Solution de l’exercice côté de Power Electronics du 12/12/2019

Part I:
Switch S is closed
𝑃 = 4.5 kW (power at the input of the PWM inverter)
𝑃 = 1.5 kW (charging power of the battery pack, 50% of the full power capability)
𝑃 =𝑃 +𝑃 = 6 kW (power transferred through the diode bridge)

a) Calculate the average rectified voltage and the commutation angle of the diodes inside the converter 1

𝑋 = 𝜔𝐿 = (100𝜋) ∙ (0.6 ∙ 10 ) = 0.188 Ω

√
𝑉 =𝑉 − Δ𝑉 with 𝑉 = 𝑉 cos(𝛼) (diode converter   =0°)

Δ𝑉 = 𝑋𝐼

We also have: 𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 = 6 kW
√
So: 𝑉 𝐼 = 𝑉 𝐼 − Δ𝑉 𝐼 with 𝑉 = 230 ≅ 310.6 V

Δ𝑉 = 0.1885 𝐼 = 0.18 𝐼

Solving the second degree equation:

−0.18 𝐼 + 310.6 𝐼 − 6000 = 0

we obtain 𝐼 = 19.54 A and therefore 𝑉 = 307.1 V

(note that the other solution, 𝐼 = 1706 A is not realistic)

2𝑋 𝐼 2 ∙ 0.188 ∙ 19.54
cos(𝜇) = 1 − =1− ≅ 0.977 → 𝜇 = 12.3°
√2𝑉 √2 ∙ 230

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b) Calculate the fundamental-frequency phase voltage across the motor terminals and the line current
absorbed by the machine, both in magnitude and argument, if the IM (fundamental) power factor is
equal to 0.9. To that end, the back-e.m.f. of the IM can be assumed to be in phase with the current.
Then, obtain the time expression of the control (modulating) signal applied to the PWM inverter for
the phase b (the amplitude of the carrier signal being equal to 15 V).

𝑃𝐹 = cos(𝜑 ) = 0.9 → 𝜑 = 25.84° (for an induction motor: 0 < 𝜑 < 90°)

Noting that there is no useful (active) power consumption in the ac filter inductor Lf, we have on
the one hand:
𝑃 =𝜂 ∙𝑃 = 0.95 ∙ 4.5 = 4.275 kW
On the other hand:

𝑃 = 3𝑅𝑒 𝑉 ∙ 𝐼∗ = 3𝑉 𝐼 cos(𝜑 ) (1)

From the complex diagram, it can also be observed that:

sin(𝜑 ) = (2)

Eliminating the current between (1) and (2), we obtain:

𝑉 3 𝑉
𝑃 =3 sin(𝜑 ) cos(𝜑 ) = sin(2𝜑 )
𝜔 𝐿 2𝜔 𝐿

2𝑃 𝜔 𝐿 2 (4.275 ∙ 10 ) ∙ (80𝜋) ∙ (6 ∙ 10 )
→ 𝑉 = = = 74 V
3 sin(2𝜑 ) 3 sin(51.68°)

→ 𝑉 = 74 ∙ 𝑒 °
(fundamental-frequency phase voltage across the motor terminals)

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Then, the line current absorbed by the machine, i.e. the phasor 𝐼 =𝐼 ∙𝑒 , can be calculated
from (1):
. ∙ . °
𝐼 = ( )
= = 21.4 A → 𝐼 = 21.4 ∙ 𝑒
∙ ∙ .

The time expression of the control (modulating) signal applied to the PWM inverter for phase a
can expressed as:

𝑣 , (𝑡) = 𝑉 cos(𝜔 𝑡 + 𝜃 )

It is defined to impose the fundamental-frequency component of the phase voltage at the output
of the PWM inverter, i.e. the phasor 𝑉 = 𝑉 ∙ 𝑒 .

The latter can be calculated by:

. °
𝑉 =𝑉 + 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 𝐼 = 74 + 𝑗(80𝜋) ∙ (4 ∙ 10 ) ∙ 21.4 ∙ 𝑒

→ 𝑉 = 85.6 ∙ 𝑒 . °
(fundamental-frequency phase voltage at the inverter output)

Amplitude modulation ratio:

√2𝑉 √2 ∙ 85.6
𝑚 = = = 0.789
𝑉 ⁄2 153.5
(no average voltage drop across the filter inductor Ld, so 𝑉 = 𝑉 )

→𝑉 =𝑚 𝑉 = 0.789 ∙ 15 = 11.84 V
Therefore:
𝜋
𝑣 , (𝑡) = 11.84 ∙ cos 80𝜋𝑡 + 13.07 ∙
180
𝜋
→ 𝑣 , (𝑡) = 11.84 ∙ cos 80𝜋𝑡 + 13.07 ∙ − 2𝜋⁄3
180

c) Calculate the total conduction and switching power losses in the switches of the PWM inverter over
one fundamental cycle, given the characteristics provided below (considering T j = 150°C and VGE = 15
V) and linearized around the rated switch current (IGBTs 600V/50A have been chosen).

