏. 𝟖𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑. 𝟕𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒕 − 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝒛)mA.
Determine a) the frequency, b) the phase velocity, c) the wavelength, d) the
relative permittivity of the line, e) the phasor form of the current, and f) the
time domain voltage on the line.

Data:
𝑖(𝑡, 𝑧) = 1.8𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.77 ∗ 109 𝑡 − 18.13𝑧) 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑍𝑜 = 75 [] 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Development

Frequency
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

𝜔
𝑓=
2𝜋

3.77 ∗ 109
𝑓=
2𝜋

𝑓 = 0.6 [𝐺𝐻𝑧]

Wavelength

• Wave number
2𝜋
𝑘=
𝜆

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝑘

2𝜋
𝜆=
18.13

𝜆 = 0.3465 [𝑚]

Phase velocity

• Wave number
2𝜋𝑓
𝑘=
𝑣𝑝
 2𝜋𝑓
𝑣𝑝 =
𝑘

2𝜋 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 109
𝑣𝑝 =
18.13

𝑣𝑝 = 0.208 ∗ 109 [𝑚/𝑠]

Relative permittivity
𝑐
𝜖𝑟 = √
𝑣𝑝

3 ∗ 108
𝜖𝑟 = √
0.208 ∗ 109

𝜖𝑟 = 1.2

The phasor form of the current

• Sine form
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
• Fasorial form
𝐴∡±𝜑
• Where
𝐴 = Amplitude
𝜑 = Phase

𝐼 = 1.8 ∡ − 18.13𝑧 [𝑚𝐴]

Voltage in the time domain

𝑉 =𝐼∗𝑅

𝑉 = (1.8 ∡ − 18.13𝑧) ∗ ( 75 ∡0°)

𝑉 = 0.135 ∡ − 18.13𝑧

𝑣(𝑡, 𝑧) = 0.135 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.77 ∗ 109 𝑡 − 18.13𝑧) [𝑉]

2.2) A transmission line has the following per-unit-length parameters: 𝑳 =
𝟎. 𝟓[𝝁𝑯/𝒎], 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎[𝒑𝑭/𝒎], 𝑹 = 𝟒. 𝟎[Ω/𝒎], and 𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐[𝑺/𝒎]. Calculate the
propagation constant and characteristic impedance of this line at 800 MHz If
the line is 30 cm long, what is the attenuation in dB? Recalculate these
quantities in the absence of loss (𝑹 = 𝑮 = 𝟎).
Data:
𝐿 = 0.5[𝜇𝐻/𝑚]𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐶 = 200[𝑝𝐹/𝑚]𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑅 = 4.0[Ω/𝑚]𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐺 = 0.02[𝑆/𝑚]𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓 = 800[𝑀𝐻𝑧]
𝑙 = 30[𝑐𝑚]
Development
Propagation Constant:

𝛾 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

𝛾 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶)

𝛾 = √(4 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (800 ∗ 106 ) ∗ (0.5 ∗ 10−6 ))(0.02 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (800 ∗ 106 ) ∗ (200 ∗ 10−12 ))

𝛾 = √(4 + 𝑗2513.274)(0.02 + 𝑗1.005)

Transforming Cartesian quantities to polar:

• Polar Form of (4 + 𝑗2513.274):

2513.274
√(4)2 + (2513.274)2 = 2513.277, 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 89.90°
4
• Polar Form of (0.02 + 𝑗1.005):
 1.005
√(0.02)2 + (1.005)2 = 1.005, 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 88.85°
0.02

Then:

𝛾 = √(2513.277∡89.90°)(1.005∡88.85°)

𝛾 = √(2525.843∡178.75°)

𝛾 = 50.257∡89.375°

The cartesian form of 𝛾 = 50.257∡89.375° (propagation constant) is:

𝛾 = 50.257 cos(89.375°) + 𝑗50.257𝑠𝑒𝑛(89.375°)

𝛾 = 0.548 + 𝑗50.254

𝛾 = 0.548 + 𝑗50.254 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
Then:
Attenuation Constant:
𝛼 = 0.548 [𝑁𝑝/𝑚]

Phase Constant:
𝛽 = 𝑗50.254 [𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚]
Characteristic Impedance:

𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑍𝑜 = √
𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶

(4 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (800 ∗ 106 ) ∗ (0.5 ∗ 10−6 ))

𝑍𝑜 = √
(0.02 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (800 ∗ 106 ) ∗ (200 ∗ 10−12 ))
 (4 + 𝑗2513.274)
𝑍𝑜 = √
(0.02 + 𝑗1.005)

(2513.277∡89.90°)
𝑍𝑜 = √
(1.005∡88.85°)

𝑍𝑜 = √2500.77∡1.05°

𝑍𝑜 = 50.00∡0.525°[Ω]

The cartesian form of 𝑍𝑜 = 50.00∡0.525° (characteristic impedance):

𝑍𝑜 = 50.00 cos(0.525°) + 𝑗50.00𝑠𝑒𝑛(0.525°)

𝑍𝑜 = 49.99 + 𝑗0.458[Ω]

The line is 30 cm long, what is the attenuation in dB?

1𝑁𝑝 = 8.686[𝑑𝐵]

𝛼 = 0.548[𝑁𝑝/𝑚] ∗ 8.686[𝑑𝐵]

Multiplying by the length of the line:

𝛼 = 4.7599[𝑑𝐵/𝑚] ∗ 0.3[𝑚]

𝛼 = 1.427[𝑑𝐵]

Recalculate these quantities in the absence of loss (𝑅 = 𝐺 = 0).

