AC Machines

Lecture 10: Power Developed by Cylindrical

Synchronous Generators

Mr. Melat Khalil

Email: melat.abdullah@uod.ac
 Introduction
• The simplified equivalent circuit and the phasor diagram of a cylindrical rotor synchronous
generator is shown below, where
𝑉 = Terminal voltage (phase value)
𝐸 = Excitation voltage (phase value)
𝐼 = armature or load current/phase
𝜙 = pf angle (lagging)
𝛿 = Power angle or load angle between V and E
 Introduction
• The synchronous impedance,
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 = 𝑍𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑠
−1
𝑋𝑠
𝜃𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑅
• Taking terminal voltage V (phase value) as reference vector,
𝑉ത = 𝑉∠0
𝐸ത = 𝐸∠𝛿
𝐸ത = 𝑉ത + 𝐼 ҧ 𝑍𝑠
ത ഥ
ҧ𝐼 = 𝐸−𝑉
𝑍𝑠
 Introduction

𝑆𝑜𝑔 = 𝑃𝑜𝑔 + 𝑗𝑄𝑜𝑔 = 𝑉ത 𝐼 ҧ ∗ …………………(1)

ത 𝑉
𝐸− ഥ ∗ 𝐸∠𝛿−𝑉∠0 ∗
= 𝑉ത = 𝑉∠0
𝑍𝑠ҧ 𝑍𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑠

𝐸 𝑉 ∗
= 𝑉∠0 ∠ 𝛿 − 𝜃𝑠 − ∠(−𝜃𝑠 )
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠

𝐸 𝑉
= 𝑉∠0 ∠ 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 − ∠𝜃𝑠
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
= ∠ 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 − ∠𝜃𝑠
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠 )
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2 𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
∴ 𝑃𝑜𝑔 +𝑗𝑄𝑜𝑔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠 +𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠 ……..…(2)
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠
 Real Power Output of an AC Generator (𝑷𝑜𝑔)
• From equation 2, the real power is
𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
𝑃𝑜𝑔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠 …………………(3)
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠

• We have, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠 =
𝑅
𝑍𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝑠 = 90 − 𝛼𝑠
𝑉𝐸 𝑉2 𝑅
𝑃𝑜𝑔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 − (𝛼𝑠 +𝛿) − ×
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠
𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼𝑠 +𝛿) − ×𝑅 …………………(4)
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 2

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
𝑃𝑜𝑔 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿 + 𝛼𝑠 ) − 𝑅 (for 3-∅ generators)
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 2
 Reactive Power Output of an AC Generator
(𝑸𝑜𝑔)

• While the reactive power From Eqn. (2), we get:

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
𝑄𝑜𝑔 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠 − 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2 𝑋𝑠
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90 − (𝛼𝑠 +𝛿) − ×
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼𝑠 ) − × 𝑋𝑠 …………………(5)
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 2

𝑉𝐸 𝑉2
𝑄𝑜𝑔 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼𝑠 ) − × 𝑋𝑠 (for 3-ϕ generators)
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 2
Power Input to an AC Generator (𝑆𝒊𝑔)
Real Power Input to an AC Generator (𝑷𝒊𝑔)
Reactive Power Input to an AC Generator (𝑸𝒊𝑔)
 Condition for Maximum Power Output
• Output power basically depends upon load (or torque) angle 𝛿. Therefore,
condition for maximum

• Differentiating the equation of real power output with respect to 𝛿 and

equating it to zero, we get.

