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MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND POWER ENGINEERING

MODULE NAME: ELECTRICAL MACHINES III
MODULE CODE: EEB 4101
TASK: GROUP ASSIGMENT
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021/2022
DATE: 30-01-2022
LEVEL: UQF 8

NO. NAMES OF STUDENTS CA NUMBERS SIGNATURE

01 Mussa M. Amosi CA/BEE/21/3613
02 Justus J. Buberwa CA/BEE/21/3614
03 Regan Chengula CA/BEE/21/3615
04 Richard Daniel CA/BEE/21/3616
05 Jackson B. Deus CA/BEE/21/3617
06 Rungesi M. Gibe CA/BEE/21/3618
07 Hafidhi B. Hamis CA/BEE/21/3619
08 Michael Haule CA/BEE/21/3620
09 Albert Leonard CA/BEE/21/3621
10 Emmanuel H. Hussein CA/BEE/21/3622
11 Dorcas Julius CA/BEE/21/3623
12 Wilson Z. Juma CA/BEE/21/3624
13 Nelson E. Kirimbo CA/BEE/21/3625
14 Philemon J. Kitema CA/BEE/21/3626
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01. A 208V, 48kVA, O.8 pf Ieading, ∆ connected, 60-Hz synchronous machine has a
synchronous reactance of 2.5 ohms and a negligible armature resistance. Its friction and windage
losses are 1.5 kW. Initially, the motor is supplying a 15-hp load and the motor's power factor is
O.8 leading.

(a) Sketch the phasor diagram of this motor, and find the ratio between I ւ, Iᴀ, and Eᴀ before the
load change and that after load change for each respective.

(b) Assume that the shaft power is now increased to 30-hp. Sketch the behavior of the phasor
diagram in response to this change.

Solution

(a) Initially, the motor's output power is 15-hp. This corresponds to an output of

Pout = (15-hp) (0.746 KW/hp) = 11.19 kW

Therefore, the electric power supplied to the machine is

Pin = Pout + Pmech losses = 11.19kW + 1.5kW= 12.69kW

Since the motor's power factor is O.8 leading, the resulting line current flow is

Iւ₁= Pin/√3Vфcos θ

Iւ₁ = 12.69KW/√3(208V) (0.8)

Iւ₁ = 44.03A

and the armature current is Iւ₁/√3, with O.8 leading power factor, which gives the result

Iᴀ₁ = 25.42 ∠36.87° A

To find Eᴀ, apply Kirchhoff's voltage law

Eᴀ = Vф - j XsIᴀ

Eᴀ₁ = 208 ∠ 0° V - (j2.5Ω) (25.42 ∠36.87° A)

Eᴀ₁ = 208 ∠ 0° V - 63.5 ∠ 126.87° V

Eᴀ₁ =251.3 ∠ - 11.67° V

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The resulting phasor diagram is as shown in figure below

Iᴀ₁=25.42 ∠36.87º A

ẟ Vф=208 ∠0º V

j XsIᴀ₁=63.5 ∠126.87º

Eᴀ₁=251.1 ∠-11.7º V

(b) As the power on the shaft is increased to 30 hp, the shaft slows momentarily, and the internal
generated voltage Eᴀ swings out to a larger angle δ while maintaining a constant magnitude.

Pin = Pout + Pmech losses

Pin = (30 hp x 0.746 kW/hp) + 1.5 kW

Pin = 23.88kW

From the equation for power in terms of torque angle, it is possible to find the magnitude of the
angle δ (remember that the magnitude of Eᴀ is constant)

P = 3VфEᴀsinδ/ Xs

sinδ = Xs P/ 3VфEᴀ

sinδ = (2.5) (23.88KW)/ 3(208 V) (251.3 V)

δ = sin¯¹ (0.381)

δ = 22.4°
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The internal generated voltage thus becomes Eᴀ₂ = 251.3 ∠– 22.4° V. Therefore, Iᴀ will be given
by