Propagation Constant:

𝛾 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

𝛾 = √(0 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿)(0 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶)

𝛾 = √(𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (800 ∗ 106 ) ∗ (0.5 ∗ 10−6 )(𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (800 ∗ 106 ) ∗ (200 ∗ 10−12 ))

𝛾 = √𝑗(2513.274)𝑗(1.005)

𝛾 = √𝑗 2 2526.04

𝛾 = 𝑗√2526.04

𝛾 = 𝑗50.259 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
Then:

Phase Constant:

𝛽 = 𝑗50.259 [𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚]
Characteristic Impedance:

𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑍𝑜 = √
𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶

0 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝐿
𝑍𝑜 = √ =√ =√
0 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝐶
 (0.5 ∗ 10−6 )
𝑍𝑜 = √
(200 ∗ 10−12 )

𝑍𝑜 = 50[Ω]

2.3) RG-402U semirigid coaxial cable has an inner conductor diameter of 0.91
mm and a dielectric diameter (equal to the inner diameter of the outer
conductor) of 3.02 mm. Both conductors are copper, and the dielectric
material is Teflon. Compute the R, L, G, and C parameters of this line at 1 GHz,
and use these results to find the characteristic impedance and attenuation of
the line at 1 GHz. Compare your results to the manufacturer’s specifications
of 50 Ω and 0.43 dB/m, and discuss reasons for the difference.

Data:
𝑎 = 0.91[𝑚𝑚]
𝑏 = 3.02[𝑚𝑚]
𝑓 = 1[𝐺𝐻𝑧]

Development

Inductance
𝜇 𝑏
𝐿= 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2𝜋 𝑎

𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 3.02 ∗ 10−3
𝐿= 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2𝜋 0.91 ∗ 10−3

𝐿 = 2.40 ∗ 10−7 [𝐻/𝑚]

Capacitance
2𝜋𝜀
𝐶=
𝑏
𝑙𝑛 (𝑎)

2𝜋𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜
𝐶=
3.02 ∗ 10−3
𝑙𝑛 ( )
0.91 ∗ 10−3

𝐶 = 9.74 ∗ 10−11 [𝐹/𝑚]

Resistance

• Surface resistivity
𝜔𝜇
𝑅𝑠 = √
2𝜎

2𝜋𝑓𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟
𝑅𝑠 = √
2𝜎

2𝜋 ∗ 1 ∗ 109 ∗ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟
𝑅𝑠 = √
2 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 107

𝑅𝑠 = 0.00825 [Ω]

𝑅𝑠 1 1
𝑅= [( + )]
2𝜋 𝑎 𝑏

0.00825 1 1
𝑅= [( + )]
2𝜋 0.91 ∗ 10−3 3.02 ∗ 10−3

𝑅 = 1.88 [Ω/𝑚]

Conductance
2𝜋𝜔𝜀 ,,
𝐺=
𝑏
𝑙𝑛 (𝑎)

2𝜋𝜔𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛿)
𝐺=
𝑏
𝑙𝑛 (𝑎)

2𝜋 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 1 ∗ 109 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 𝜀𝑜 ∗ 0.30 ∗ 10−3

𝐺=
3.02 ∗ 10−3
𝑙𝑛 ( )
0.91 ∗ 10−3

𝐺 = 1.84 ∗ 10−4 [𝑆/𝑚]

Characteristic impedance
𝐿
𝑍𝑜 = √
𝐶
 2.40 ∗ 10−7
𝑍𝑜 = √
9.74 ∗ 10−11

𝑍𝑜 = 49.64 [Ω]

Attenuation
1 𝑅
𝛼 = ( + 𝐺𝑍𝑜 )
2 𝑍𝑜

1 1.88
𝛼= ( + 1.84 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 49.64)
2 49.64

𝛼 = 0.024 [𝑑𝐵/𝑚]

Characteristic impedance (RG-402U)

𝑍𝑜 = 50 [Ω]

Attenuation (RG-402U)
𝛼 = 0.364 [𝑑𝐵/𝑚]

Comparison
𝒁𝒐 [Ω] 𝜶 [𝒅𝑩/𝒎]
Calculated value 49.64 0.024
RG-402U value 50 0.364

2.4) Compute and plot the attenuation of the coaxial line of Problem 2.3, in
dB/m, over a frequency range of 1 MHz to 100 GHz. Use log-log graph paper.

Data:
8.686 [𝑑𝐵] = 1 [𝑁𝑝]

Development

1 𝑅
𝛼 = ( + 𝐺𝑍𝑜 )
2 𝑍𝑜
 𝑓 𝑅𝑠 [Ω] 𝑅 [Ω] 𝐺 [𝑆] 𝛼 = [𝑁𝑝/𝑚] 𝛼 = [𝑑𝐵/𝑚]

1 [MHz] 2.61∗ 10−4 0.06 1.84∗ 10−7 7.01∗ 10−5 6.09∗ 10−4
10 [MHz] 8.25∗ 10−4 0.19 1.84∗ 10−6 2.26∗ 10−4 1.96∗ 10−3
100 [MHz] 2.61∗ 10−3 0.59 1.84∗ 10−5 7.37∗ 10−4 6.40∗ 10−3
1 [GHz] 8.25∗ 10−3 1.88 1.84∗ 10−4 2.76∗ 10−4 0.024
10 [GHz] 0.026 5.92 1.84∗ 10−3 0.012 0.105
100 [GHz] 0.082 18.66 0.018 0.073 0.635