• As 𝐸, 𝑉, 𝑍𝑠 and 𝑅 are constant

 Condition for Maximum Power Output

• Thus, the output power will be maximum, when load angle, 𝛿 = impedance
angle 𝜃𝑠
• The maximum output power can be obtained by substituting this value in
the given equation, i.e.,
Condition for Maximum Power Input
Condition for Maximum Power Input
 Power Equations, when Armature Resistance is Neglected

• When armature resistance is neglected, 𝑅 = 0; 𝑍𝑠 = 𝑋𝑠; 𝛼𝑠 = 0. Then

• Real power output

• Reactive power output

• Real power input

• Reactive power input

 Example
A 3-phase, 11 kV, 5 MVA star-connected alternator has a synchronous
impedance of 1 + 𝑗10 Ω per phase. Its excitation is such that the generated
line emf is 14 KV. The alternator is connected to infinite busbars. Determine the
maximum output power at the given excitation when (a) armature resistance is
neglected; (b) armature resistance is considered
Solution:
Busbar voltage/phase, 𝑉 = 11000/ 3 = 6352 V
Generated emf/phase, 𝐸𝑜 = 14000/ 3 = 8083 V

Synchronous impedance, 𝑍𝑠 = 12 + 102 = 10.05 Ω

Synchronous reactance, 𝑋𝑠 = 10 Ω
(a) When 𝑅𝑎 is neglected
𝐸𝑉 8083×6352
𝑃𝑜(max) = = = 5153 × 103 W = 5153 KW
𝑋𝑠 10

Total 𝑃𝑜(max) = 3 × 5135 = 15405 kW

(b) When 𝑅𝑎 is considered

𝐸𝑉 𝑉 2
𝑃𝑜(max) = − 𝑅
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠 2
8083×6352 63522
𝑃𝑜(max) = − × 1 = 4710 KW
10.05 10.052

Total 𝑃𝑜(max) = 3 × 4710 = 14133 kW

 Losses in a Synchronous Machine

• A synchronous machine is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical

energy or vice-versa. While doing so, the whole of input energy does not appear at
the output but a part of it is lost in the form of heat in the surroundings. This
wasted energy is called losses in the machine.
• The major objective in the design of a synchronous machine is to reduce these
losses.
• The various losses occurring in a synchronous machine can be sub-divided as:
1. Copper losses.
2. Iron losses.
3. Mechanical losses
4. Stray losses
 Efficiency of a synchronous Generator

• The ratio of output power to the input power of a synchronous generator is

called its efficiency.
 Power Flow Diagram

• The power flow diagram for a synchronous machine working as a

generation is shown below
 Example
A 9 kVA, 208 V, 1200 rpm, 3-phase, 60 Hz, star-connected generator has a field
winding resistance of 4.5 Ω. The armature winding impedance is (0.3 + j 5) Ω per
phase. When the generator operate at its full-load and 0.8 p.f. lagging, the field
winding current is 5 A. the rotational loss is 500 W. Determine (a) voltage regulation
(b) efficiency of alternator (c) torque applied by the prime mover.
Solution:
Terminal voltage/phase, 𝑉 = 208/ 3 = 120 V
9×103
Full-load, current, 𝐼𝑎 = = 25 A
3×208

Generated emf/phase, 𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑎 = 120∠0° + 25∠ − 36.8° × 0.3 + 𝑗5

𝐸𝑜 = 222.5∠25.4° V
 𝐸𝑜 −𝑉 222.5−120
(a) % Voltage regulation = × 100 = × 100 = 85.45%
𝑉 120
Power output, 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3𝑉𝐼𝑎 × cos 𝜙 = 3 × 120 × 25 × 0.8 = 7200 W
Copper losses = 3 × 𝐼𝑎2 × 𝑅𝑎 = 3 × 252 × 0.3 = 562.5 W
Power developed, 𝑃𝑑 = 7200 + 562.5 = 7762.5 W
Constant losses = Rotational losses + Excitation losses
Constant losses= 500 + 52 × 4.5 = 612.5 W
Total input power, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 7762.5 + 612.5 = 8375 W
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 7200
(b) Alternator efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100 = × 100 = 86%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 8375
Mechanical power input to prime mover, 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑑 + Rotational losses
𝑃𝑚 = 7762.5 + 500 = 8262.5 W
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 2𝜋×1200
Angular velocity of prime mover, 𝜔𝑠 = = = 40𝜋 rad/s
60 60
𝑃𝑚 8262.5
(c) Torque applied by prime mover, 𝑇 = = = 65.75 Nm
𝜔𝑠 40𝜋