Iᴀ₂ = Vф - Eᴀ/j Xs

Iᴀ₂ = (208∠0°V - 251.3∠-22.4°V)/j 2.5

Iᴀ₂ = 39.52 ∠14.3° A

and Iւ₂ will become

Iւ₂ = √3Iᴀ₂ = 68.45 A

Now to find the ratio of Iւ, Iᴀ and Eᴀ before and after the load is change

Iւ₁/ Iւ₂ = 44.03A/68.45 A

Iւ₁/ Iւ₂ = 0.64

Iᴀ₁/ Iᴀ₂ = 25.42 ∠ 36.87° A/39.52 ∠-22.4° A

Iᴀ₁/ Iᴀ₂ = 0.64 ∠22.57°

Eᴀ₁/ Eᴀ₂ =251.3 ∠ - 11.67° V/251.3 ∠ – 22.4° V

Eᴀ₁/ Eᴀ₂ = 1 ∠ 10.73°

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The resulting behavior of the phasor diagram in response to this change is as shown in figure
below

Iᴀ₁=25.42 ∠36.87º A
ѳ₁ Iᴀ₂=39.5 ∠14° A

ẟ₁ ẟ₂ Vф=208∠0º V

j XsIᴀ₁=63.5 ∠126.87º

Eᴀ₁=251.3 ∠-11.7º V
Eᴀ₂=251.3 ∠-22.4° V
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02. The 208V, 45kVA, O.8pf leading, ∆ connected, 60-Hz synchronous machine has a
synchronous reactance of 2.5 ohms and a negligible armature resistance. Is supplying a 15-hp
load with an initial power factor of 0.85 pf lagging.

(a) Sketch the initial phasor diagram of this motor, and find the values Iᴀ and Eᴀ.

(b) If the motor's flux is increased by 25 percent, sketch the new phasor diagram of the motor.
What are Eᴀ, Iւ, and the power factor of the motor now?

Solution

Initially, the motor's output power is 15-hp with 0.85 pf lagging, then

Pout = 15hp x 0.746KW/hp = 11.19KW

Since there are no losses, then output power is equal to input power.

From; Pin = 3VфIᴀcos θ, the resulting armature current flow is

Iᴀ = Pin/3Vфcos θ

Iᴀ = 11.19KW/3(208V) (0.85)

Iᴀ = 21.1 ∠ -31.79° A

To find EA, apply Kirchhoff's voltage law

Eᴀ₁ = Vф – j XsIᴀ

Eᴀ₁ = 208 ∠0° V - (j2.5 ῼ) (21.1 ∠-31.79° A

Eᴀ₁ =208∠0° V – 52.75∠58.21° V

Eᴀ₁ = 185.7∠- 13.97° V

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The resulting phasor diagram is as shown in figure below

Vф =208 ∠0° V
ѳ₁ ẟ₁
j XsIᴀ₁=52.75 ∠58.21
Iᴀ₁ = 21.1 ∠-31.97° A
Eᴀ₁=186 ∠-13.97° V

b) If the flux is increased by 25 percent, then Eᴀ₁ = Kфw will increase by 25 percent too:

Eᴀ₂ = Kфw + 0.25 Kфw

Eᴀ₂ = 1.25 Eᴀ₁

Eᴀ₂ = 1.25(185.7V) = 232.1 V

However, the power supplied to the load must remain constant. Since the distance EA sin /) is
proportional to the power, that distance on the phasor diagram must be constant from the original
flux level to the new flux level. Therefore,

Eᴀ₁ sinδ₁ = Eᴀ₂ sinδ₂

δ₂ = sin¯¹ (Eᴀ₁/Eᴀ₂ sinδ₁) = sin¯¹ (0.8 x sin (-13.97°))

δ₂ = -11.1°

Then, Eᴀ₂ = 232.1 ∠ - 11.1° V

The armature current can now be found from Kirchhoff's voltage law:

Iᴀ₂ = (Vф - Eᴀ₂)/j Xs = (208 ∠0° - 232.1 ∠ - 11.1°)/j 2.5

Iᴀ₂ = 19.54 ∠23.85° A

Finally, the motor's power factor is now

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PF = cos (23.85°) = 0.915 leading

The new phasor diagram of the motor is as explained below

Iᴀ₂=19.76 ∠24.68° A
ѳ₂ Vф=208 ∠0° V
ѳ₁ ẟ₁ ẟ₂
j XsIᴀ₁=52.75 ∠58.21
Iᴀ₁=21.1∠-31.97° A
j XsIᴀ₂=49.4 ∠114.68°
Eᴀ₁=186 ∠-13.97° V Eᴀ₂=233 ∠-11.11 V
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03. A 6.6 kV, 5 MVA, 6-pole, 50 Hz, star-connected synchronous generator has Xd = 8.7 Ω per
phase and Xq = 4.35 Ω per phase. Resistance may be neglected. If the excitation is so adjusted
that £f = 11 kV (line), and the load angle is 30° (electrical degree), determine:

(a) The power factor, output current and power

(b) The load angle at maximum torque.

