Steady-state performance of a 1-phase transformer

Students writing the report – Aditya Bansal

Supported by – Somanshu Singla, Shivang Garde

Names of the members of the subgroup –

1.Aditya Bansal
2.Shivang Garde
3.Somanshu Singla
4.Sarthak Pujari

Date of submission – 13th Jan 2020

Date on which the experiment was conducted – 7th Jan 2020

Aim – To analyse the Steady-state performance of a 1-phase transformer

Apparatus required along with ratings –

1. (a) One 1-φ transformer (under test) (kVA rating = 2, Primary voltage rating =
240V, Secondary voltage rating = 240V, Frequency = 50Hz)
(b) One 1-φ auto-transformers.
(c) One low PF and one UPF Wattmeters.
(d) Two AC ammeters.
€ Two AC voltmeters or Multimeter.
Circuit diagram

Approximate equivalent circuit

Phasor Diagram
Procedure-

1. Name plate details of the transformer are noted and terminals are identified.

(a) Open circuit Test

• For open circuit test, autotransformer is connected to LV side, and HV side is

kept open
• Connections are made as shown in figure 1.
• Rated voltage Vo is applied and the corresponding power input (W0) and
current drawn (I0) is noted.
• The above process is repeated for different input voltages (below Vrated) and
the readings are tabulated as shown in Table 1.1.

(b) Short circuit test

• For short circuit test, supply is connected to HV side, and LV side is kept short
circuited
• Connections are made as shown in figure 1.
• Rated voltage VSC so that current drawn (Isc) is equal to the rated current.
• The corresponding power input (W0) and current drawn (I0) is noted.
• The above process is repeated for different values of short circuit currents
(below Irated) and the readings are tabulated as shown in Table 1.2.
Observations
Open Circuit Test

Input Current Power Multiplication

(V) (A) (W) Factor
230 0.2 11 2
220 0.1 7 2
190.1 0.1 7 2
200.3 0.15 7 2
170.8 0.1 4 2

Short Circuit Test

Input Current Power Multiplication

(V) (A) (W) Factor
22.78 7.7 81 2
18.52 6.2 54 2

Calculations
Open Circuit Test

Vin = 230V I = 0.2A Power = 11 W

Cos(theta) = (22/(230*0.2)) = 0.478, Therefore, sin(theta) = 0.878

Iw = I * cos(theta) = 0.0956 A

Imu = I * sin(theta) = 0.1756 A

R0 = V0 / Iw = 2405.85 A

X0 = V0 / Imu = 1309.79 A

Short Circuit Test

Vin = 22.78 V I = 7.7 A Power = 162 W N1/N2 = 1

Z2 = VSC / ISC = 2.96 ohms

R2 = WSC / ISC2 = 2.73 ohms

R22 + X22 = Z22 . Therefore, X2 = 1.144 ohms

As N1 = N2, R1 = 2.73 ohms and X1 = 1.144 ohm

Efficiency Calculations

Efficiency =

KVA Rating = 2000 W

Iron losses = 22 W

Rated Cu losses = 162 W

At x = 0.25

Efficiency is

= 93.96 %

At x = 0.5

Efficiency is

= 94.11 %

At x = 0.75

Efficiency is

= 92.98 %

At x = 1

Efficiency is

= 91.575 %

Load % Efficiency ( in %)
0.25 93.96
0.5 94.11
0.75 92.98
1 91.75

Efficiency at different loads

 Regulation at full load at a given PF

The percentage regulation can be approximately put down for the general case as

Percentage regulation = r·cosφ ± x·sinφ

(the + sign is for lagging PF and – sign for leading PF)

where r = Percentage resistance = (I1R1/E1).100 = (I2R2/E2).100 and x = Percentage

reactance = (I1X1/E1).100 = (I2X2/E2).100

(i) At x = 0.25
a. Percentage resistance = (I1R1/E1).100 = 2.03
b. Percentage reactance = (I1X1/E1).100 = 0.848
c. Voltage regulation = 2.14%
(ii) At x = 0.5
a. Percentage resistance = (I1R1/E1).100 = 4.28
b. Percentage reactance = (I1X1/E1).100 = 1.79
c. Voltage regulation = 4.49%
(iii) At x = 0.75
a. Percentage resistance = (I1R1/E1).100 = 6.33
b. Percentage reactance = (I1X1/E1).100 = 2.64
c. Voltage regulation = 6.65%
(iv) At x = 1
a. Percentage resistance = (I1R1/E1).100 = 8.514
b. Percentage reactance = (I1X1/E1).100 = 3.55
c. Voltage regulation = 8.94%

Inferences –
We did the OC and SC test of the transformer and got the values of Rc , Xm ,Req
and Xeq . From the OC test we get the values of Rc and Xm because we have
secondary open circuited and current passes through only Rc and Xm we found
them to be Rc = 2405.85 ohm and Xm = 1309.78 which was along our expectations
as we expected them to be high . In the SC test we got Req and Xeq because in SC
test input voltage is low and as Rc and Xm have large impedances we ignore their
effect and so we got Req = 2.73 and Xeq = 1.144 ohm again this was expected .