Graphic:

Figure 1: Frequency vs Attenuation

2.5) For the parallel plate line shown in the accompanying figure, derive the
R, L, G, and C parameters. Assume 𝑾 ≫ 𝒅.
Data:
𝑑 = 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑊 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝜖𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
Development
The total electric field is:
𝑉0 −𝑗𝐾𝑧
𝐸̅ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑒̅(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 −𝑗𝐾𝑧 = −𝑦̂ 𝑒 [𝑉/𝑚]
𝑑
The magnetic field is:
1 𝑉
̅ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ℎ̅(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 −𝑗𝐾𝑧 = − 𝑧̂ 𝑥 𝐸̅ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥̂ 0 𝑒 −𝑗𝐾𝑧 [𝐴/𝑚]
𝐻
𝜂 𝑛𝑑
And the intrinsic impedance of the medium between the parallel plates is:
𝜇
𝜂 = √ [Ω]
𝜀

The total current on the top plate can be found from Ampere’s law or the surface current
density:
𝑤
𝐼 = ∫ 𝐽̅𝑠 . 𝑧̂ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

𝑤 𝑤
𝑤𝑉0 𝑒 −𝑗𝐾𝑧
̅ ). 𝑧̂ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝐼 = ∫ (−𝑦̂𝑥𝐻 𝐻𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥=0 𝑥=0 𝜂𝑑

That the fields are similar in form to a plane wave in a homogeneous region:

𝐸𝑧 = 𝐻𝑧 = 0

Therefore the magnetic field, electric field and the current are:
𝑉0
̅𝑥 =
𝐻 [𝐴/𝑚]
𝜂𝑑

𝑉0
𝐸̅𝑦 = − [𝑉/𝑚]
𝑑
 𝑤𝑉0
𝐼=
𝜂𝑑
Clearing 𝑉0 of 𝐼:
𝐼0 𝜂𝑑
𝑉0 =
𝑤
Replacing in 𝐻
̅𝑥 :

𝐼0 𝜂𝑑
𝐼
̅𝑥 = 𝑤 = 0
𝐻
𝜂𝑑 𝑤
Therefore, to find the series inductance per unit length, the formula is applied:

𝜇0
𝐿= ∫ 𝐻̅. 𝐻
̅ ∗ 𝑑𝑠
|𝐼0 |2 𝑆

𝜇0 𝐼0 𝐼0
𝐿= 2
∫ . 𝑑𝑠
|𝐼0 | 𝑆 𝑤 𝑤

𝜇0 𝑤 𝐼0 𝑑 𝐼0
𝐿= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝐼0 |2 𝑥=0 𝑤 𝑦=0 𝑤

Integrating and replacing the limits:

𝜇0 𝐼0 𝑤 𝐼0 𝑑
𝐿= 2
[ 𝑥| ][ 𝑦| ]
|𝐼0 | 𝑤 𝑥 = 0 𝑤 𝑦 = 0

𝜇0 𝐼0 𝐼0
𝐿= [ 𝑤] [ 𝑑]
|𝐼0 |2 𝑤 𝑤

𝜇0 𝑑
𝐿= 2
[𝐼0 2 ] [ ]
|𝐼0 | 𝑤
 𝜇0 𝑑 𝐻
𝐿= [ ]
𝑤 𝑚

Therefore, to find the series capacitance per unit length, the formula is applied:

𝜖
𝐶= ∫ 𝐸̅ . 𝐸̅ ∗ 𝑑𝑠[𝐹/𝑚]
|𝑉0 |2 𝑆

Replacing the electric field 𝐸̅𝑦 in 𝐶:

𝜖 𝑉0
𝐶= ∫ − 𝑑𝑠
|𝑉0 |2 𝑆 𝑑

𝑤 𝑑
𝜖 𝑉0 𝑉0
𝐶= 2
∫ − 𝑑𝑥 ∫ − 𝑑𝑦
|𝑉0 | 𝑥=𝑜 𝑑 𝑦=0 𝑑

Integrating and replacing the limits:

𝜖 𝑉0 𝑤 𝑉0 𝑑
𝐶= 2
[− 𝑥 | ] [− 𝑦 | ]
|𝑉0 | 𝑑 𝑥=0 𝑑 𝑦=0

𝜖 𝑉0 𝑉0
𝐶= [− 𝑤] [− 𝑑]
|𝑉0 |2 𝑑 𝑑

𝜖 𝑉0 2 𝑤
𝐶= [ ]
|𝑉0 |2 𝑑

𝜖𝑤 𝐹
𝐶= [ ]
𝑑 𝑚

To find the series resistance per unit length, the formula is applied:

𝑅𝑠
𝑅= ∫ 𝐻̅. 𝐻
̅ ∗ 𝑑𝑙[Ω/𝑚]
|𝐼0 |2 𝐶1+𝐶2
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 represent integration paths over the conductor boundaries and replacing the
electric field:
2𝑅𝑠 𝑤 𝐼0 𝐼0
𝑅= ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
|𝐼0 |2 𝑥=0 𝑤 𝑤

2𝑅𝑠 𝑤 𝐼0 2
𝑅= ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
|𝐼0 |2 𝑥=0 𝜔

Integrating and replacing the limits:

2𝑅𝑠 𝐼0 2 𝑤
𝑅= [ 𝑥 | ]
|𝐼0 |2 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0