1 𝑉 𝑟 𝑉 𝑟
𝑃 ( ) = 𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝑚 cos(𝜃 − 𝜃 ) 𝐼 + 𝐼
2 𝜋 4 8 3𝜋

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with: 𝑉 = 0.82 𝑉

𝑟 = 0.014 Ω
(both derived from the i-v characteristic at VGE = 15 V and Tj = 150°C, linearized around the
rated current of 50 A)

𝐼 = √2 ∙ 21.4 = 30.26 A
𝑚 = 0.789

cos(𝜃 − 𝜃 ) = cos 13.07° − (−25.84°) = 0.778

→ 𝑃 ( ) = 8.34 W (on-state power losses over one fundamental cycle (only one IGBT))

𝑃 ( ) = 𝐸 +𝐸 ∙𝑓 ∙𝐾 ∙𝐾

with: 𝐸 =𝐸 ≅ 1.5 ∙ 10 J (derived from the switching energy losses characteristic)

𝑓 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑓 = 105 ∙ 40 = 4200 Hz
.
𝐾 = = = 1.02

𝐼 ⁄𝜋 30.26⁄𝜋
𝐾 = = = 0.19
𝐼 50

→ 𝑃 ( ) = 2.44 W (switching power losses over one fundamental cycle (only one IGBT))

Total power losses over one fundamental cycle (for 6 IGBTs):

𝑃 = 6∙ 𝑃 ( ) +𝑃 ( ) = 64.68 𝑊

Part II:
Switch S open
𝑉 = 205 V (battery pack fully charged)
𝑃 = 3 kW (discharging power of the battery pack, 100% of the full power capability)
V = 310 V (the dc bus voltage is kept constant)
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d) Determine the minimum required voltage and current ratings of the active transistor of the dc-dc
converter, first without and then taking into account the ripple in the battery current (i.e. the ripple
in the current flowing through the inductor L).

When the battery discharges, the dc-dc converter is operating as a boost (in continuous-conduction
mode). Defining by D the duty cycle of the active transistor, the ratio between the input and output
voltage can be expressed as:
𝑉 1
=
𝑉 1−𝐷
𝑉 205
→ 𝐷 = 1− =1− = 0.339
𝑉 310
𝑉 190
→ 𝐷 = 1− =1− = 0.387
𝑉 310
Voltage and current rating of the active transistor:

𝑉 ≥𝑉 (= 310 V)

1
𝐼 ≥𝐼 + (∆𝐼 )
2 ∙

with:
𝑃 3000
𝐼 = = = 15.79 A
𝑉 190

𝐷 ∙𝑉 0.387 ∙ 190
(∆𝐼 ) = = = 7.35 A
𝑓 ∙𝐿 10000 ∙ (1 ∙ 10 )

𝐼 ≥ 19.47 A (= 15.79 + 0.5 ∙ 7.35)

Neglecting the ripple in the battery current, we just have: 𝐼 ≥ 15.79 A

Note:
Rigorously, the following inequality must be verified in order to be sure that previous situation
with Dmax matches the worst case scenario:

𝑥 =𝐼 + (∆𝐼 ) < 19.47 A

∙

3000 0.339 ∙ 205

𝑥= + 0.5 ∙ = 14.63 + 0.5 ∙ 6.95 = 18.1 A
205 10000 ∙ (1 ∙ 10 )
 The inequality is satisfied

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e) Next, relaxing the assumption of a perfectly smoothed voltage across the filter capacitor, obtain the
minimum capacitance value of the capacitor C required to maintain the relative peak-to-peak ripple
in the voltage across the element less than 1% (when the battery pack is fully charged). To that end,
the load of the dc-dc converter can be modeled as an equivalent resistance.

𝑉 (310)
𝑅 = = = 32 Ω
𝑃 3000
The relative peak-to-peak ripple in the voltage across the capacitor C can be expressed as
follows:
(Δ𝑉 ) 𝐷
= (≤ 0.01)
𝑉 𝑓𝑅 𝐶

Note that, if the battery pack is fully charged, the minimum value of the duty cycle is selected
(since Vbat is maximum).
𝐷 0.339
→ 𝐶≥ =
𝑓 𝑅 ∙ 0.01 10000 ∙ 32 ∙ 0.01

→ 𝐶 = 106 µF

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