On seeing the data it is evident that with increasing voltage supply power dissipated
increases as expected by Ohm’s Law moreover current and voltages are in phase
with each other . From the OC and SC test we were able to get Rated iron and
Rated Copper Losses which will be useful in estimating the efficiency of the
transformer . We got the Core losses as 22W and Rated copper losses as 162 W.
We get the core losses from OC test because the Req and Xeq values are very
small in comparison to Rc and Xm so their contribution to the power dissipated will
be very small and can be ignored similarly for the SC test we can see that input
voltage is really low and Rc and Xm are really high so current through them will be
really small and can be ignored and hence we get copper losses from the SC test.

During the calculations of efficiency of the transformer we observed that the

efficiency increased till 0.5 times the rated load and decreased after that. This can be
explained as during very low loading we have our output power low but core losses
are not affected by loading so we get low efficiency but as loading increases the
output dominates and efficiency increases and after a certain point the copper losses
which increase with loading tend to dominate so we again see a decreased
efficiency . With voltage regulation we observed that it increased with increased
loading , this can be explained by that %R and %X didn’t vary by that much but
current increased greatly this resulted in us observing the voltage regulation
increasing with increasing load. It is also known that with negative power factors we
can have negative voltage regulations i.e output voltage being greater than the
expected output voltage , this is due to presence of capacitive load which causes
this.

Precautions to be taken while conducting the

experiment
1. Multiplying factor of the wattmeter needs to be noted carefully for each set of
readings.
2. Wattmeters must be taken appropriately as OC test requires the wattmeter
which can read low currents and SC test requires wattmeter which can handle
larger currents
3. It must be ensured that all the instruments start from zero , if not adjust them
accordingly.
4. During SC test the transformer can heat up so it should be done quickly
without letting it heat up.
5. Directly high voltages shouldn’t be applied to transformer the voltage should
start from zero and increase gradually
6. All connections should be tight and proper.
Graphs

Ioc vs Voc

Poc vs Voc
Isc vs Vsc

Psc vs Vsc
Answers for quiz questions
(a) For a power transformer, O.C. test is usually performed on the LV side,
keeping the HV side open and S.C. test is carried out on HV side, keeping the
LV side shorted. Explain why.
It is easier to find a power supply of lower voltage than higher voltage, and it is also
easier to find measuring instruments for lower voltages. Hence, Open-Circuit test is
usually performed on the LV side.
The main reason we perform Short-Circuit test on the HV side instead of the LV side
is because the current required to be supplied will be lesser, decreasing core losses
and will help us get a more accurate reading.

(b) How will you justify taking Wattmeter reading on OC, as only iron losses?
As copper losses are proportional to the square of current and we get only 5-10%
current In Open circuit test, Copper losses will be only 1-2% of the full load copper
losses and hence can be neglected. Therefore, the reading we get is mostly from
iron losses.

(c) How will you justify taking the Wattmeter reading on SC, as only copper
losses?
When we are performing SC test, we supply only 5-10% of the rated voltage, and
thus the iron losses are negligibly small. However, the current supplied is equal to
the rated current, and so the copper losses are high. Thus, we can assume that the
wattmeter reading shows the copper losses.

(d) Can the regulation of a transformer be negative? If so, when?

Yes, Voltage regulation can be negative. We know that coefficient of Xcos(phi) value
is negative if the power factor is leading. If the value of r sin(phi) is lower than
Xcos(phi) with leading power factor, we will have negative voltage regulation.

(e) What are the factors affecting regulation in a transformer?

Voltage regulation in a transformer depends on the power factor (leading/lagging) as
well as the magnitude. It also depends on the value of the resistance and impedance
associated with the transformer. It is minimum when the angle of power factor is
supplementary to the angle of transformer impedance and maximum when power
factor angle of the load is the same as transformer equivalent impedance angle and
the load power factor is lagging.

(f) Compute the efficiency of the given transformer for 0.8 PF with
(i) full load, (ii) 3⁄4 full load, (iii) 1⁄2 full load, (iv) 1⁄4 full load
Plot the graph of percentage efficiency vs. output.
(g) For a load of 0.8PF, predetermine the maximum efficiency of the given
transformer and also the load at which it occurs.

(h) At what PF the regulation will be minimum for rated kVA condition?
(i) Compute the percentage regulation at full load for different power factors
(both lagging and leading) and plot the graph of percentage regulation (at full
load) vs. PF.
(j) Predetermine the maximum full load regulation of the given transformer.