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Doubled the velocity but quadrupled the KE; makes the car 4 times as hard to
stop
Potential energy-stored energy
Amount on potential energy an object has depends on its position or shape
i.e. object on a ledge above a reference point, a compressed spring, or a
stretched rubber band
Gravitational potential energy – potential energy that depends upon an object’s height
Increases when an object is raised to a higher level
PE = mgh m = mass (in kg) g = acceleration due to gravity
2
(9.8 m/s ) h = height (in meters)
Example: Diver at the top of the diving board
PE = mgh = (50kg)(9.8 m/s2)(10 m) = 4900 J
First Law of Thermodynamics – states that energy can never be created or destroyed
It can change forms, be stored in different ways and transferred from one place
to another
Also known as the law of conservation of energy
In a closed system, the internal energy can be changed only by:
1. heat flowing into or out of the system
2. the system doing work on an external system or having work done on it by
an external systems
Energy is always conserved.
In theory, a machine will only produce as much energy as is put into the machine.
In fact, whenever a machine is used, some energy is changed to heat due to friction
or heat lost to the environment.
It is impossible to build a machine that does nothing but convert heat into useful
work! Some energy will always be lost!
The work put out by a machine is always less than the work put into a machine (No
machine is 100% efficient).
Second Law of Thermodynamics – states that thermal energy can flow from colder
objects to hotter objects only if work is done on the system
Heat will not spontaneously flow from colder to warmer temperatures!
Example: A cold drink will warm up when left on the counter; the warm air heats
up the cold drink
Example: the heat moves from your warm hand to a ice cube (causing the ice to
melt)
Example: a refrigerator must do work to transfer thermal energy from the cold
food compartment to the warm room air
Summary:
KE = ½ mv2 KE= J (all energy measured in J!) m=kg v= m/s
PE = mgh PE = J m = kg g = 9.8 m/s2 h=m
Samples:
1. The sign says, “Watch for falling rock.” A 5kg rock sits on the edge of a ledge 30m
above the roadway. What is the potential energy of the rock on the ledge?
A. 735N B. 735J C. 1470N D. 1470J
2. An object w/ a mass of 6kg is traveling 2m/s. What is the object’s kinetic energy?
A. 32J B. 12J C. 7J D. 4J
3. An object w/ a mass of 4kg is 15m above the ground. What is the gravitational
potential energy?
A. 147J B. 153J C. 588J D. 882J
4. If the velocity of an object measuring 45kg changed from 2m/s to 6.5m/s, what is the
difference in kinetic energy from before and after this change?
A. 860.625J B. 90J C. 385.125J D. 236J
6. A jet skier w/ a total mass (jet ski + person) of 250kg is traveling south w/ a KE of
40,500J. What is the velocity of the jet skier?
7. A cat with a KE of 160J is climbing up a tree at a velocity of 2m/s. What is the cat’s
mass?
9. A 0.25kg apple hanging from a tree has a PE of 12J. If the apple falls, how far did it
fall?
10. Druquelis rolls a bowling ball with a mass of 2kg down lane 15 at 0.5m/s. What is
its KE?
11. Karen rolls a bowling ball with a 2kg mass down lane 16 at 0.7m/s. Aisha rolls a 2 nd
bowling ball with the same mass down lane 17 at 1m/s. Which has the greater kinetic
energy?
A. the faster ball
B. the slower ball
C. They have the same mass, so they will have the same KE.
D. The length of the lane is needed to assess this.
Summary:
Law of conservation of energy = energy changes from one form to another, it is never
created or destroyed.
Kinetic energy = energy of motion, usually lowest point “bottom of the hill”
Potential energy = stored energy, usually highest point “top of a cliff”
Gravitational energy = think of a dam or skydiving
Chemical energy = think of a match or gasoline
Electrical energy = think of electricity
Elastic energy = think spring or rubber band
Nuclear energy = think of radioactive elements or the Sun
Thermal energy = think heat, fire, friction (Specific heat, mass and temperature all
affect thermal energy)
Specific heat = the higher the specific heat the longer it takes to heat or cool, water has
a high specific heat, metal usually have a low specific heat, that’s why metal gets hot to
touch in the sun but not a puddle of water.
Samples:
1. The law of conservation of energy implies which statement?
A. The amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.
B. The kinetic energy of a moving object is always equal to its potential energy.
C. Light energy is always decreasing.
D. Thermal energy is always increasing.
2. Which of the following is a device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical
energy?
A. blender B. car engine C. hydroelectric dam D. flashlight
4. Eduardo throws a rock up into the air, which of the following describes the changes in
kinetic or potential energy?
A. The kinetic energy is increasing as it goes up and decreasing as it falls back down.
B. The potential energy is increasing as it goes up and decreasing as it falls back
down.
C. The potential energy is increasing as it goes up and increasing as it falls back down.
D. The kinetic energy is decreasing as it goes up and decreasing as it falls back down.
7. Where would the kids in the picture have the greatest potential
energy?