2𝑅𝑠 𝐼0 2
𝑅= [ 𝑤]
|𝐼0 |2 𝑤 2

2𝑅𝑠 Ω
𝑅= [ ]
𝑤 𝑚
The shunt conductance per unit length can be written as:

𝜔𝜖 ′′
𝐺= ∫ 𝐸̅ . 𝐸̅ ∗ 𝑑𝑠 [𝑆/𝑚]
|𝑉0 |2 𝑆
𝑉0
Replacing the electric field 𝐸̅𝑦 = :
𝑑

𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝑉0 𝑉0
𝐺= ∫ − . − 𝑑𝑠
|𝑉0 |2 𝑆 𝑑 𝑑

𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝑤 𝑉0 𝑑
𝑉0
𝐺= 2
∫ − 𝑑𝑥 ∫ − 𝑑𝑦
|𝑉0 | 𝑥=0 𝑑 𝑦=0 𝑑

𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝑉0 𝑤 𝑉0 𝑑
𝐺= 2
[− 𝑥 | ] [− 𝑦 | ]
|𝑉0 | 𝑑 𝑥=0 𝑑 𝑦=0
 𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝑉0 𝑉0
𝐺= [− 𝑤] [− 𝑑]
|𝑉0 |2 𝑑 𝑑

𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝑤
𝐺= [𝑆/𝑚]
𝑑
2.6) For the parallel plate line of Problem 2.5, derive the telegrapher
equations using the field theory approach.
Development
Assuming that the transmission line or waveguide region is source free, we can write
Maxwell’s equations as:
∇ 𝑥 𝐸̅ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻
̅

̅ = −𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐻
∇𝑥𝐻 ̅

Assume 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝜕/𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕/𝜕𝑦 = 0.

𝜕𝐸𝑦
− = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥 (1)
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐸𝑥
− = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐻𝑦
− = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸𝑥 (3)
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐻𝑥
= 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸𝑦 (4)
𝜕𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = 0 at 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑑, and 𝜕/𝜕𝑦 = 0 we must have 𝐸𝑥 = 0:
𝜕𝐸𝑦
= 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥 (1)
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐻𝑥
= 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸𝑦 (4)
𝜕𝑧
Integrating to find the electric field in the y direction 𝑦̂:
:
−𝜕𝐸𝑦 = 𝜕𝑧 − 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥
𝑑
𝐸𝑦 = ∫ 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0

1
𝐸𝑦 = 𝑉(𝑧)
𝑑
Integrating to find the magnetic field in the direction of 𝑥̂:

𝜕𝐻𝑥 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑤
𝐻𝑥 = ∫ 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0

𝑤
𝑉0
𝐻𝑥 = ∫ 𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝑑𝑧
0 𝑑

1
𝐻𝑥 = − 𝐼(𝑧)
𝑤
The total current on the top plate can be found from Ampere’s law or the surface current
density:
𝑤
𝐼 = ∫ 𝐽̅𝑠 . 𝑧̂ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

𝑤 𝑤
̅ ). 𝑧̂ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝐻𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝐻𝑥 𝑤
𝐼 = ∫ (−𝑦̂𝑥𝐻
𝑥=0 𝑥=0

The voltage of the top plate with respect to the bottom plate can be calculated from:
 𝑑
𝑉 = −∫ 𝐸𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0

𝑉 = −𝐸𝑦 𝑑

Performing the derivative of 𝑉:

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝐸𝑦
=− (𝑑)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Replacing:
𝜕𝐸𝑦
= 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉 𝐼
= −𝑗𝜔𝜇 (𝑑)
𝜕𝑧 𝑤

𝜕𝑉 𝜔𝜇𝑑
= −𝑗 𝐼(𝑧)
𝜕𝑧 𝑤

Therefore, the series impedance per unit length is:

𝜇𝑑
𝐿= [𝐻/𝑚]
𝑤
Performing the derivative of 𝐼:

𝐼 = −𝐻𝑥 𝑤

𝜕𝐼 𝜕𝐻𝑥
=− 𝑤
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Replacing:
𝜕𝐻𝑥
= −𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸𝑦
𝜕𝑧
 𝜕𝐻𝑥 𝑉
= −𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝑤
𝜕𝑧 𝑑

𝜕𝐻𝑥 𝜔𝜖𝑤
= −𝑗 𝑉(𝑧)
𝜕𝑧 𝑑

Therefore, the series capacitance per unit length is:

𝜖𝑤
𝐶=− [𝐹/𝑚]
𝑑
2.7) Show that the T -model of a transmission line shown in the accompanying
figure also yields the telegrapher equations derived in Section 2.1.

Development

The voltage across the inductor is:

𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡

Kirchhoff’s voltage law can be applied to give:

𝑅∆𝑧 𝐿∆𝑧 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑅∆𝑧 𝐿∆𝑧 𝜕𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡)

−𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡) + 𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) + − 𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) − − 𝑣(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) = 0
2 2 𝜕𝑡 2 2 𝜕𝑡

Dividing for ∆𝑧 :

𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑅∆𝑧 𝐿∆𝑧 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑅∆𝑧 𝐿∆𝑧 𝜕𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) 𝑣

− + 𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) + + 𝜕𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) + + (𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡)
∆𝑧 2∆𝑧 2∆𝑧 𝜕𝑡 2∆𝑧 2∆𝑧 𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑧
=0
 𝑅 𝐿 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑅 𝐿 𝜕𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) 𝑣
𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) + + 𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) + + (𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) = 0
2 2 𝑑𝑡 2 2 𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑧

Doing mathematical calculations:

𝑅 𝐿 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑅 𝑅 𝐿 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝐿 𝜕𝑖(∆𝑧 , 𝑡) 𝑣 𝑣

𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) + + 𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) + 𝑖(∆𝑧 , 𝑡) + + + (𝑧, 𝑡) + (∆𝑧 , 𝑡) = 0
2 2 𝜕𝑡 2 2 2 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑧 ∆𝑧

𝑅 𝐿 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑣
2 𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) + 2 + (𝑧, 𝑡) = 0
2 2 𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑧

𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑣
𝑅𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) + 𝐿 + (𝑧, 𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑧

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡)
(𝑧, 𝑡) = −𝑅𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝐿 (1)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

The current across the capacitor is:

𝑑𝑣
𝑖𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑡

Applying Kirchhoff's current law:

∆𝑧 ∆𝑧 𝜕𝑣(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡)
𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝐺 𝑣(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) − 𝐶 − 𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) = 0
2 2 𝜕𝑡

Dividing for ∆𝑧 and taking the limit as ∆𝑧 → 0:

𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) ∆𝑧 ∆𝑧 𝜕𝑣(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) 𝑖
−𝐺 𝑣(𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) − 𝐶 − (𝑧 + ∆𝑧 , 𝑡) = 0
∆𝑧 ∆𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑧

𝑖 𝐺 𝐺 𝐶 𝜕𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝐶 𝜕𝑣(∆𝑧 , 𝑡) 𝑖 𝑖
(𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝑣(∆𝑧 , 𝑡) − − − (𝑧, 𝑡) − (∆𝑧 , 𝑡) = 0
∆𝑧 2 2 2 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑧 ∆𝑧
 𝑖 𝐺 𝐶 𝜕𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡)
(𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡) − =0
2∆𝑧 2 2 𝜕𝑡
Taking common factor 2:

𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡)
− 𝐺𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝐶 = 0 (2)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
Therefore, it is shown that this equation agrees with the equation found for the circuit
in the following figure.
2.8) A lossless transmission line of electrical length 𝓵 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝝀 is
terminated with a complex load impedance as shown in the
accompanying figure. Find the reflection coefficient at the load, the
SWR on the line, the reflection coefficient at the input of the line, and
the input impedance to the line.

Data:
𝑍( = 30 − 𝑗20 W 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑍9 = 75 W 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ℓ = 0.3𝜆 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡

Development

We know that the phase constant is represented as

2𝜋
𝛽=
𝜆
2𝜋
𝛽ℓ = 0.3𝜆 = 0.6𝜋
𝜆
180
𝛽ℓ = 0.6𝜋 = 108°
𝜋
Now we can determinate the following parameters:
a) Input impedance
Z( + 𝑗Z9 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽ℓ
ZJK = Z9
Z9 + 𝑗Z( 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽ℓ
30 − 𝑗20 + 𝑗75 𝑡𝑎𝑛(108)
ZJK = 75
75 + 𝑗(30 − 𝑗20) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(108)
ZJK = 202.98 − 𝑗5.19 W
 b) Reflection coefficient at the load
Z( − Z9
Γ( =
Z( + Z9
30 − 𝑗20 − 75
Γ( = = 0.378 + 𝑗0.265
30 − 𝑗20 + 75
0.265
Γ( = 0.378 Q + 0.265 Q , 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛TU = 35.3°
0.378
Γ( = 0.459∠35.3°

c) Reflection coefficient at the input

ΓJK = Γ( 𝑒−2𝑗𝛽ℓ
Where 𝛽ℓ = 108°
ΓJK = 0.459∠35.3°𝑒−2𝑗(108°)
ΓJK = 0.459∠35.3°𝑒−𝑗216°
ΓJK = 0.459∠35.3° 1∠ − 216°
ΓJK = 0.459∠(35.3° − 216°)
ΓJK = 0.459∠(−180.7°)
ΓJK = 0.459∠(−180.7° + 360°)
ΓJK = 0.459∠179.3°

d) SWR
1 + Γ(
𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − Γ(
1 + 0.459
𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − 0.459
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 2.69

We can verify these results with the Smith Chart.

 The Complete Smith Chart
Black Magic Design

0.12 0.13
0.11 0.14
0.38 0.37 0.15
0.1 0.39 0.36
90
0.4 100 80 0.35 0.1
0 .09 6

45
50
1 110 40 70 0.3
0.4 4

1.0
0.9

1.2
0.1

55
.08

0.8
0 7
35

1.4
2 0.3
0.4 60

0.7
0 3
12

0.6 60
)
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1.6
0.1
0.0
7 (+jB 30 8
CE 0.3
3 AN
0.4

1.8
PT 0.2 2
CE 50
65

0 S
13 SU

2.0
VE
0.5

TI
06

0.
CI 25

19
0.
44

0.
PA

31
0.

CA
70

R
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o)
0

40
14

4
5

0.

0.2
0.0

/Z
5

20

0.3
jX
0.4

(+

3.0
T
75

EN

0.6
N
PO
4

0.2
0.0

OM

0.3
0
6

0.2

1
30
15
0.4

9
EC

0.8 15
>
R—

4.0
80

NC
TO

TA

1.0

0.22
AC
ERA

0.47

0.28
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RE

1.0
GEN

0.2
0

IVE

20
85
1 6

10
UCT
ARD

8
0.

