THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

NAME OF STUDENT: CRAIG DWARIKA

STUDENT I.D: 812001972

COURSE TITLE: ECNG 1007 (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY)

LAB 2: SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

FACULTY: ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

YEAR: 2012/2013

DATE CONDUCTED: 26TH FEBRUARY, 2013

DATE SUBMITTED: 12TH MARCH, 2013

 POST-LAB CALCULATIONS

5.2.1
Open Circuit Graph
Upon analysis of the open circuit graph, it could be observed that the graph illustrated a curve
increasing logarithmically as the current is increased; in that it starts off as a straight line for
voltages lower than that of the rated no load voltage of 120V. It can be seen once this voltage is
attained, it begins to curve sharply, and continues to do so for voltages greater than that of
120V, this is mainly due to the sharp increase in the current draw of the transformer that
occurs at 120V and higher.

Short Circuit Graph

Upon analysis of this graph, it can be easily seen that it is a straight line, and is represented by a
best fit line. This graph shows that the short circuit voltage varies linearly with respect to the
short circuit current and depicts that an increase in voltage brings about an equal increase in
the current.

5.2.2 - For the Open Circuit Test:

1. Power Poc = V oc I oc cos θoc
POC
cosθ=
I OC V OC

22
¿
120× 0.64

Power factor => cosθ=0.286

Hence sinθ = 0.918

 2. Calculating RO:

V OC V OC
RO = =
I O I OC cosθ

120
¿
(0.64)(0.286)

RO =655.59 Ω

3. Calculating XM:

V OC V OC
X M= =
I M I OC sinθ

120
¿
(0.64)( 0.918)

X M =204.25 Ω
5.2.3 – Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
5.2.4 – Short Circuit Test

We are required to find, Req, Xeq.

Using, VSC = 8.4 V ISC = 10.9 A PSC = 75.0 W

Calculating Zeq:

V1
Z eq=
I1

8.4
¿
10.9

Z eq=0.770 Ω

1. Calculating Req:

P SC
Req =
I SC2

75
¿
(10.9 )2

Req =0.631 Ω

2. Calculating Xeq:
X eq= √( Z eq )2−(Req )2

¿ √(0.770)2−(0.631)2
X eq=0.139 Ω
5.2.5 – Determining the Regulation of the Transformer
a) Full load at Unity power factor:
V1 = 120V VNL= 240V IFL = 1000/120 = 8.33A Zeq = 0.770Ω

V FL=2(V 1 −I FL Z eq )

¿ 2[120−( 8.33 × 0.770 ) ]

V FL=227.18 V

V NL−V FL
% Regulation= × 100
V FL

( 240−227.18 )
¿ × 100
227.18

% Regulation=5.643 %

b) ¾ full load with 0.8 Power Factor Lag:

V1 = 120V VNL = 240V IFL = 8.33 x 3/4 (0.8) = 4.998 Zeq = 0.770Ω

V FL=2 ( V 1−I FL Z eq )

¿ 2(120−4.998 ( 0.770 ) )

¿ 2[116.15]

V FL=232.30 V
 V NL −V FL
% Regulation= × 100
V FL

240−232.30
¿ × 100
232.30

% Regulation=3.314 %

c) full load, 0.8 Power Factor Lead:

V1 = 120V VNL = 240V IFL = 8.33 (0.8) = 6.66 A Zeq = 0.770Ω

V FL=2 ( V 1−I FL Z eq )

¿ 2 ( 120−(6.66 ×0.770) )

V FL=229.74 V

V NL −V FL
% Regulation= × 100
V FL

240−229.74
¿ ×100
229.74

% Regulation=4.46 %
5.2.6 – Determining Efficiency of the Transformer

From Open Circuit Test, we know that PCORE = 22W

From Short Circuit Test, we know that PCOPPER = 50W

a) Efficiency of Transformer at Unity:

Pout Pout
η= ×100 %= ∗100 %
P¿ P out + P copper + Pcore

Pout Pout
η= ×100 %= ∗100 %
P¿ P out + P copper + Pcore
(120 ×8.33 ×1)
¿ ∗100 %
(120 × 8.33× 1 ) + ( 22 )+(50)
η=93.3 %

b) Efficiency at ½ full load and Unity:

Pout Pout
η= ×100 %= ∗100 %
P¿ P out + P copper + Pcore
(120 × 4.166 ×1)
¿ ∗100 %
(120 × 4.166× 1)+(22)+(50)
η=87.74 %

c) Efficiency at ¼ full load, 0.8 Power Factor:

Pout Pout
η= ×100 %= ∗100 %
P¿ P out + P copper + Pcore
(120 ×2.08 × 0.8)
¿ ∗100 %
(120 ×2.08 ×0.8)+(22)+(50)
 η=73.5 %

5.2.7
See graphs on following page

Reading I2 / A V2 / volts % Efficiency (η) % Regulation

Number
1 0.0 0 0.00 0.00
2 1.0 229 74.44 1.57
3 2.0 227 85.13 2.90
4 3.1 224 90.23 4.21
5 4.0 222 93.19 5.55
6 5.0 220 93.46 6.86

TABLE SHOWING THE % EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION FOR THE LOAD TEST RESULTS

5.2.9
Efficiency versus Load Current Graph
From the graph obtained, it can be deduced that the efficiency of the transformer does not vary
linearly with respect to the load current flowing through the transformer. This is due to the fact
that there are losses that occur in the transformer. However, theoretically, the graph reflects
what should be obtained which is a sharp increase in efficiency at the lower load current, and
then followed by a decrease to a consistent range of efficiency values approaching the rated
load current.

The maximum efficiency therefore would be that efficiency attained at the highest spike of the
graph, which may not be reflective of what will be obtained in theory.

Regulation versus Load Current Graph

From the graph obtained, it can be deduced that the regulation of the transformer varies
linearly as the current load increases as opposed to the efficiency versus load current graph.
The voltage regulation of a transformer signifies the ability of the transformer to maintain a
constant secondary voltage over a range of loading conditions. A good transformer is said to
have a regulation of 3% or less. This transformer exhibited good voltage regulation values as
the ranges were around this 3 % and only deviating by 3. Therefore, it can be noted that as the
load current increased, the secondary voltage remains steady.

5.2.10
A transformer is said to obtain maximum efficiency when the core loss is equal to the copper
loss at unity power factor:

Pout =V L (Rated ) × I L ( Max )

PCopper 50
I L(max )=
√ Req
=
√
0.631
=8.9 A

Pout =240× 8.9=2136 W

Maximum Efficiency:

Pout
ηmax = × 100 %
Pout + Pcopper + Pcore
2136
¿ × 100 %
2136+50+50
ηmax =95.5 %