A. standing on the ground
B. sitting on the bottom of the slide
C. climbing halfway up the ladder to the slide
D. standing at the top of the slide
8. At which point does the girl have the greatest amount
of potential energy?
10. Circle the spring that has the greatest potential energy?
11. A ball sits on top of a ramp. Select that statement that correctly describes the
changes to the ball’s KE and PE as it rolls down the ramp.
A. KE and PE both decrease. B. KE and PE both increase.
C. KE decreases and PE increases. D. KE increases and PE decreases.
12. Plants use sunlight to fuel photosynthesis. Which is the best description of the
energy transformation involved in this process?
A. radiant light energy to thermal energy
B. radiant light energy to chemical energy
C. thermal energy to mechanical energy
D. thermal energy to chemical energy.
14. A wet cell battery is an example of stored PE. Once connected to a load, the stored
energy is converted. Describe the conversion of energy that results in the movement of
the hands in a battery-powered clock.
A. chemical to electrical to mechanical B. chemical to thermal to electrical
C. electrical to thermal to mechanical D. chemical to electrical to thermal
16. Rubi places a message in a bottle and drops it off the side of a mountain, into the
ocean. When does the bottle have the greatest KE?
A. when Rubi holds the bottle in her hand just before dropping it.
B.when it is floating on the water.
C. just after Rubi releases the bottle
D. Just before the bottle hits the surface of the water.
17. Why does the total energy of a rolling object on a flat surface seem to decrease as
it slows down?
A. Some energy is destroyed.
B. Some energy is wasted b/c of friction.
C. Some energy is transformed into potential energy.
D. Some energy is transformed into kinetic energy.
Summary:
Thermal energy flows hot to cold!
Energy will NOT spontaneously flow from cold to hot. Work
must be done! (refrigerator)
It is impossible to build a machine that is 100% efficient.
Most machines are less than 50% efficient due to heat loss.
Conduction: b/w solids CONTACT
Convection: b/w fluids (liquid or gas)
Radiation: waves, doesn’t require matter
Heat = total kinetic energy
Temperature = measure of the average kinetic energy
Insulators = does NOT allow heat to flow easily, (wood, plastic, air)
Conductors = allows heat to flow easily (metals)
Samples:
1. Why is it dangerous to leave a child or pet in a locked car with the windows closed in
bright sunlight?
A. The air in a car w/ closed windows will soon run out of oxygen and asphyxiate the
people within.
B. The car becomes dangerously cold as it transfer heat energy to the air by radiation.
C. The car’s temperature remains equal to the air temperature outside due to a state of
equilibrium that could be dangerous.
D. The car can absorb enough radiant heat from the sun to make its temp hot enough
to be dangerous to a child or pet.
2. The metal handle of a pot on a stove soon becomes too hot to touch. What type of
heat transfer causes this?
A. conduction B. radiation C. convection D. No heat transfer takes place.
6. Which is true?
A. Temp. measures the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance.
B. Temp. is inversely proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a
substance.
C. Temp. is a measurement of the total energy in a substance.
D. Temp. is made up of not only the average kinetic energies of the molecules of the
substance, but also the potential energies of the molecules of a substance.
12. A dog is laying on the floor in front of the fireplace. What process moves thermal
energy from the fire in the fireplace to the dog on the rug?
A. conduction B. convection C. radiation D. fission
14. A recently-used hot ceramic teapot is place on a cold trivet. Which statement is
correct about the sequence of thermal energy transfers?
A. The air transfers energy to the teapot & trivet, and they become cool.
B. The teapot transfers all of its energy to the air and becomes cool.
C. The teapot transfers some energy to the trivet and some energy to the air and
becomes cool.
D. The trivet transfers energy to the teapot and the teapot becomes cool.
15. Ashley adds liquid water to an ice tray and places it in the freezer. What happens?
A. Thermal energy flows from the higher-energy phase (water) to the lower-energy
phase (cold air).
B. Thermal energy flows from the higher-energy phase (cold air) to the lower-energy
phase (water).
C. Cold radiates from the cold air into the warm water.
D. The insulation of the ice tray keeps the temperature from changing much.
16. Which of the following is able to convert all the thermal energy produced into useful
work?
a. nuclear power reactor b. gasoline engine c. stovetop range d. none of these
17. Heat will transfer from a high temperature to a low temperature by several different
methods. The heat transferred by an electric stovetop coil to the teakettle is an
example of transfer by
a. convection b. conduction c. radiation
18. Energy is not destroyed, but rather converted from one form to another. Describe
the conversion of energy in the following process: A power reactor utilizes the process
of uranium fission to create electricity.
A. nuclear to electrical
B. nuclear to thermal to electrical
C. nuclear to mechanical to thermal to electrical
D. nuclear to thermal to mechanical to electrical