0.23
IND
S TOW

0.48

0.27
ANG
90

0.6

ANG
LE OF
NGTH

10

LE OF
0

0.1
17

0.4

TRANSM
0.0 —> WAVELE

0.24
0.49

0.26
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DE
20
0.2

Coef.Ref in=0.45

ISSION COEFFICIENT IN
50
0.74lambda
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

10

20

50

0.25

0.25
± 180
0.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

50
AD <—

0.2 zin=2.8-j0.2
Ang.coe.refl=360
20

Coef.Refl Carg=0.45

0.24
O
0.49

0.26
L

°-2=358°
D

0.4
70

0.1
R

DEGR
OWA
-1

G
10

RE
T

ES
0.6

EES
-90

0.23
S

)
0.48

0.27
TH

/Yo

zL=0.4-j0.26.
G

(-jB

8
0.
N

-10
E

CE
L
0
-85

-20
6
E

0.2
1
AV

AN

1.0
-

5.0

0.22
W

T
7

0.28
0.4

1.0
<—

CE
US
-15 -80

4.0
ES

0.8 -15
IV
4

0.2
0

-30
T

0.3
0.0

C
6

0.2
1
0.4

DU

9
IN

0.6
-75

3.0
O
),
5

Zo

-20
0.2
0.0

X/
5

4 0.3
0.
0.4

(-j
40

-4
-1

T 0.4
EN
Ang. coe refle=360°-146°=214°
-70

N
PO
06

0.
19
0.

M
CO -25
44

0.
0.5

3
0.

E
1
2.0

30 NC -5
TA 0
-65

-1
AC
0.454lambda
7 0.2 0.1
1.8

E
0.0 VE
R 8
0.6

ITI 0.3
3
0.4 AC -30 2
1.6

CAP
-60

0 -60 0.1
8 -12
0.7

0.0 7
1.4

2 -35 0.3
0.8

0.4 3
1.2
-55

0.9

0.1
1.0

9 -70
0.0 -110 0 6
-4
0
-5

0.3
-4

1
0.4 0.1 -100 -80 0.15 4
-90
0.11 0.14 0.35
0.4 0.12 0.13
0.39 0.36

0.05lambda+0.3lambba=0.35lambda
0.38 0.37
O (C dB O ]
F
. C K SS [ SS C [dB

RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS

EF
.
N P L L EN

P)

TOWARD LOAD —> <— TOWARD GENERATOR

SW d S [d EFF , E o
RT

A W. L. W. TT

EF O ]
P T.
SM EA O O

100 40 20 10 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1 15 10 7 5 4 3 2 1

F, NS
N

TR S. RF S. A
R BS B] , P r I
. L L. OE
RF L. C
O CO FF

40 30 20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20

RF

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15

I
or
E

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10
F,
EF
O

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
.C
SM

CENTER
N
A
TR

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

ORIGIN
2.9) A 75 W coaxial transmission line has a length of 2.0 cm and is
terminated with a load impedance of 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 + 𝒋𝟕𝟓W. If the relative
permittivity of the line is 2.56 and the frequency is 3.0 GHz, find the
input impedance to the line, the reflection coefficient at the load, the
reflection coefficient at the input, and the SWR on the line.
Data:
𝑍) = 37.5 + 𝑗75 W 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑍9 = 75 W 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ℓ = 2 𝑐𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝜖B = 2.56 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑓 = 3 𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Development
First we have to determinate the wavelength in air (vacuum)
𝑣 3𝑥10P
𝜆9 = = = 0.1 [𝑚]
𝑓 3𝑥10Q
Then we determinate the wavelength
𝜆9 0.1
𝜆T = = = 0.0625 𝑚 = 6.25[𝑐𝑚]
𝜖B 2.56
Now expressing the length in terms of wavelength
2[𝑐𝑚]
ℓ= = 0.32𝜆T
6.25 𝑐𝑚 /𝜆T

We know that the phase constant is represented as

2𝜋
𝛽=
𝜆
2𝜋
𝛽ℓ = 0.32𝜆T = 0.64𝜋
𝜆
180
𝛽ℓ = 0.64𝜋 = 115.2°
𝜋
Now we can determinate the following parameters:
a) Input impedance
Z) + 𝑗Z9 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽ℓ
Z\] = Z9
Z9 + 𝑗Z) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽ℓ
 37.5 + 𝑗75 + 𝑗75 𝑡𝑎𝑛(115.2)
Z\] = 75
75 + 𝑗(37.5 + 𝑗75) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(115.2)
Z\] = 18.98 − 𝑗20.54 W

b) Reflection coefficient at the load

Z) − Z9
Γ) =
Z) + Z9
37.5 + 𝑗75 − 75
Γ) = = 0.079 + 𝑗0.615
37.5 + 𝑗75 + 75
0.615
Γ) = 0.079 c + 0.615 c , 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛fg = 82.6°
0.079
Γ) = 0.62∠82.6°

c) Reflection coefficient at the input

Γ\] = Γ) 𝑒−2𝑗𝛽ℓ
Where 𝛽ℓ = 115.2°
Γ\] = 0.62∠82.6°𝑒−2𝑗(115.2°)
Γ\] = 0.62∠82.6°𝑒−𝑗230.4°
Γ\] = 0.62∠82.6° 1∠ − 230.4°
Γ\] = 0.62∠(82.6° − 230.4°)
Γ\] = 0.4∠(−147.8°)
Γ\] = 0.4∠(−147.8° + 360°)
Γ\] = 0.62∠212.2°
d) SWR
1 + Γ)
𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − Γ)
1 + 0.62
𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − 0.62
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4.26
We can verify these results with the Smith Chart.
 The Complete Smith Chart
Black Magic Design
Angul.Coe. Ref Carga=83° 0.134lambda
0.12 0.13
0.11 0.14
0.38 0.37 0.15
0.1 0.39 0.36
90
0.4 100 80 0.35 0.1
0 .09 6

45
50
1 110 40 70 0.3
0.4 4

1.0
0.9

1.2
0.1

55
.08

0.8
0 7
35

1.4
2 0.3
0.4 60

0.7
0 3
12

0.6 60
)
/Yo

1.6
0.1
0.0
7 (+jB 30 8
CE 0.3
3 AN
0.4

1.8
PT 0.2 2
CE 50
65

0 S
13 SU

2.0
VE
0.5

TI
06

0.
CI 25

19
0.
44

0.
PA

31
0.