(c) The ratio between maximum torque and that occurring with δ = 30°.

(d) The voltage regulation at rated condition.

(e) Maximum torque if the motor was assumed to be non- salient type.

Solution

(a) Rated armature current Iᴀ= 5000/√3 x 6.6 = 437.4 A

Iq = Vфsinδ/Xq = (6600/√3 x sin 30°)/ 4.35

Iq = 438 A

Id = (Vфcosδ - Eᴀ)/ Xd = (6600/√3 x cos30°)/ 8.7

Id = 350.7 A

Iᴀ = √ (Iq² + Id²) = √ (438² + 350.7²) A

The output current Iᴀ = 561.1A

From;

Tan (θ + δ) = Id/Iq = 350.7/438

Tan (θ + 30°) = 0.8

(θ + 30°) = tan¯¹ (0.8)

θ = 38.68° - 30° = 8.68

Therefore, Power factor = cos 8.68= 0.9885 lagging

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From; P = √3Vф Iᴀcosθ

P = √3(6.6KV) (561.1) (0.9885) = 6.34 MW

Therefore, power is 6.34 MW

(b) From; Ʈ = [(3Vф Eᴀ sinδ)/WsXd + 3Vф²/2Ws (1/Xq – 1/Xd) sin2δ]

dƮ/dδ = 0 = [(3Vф Eᴀ cosδ)/WsXd + 3Vф²/Ws(1/Xq – 1/Xd)] cos2δ

0 = 3Vф/XdWs[Eᴀ cosδ + Vф(Xd-Xq)/Xq cos2δ]

0 = Eᴀ cosδ + Vф(Xd-Xq)/Xq cos2δ

0 = 6350.9 cosδ + 3810.5(8.7-4.35)/4.35 cos2δ

But cos2δ = 2 cos²δ - 1

0 = 6350.9 cosδ + 3810.5 (2 cos²δ - 1)

0 = = 6350.9 cosδ + 7621 cos²δ - 3810.5

0 = 7621 cos²δ + 6350.9 cosδ- 3810.5

By solving quadratic equation, then cosδ = 0.4041 or -1.237

δ= cos¯¹ (0.4041) = 66.17°

Therefore, the load angle is 66.17°

(c) Torque for 66.17°

Ʈmax = 3Vф/XdWs[Eᴀ sin66.17° + Vф (Xd-Xq)/2Xq sin132.34]

Ws= 2ПN, N= 120f/p = (120 x 50)/6 = 1000rpm

Ws= 2П (1000)/60 = 104.72 rps

Ʈmax = (3x3810.5)/ (104.72x8.7) [6350.9 sin66.17° + (3810.5x(8.7-4.35))/(2x4.35) sin132.34°]

Ʈmax = 90534 N-m

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Torque for 30°

Ʈrated = 3Vф/XdWs [Eᴀ sin30° + Vф (Xd-Xq)/2Xq sin60]

Ʈrated = (3x3810.5)/ (104.72x8.7) [6350.9 sin30° + (3810.5x(8.7-4.35))/(2x4.35) sin60°]

Then;

Ʈrated = 60547 N-m

Ʈmax/ Ʈrated = 91191 N-m/60547 N-m = 1.496

Therefore, Ʈmax/ Ʈrated = 1.496

(d) Voltage Regulation (VR) = (Eᴀ - Vф)/ Vф

VR = (6350.9 – 3810.5)/ 3810.5 = 66.67%

Therefore, The Voltage Regulation at the rated condition is 66.67%

(e) For a non-salient type

P = (3EᴀVфsinδ)/Xd, for maximum δ = 90°

P = (3EᴀVф)/Xd = (3x6350.9x3810.5)/8.7 = 8.34MW

Ʈmax = P/ Ws= 8.34MW/104.72 rps = 79687 N-m

Therefore. The maximum torque is 79687 N-m

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REFERENCES

Electric Machinery Fundamentals - Chapman, S.J

A Textbook of Electrical Technology by Theraja B. (z-lib.org)