CA
70

R
,O 0.4
o)
0

40
14

4
5

0.

0.2
0.0

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5

20

0.3
jX
0.4

(+

3.0
T
75

EN

0.6
N
PO
4

0.2
0.0

OM

0.3
0
6

0.2

1
30
15
0.4

9
EC

0.8 15
>
R—

4.0
80

NC
TO

TA

1.0

0.22
AC
ERA

0.47

0.28
5.0
RE

1.0
GEN

Coe. Refle. Carga=0.62

0.2
0

IVE

20
85
1 6

10
UCT
ARD

8
0.

0.23
IND
S TOW

0.48

0.27
ANG
90

0.6

ANG
LE OF
NGTH

10

LE OF
0

0.1
17

0.4

TRANSM
0.0 —> WAVELE

0.24
0.49

0.26
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DE
20
0.2

ISSION COEFFICIENT IN
50
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

10

20

50

0.25

0.25
± 180
0.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

50
AD <—

0.2
20

0.24
O
0.49

0.26
D L

0.4
70

0.1
R

DEGR
OWA
-1

G
10

RE
T

ES
0.6

EES
-90

0.23
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)
0.48

0.27
TH

/Yo

zin=0.28-j0.28
G

(-jB

8
0.
N

-10
E

CE
L
0
-85

-20
6
E

0.2
1
AV

AN

1.0
-

5.0

0.22
W

T
7

0.28
0.4

1.0
<—

CE
US
-15 -80

4.0
ES

0.8 -15
IV
4

0.2
0

-30
T

0.3
0.0

C
6

0.2
1
0.4

DU

9
IN

0.6
0.454lambda
-75

3.0
O
),
5

Zo

-20
0.2
0.0

X/
5

4 0.3
0.
0.4

(-j
40

-4
-1

T 0.4
EN
-70

N
PO
06

0.
19
0.

M
Coe.Ref.In=360°-147°=213°
CO -25
44

0.
0.5

3
0.

E
1
2.0

30 NC -5
TA 0
-65

-1
7 AC 0.2 0.1
1.8

E
0.0 VE
R 8
0.6

ITI 0.3
3
0.4 AC -30 2
1.6

CAP
-60

0 -60 0.1
8 -12
0.7

0.0 7
1.4

2 -35 0.3
0.8

0.4 3
1.2
-55

0.9

0.1
1.0

9 -70
0.0 -110 0 6
-4
0
-5

0.3
-4

1
0.4 0.1 -100 -80 0.15 4
-90
0.11 0.14 0.35
0.4 0.12 0.13
0.39 0.36
0.38 0.37
O (C dB O ]
F
. C K SS [ SS C [dB

RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS

EF
.
N P L L EN

P)

TOWARD LOAD —> <— TOWARD GENERATOR

SW d S [d EFF , E o
RT

A W. L. W. TT

EF O ]
P T.
SM EA O O

100 40 20 10 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1 15 10 7 5 4 3 2 1

F, NS
N

TR S. RF S. A
R BS B] , P r I
. L L. OE
RF L. C
O CO FF

40 30 20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20

RF

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15

I
or
E

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10
F,
EF
O

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
.C
SM

CENTER
N
A
TR

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

ORIGIN
2.10) A terminated transmission line with 𝒁𝒐 = 𝟔𝟎 W has a reflection
coefficient at the load of 𝚪 = 𝟎. 𝟒∠𝟔𝟎°
a) What is the load impedance?
b) What is the reflection coefficient 𝟎. 𝟑𝝀 away from the load?
c) What is the input impedance at this point?
Data:
𝑍/ = 60 W 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ℓ = 0.3𝜆 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝛤 = 0.4∠60° 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Development

a) What is the load impedance?

First we express the load reflection coefficient on its cartesian form:
ΓH = 0.4∠60°
ΓH = 𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑟𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0.4𝐶𝑜𝑠 60° = 0.2
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0.4𝑆𝑖𝑛 60° = 0.3464
ΓH = 0.2 + 𝑗0.3464
Since we have the characteristic impedance and the load reflection coefficient, we can
use this data to determinate de load impedance:

1 + ΓH
𝑍H = 𝑍/
1 − ΓH
1 + (0.2 + 𝑗0.3464)
𝑍H = 60
1 − (0.2 + 𝑗0.3464)
1.2 + 𝑗0.3464
𝑍H = 60
0.8 − 𝑗0.3464
1.2 + 𝑗0.3464
𝑍H = 60
0.8 − 𝑗0.3464
72 + 𝑗20.784
𝑍H =
0.8 − 𝑗0.3464
 72 + 𝑗20.784
𝑍H =
0.8 − 𝑗0.3464
20.784
72 + 20.784 X , 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛Z[
X = 16.10°
𝑍H = 72
−0.3464
0.8 X − 0.3464 X , 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛Z[ = −23.41°
0.8
74.94∠16.10°
𝑍H = = 85.96∠39.51°
0.8717∠ − 23.41°
Expressing the load impedance on its cartesian form:
ZH = 85.96∠39.51°
ZH = 𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑟𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 85.96𝐶𝑜𝑠 39.51° = 66.31
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 85.96𝑆𝑖𝑛 39.51° = 54.7
ZH = 66.31 + 𝑗54.7 W
b) What is the reflection coefficient 0.3𝜆 away from the load?
To find the reflection coefficient 0.3𝜆 away from the load, we can use the load
reflection coefficient:
Γ_` = ΓH 𝑒−2𝑗𝛽ℓ
Xf
Where 𝛽 = g

2𝜋
i.jg
Γ_` = 0.4∠60°𝑒−2𝑗 𝜆

Γ_` = 0.4∠60°𝑒−𝑗1.2𝜋
Γ_` = 0.4∠60°𝑒−𝑗216°
Γ_` = 0.4∠60° 1∠ − 216°
Γ_` = 0.4∠(60° − 216°)
Γ_` = 0.4∠(−156°)
Γ_` = 0.4∠(−156° + 360°)
Γ_` = 0.4∠204°
c) What is the input impedance at this point?
To find the input impedance we used the Smith Chart and the result is:
Z_` = 18.98 − 𝑗20.54 W
We can verify these results with the Smith Chart.
 The Complete Smith Chart
Black Magic Design

Ang.Coe.Refl.Carga 60°
0.12 0.13
0.11 0.14
0.38 0.37 0.15
0.1 0.39 0.36
90
0.4 100 80 0.35 0.1
9
0.0 6
0.166lambda

45
50
1 110 40 70 0.3
0.4 4

1.0
0.9

1.2
0.1

55
.08

0.8
0 7
35

1.4
0.3
.42 60

0.7
0 3
0 12

0.6 60
Yo)

1.6
7 jB/ 0.1
0.0 E (+ 30 8
3 ANC 0.3
0.4

1.8
T 0.2 2
EP 50
SC
65

0
13 SU

2.0
VE
0.5

TI
06

0.
CI 25

19
0.
44

0.
PA

31
0.

CA
70

R
,O 0.4
o)
0

40
14

4
5

0.

0.2
0.0

/Z
5

20

0.3
jX
0.4

(+

3.0
T
75

EN

0.6
N
PO
4

0.2
0.0

OM

0.3
0
6

0.2

1
30
15
0.4

9
EC

0.8 15
>
R—

4.0
80

NC
TO

TA

1.0

0.22
AC
ERA

0.47

0.28
zL=1.1+j1 5.0
RE

1.0
GEN

0.2
0

IVE

20
85
1 6

10
UCT
ARD

8
0.

0.23
IND
S TOW

0.48

0.27
ANG
90

0.6

ANG
LE OF
NGTH

10

LE OF
0

0.1
17

0.4

TRANSM
0.0 —> WAVELE

0.24
Coe.Re=0.4
0.49

0.26
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DE
20
0.2

ISSION COEFFICIENT IN
50
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

10

20

50

0.25

0.25
± 180
0.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

50
AD <—

0.2
20

zIn=0.44-j0.19

0.24
O
0.49

0.26
D L

0.4
70

0.1
R

DEGR
OWA
-1

G
10

RE
T

ES
0.6

EES
-90

0.23
S

)
0.48

0.27
TH

/Yo
G

(-jB

8
0.
N

-10
E

CE
L
0
-85

-20
6
E

0.2
1
AV

AN

1.0
-

5.0

0.22
W

T
7

0.28
0.4

1.0
<—

CE
US

Ang.Coe. Ref.In=360°-156°=204°
-15 -80

4.0
ES

0.8 -15
IV
4

0.2
0

-30
T

0.3
0.0

C
6

0.2
1
0.4

DU

9
0.166lambda+0.3lambda=0.466lambda
IN

0.6
-75

3.0
O
),
5

Zo

-20
0.2
0.0

X/
5

4 0.3
0.
0.4

(-j
40

-4
-1

T 0.4
EN
-70

N
PO
06

0.
19
0.

M
CO -25
44

0.
0.5

3
0.

E
1
2.0

30 NC -5
TA 0
-65

-1
7 AC 0.2 0.1
1.8

E
0.0 VE
R 8
0.6

ITI 0.3
3
0.4 AC -30 2
1.6

CAP
-60

0 -60 0.1
8 -12
0.7

0.0 7
1.4

2 -35 0.3
0.8

0.4 3
1.2
-55

0.9

0.1
1.0

9 -70
0.0 -110 0 6
-4
0
-5

0.3
-4

1
0.4 0.1 -100 -80 0.15 4
-90
0.11 0.14 0.35
0.4 0.12 0.13
0.39 0.36
0.38 0.37
O (C dB O ]
F
. C K SS [ SS C [dB

RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS

EF
.
N P L L EN

P)

TOWARD LOAD —> <— TOWARD GENERATOR

SW d S [d EFF , E o
RT

A W. L. W. TT

EF O ]
P T.
SM EA O O

100 40 20 10 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1 15 10 7 5 4 3 2 1

F, NS
N

TR S. RF S. A
R BS B] , P r I
. L L. OE
RF L. C
O CO FF

40 30 20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20

RF

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15

I
or
E

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10
F,
EF
O

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
.C
SM

CENTER
N
A
TR

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

ORIGIN