TSHIAMO ESMERELDA MPHUSU

201700068

POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

LAB ASSIGNMENT 2

LONG TRANSMISSION LINES ; T-Nominal

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Contents
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................2
THEORY........................................................................................................................................................3
PROCEDURE.................................................................................................................................................6
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS..............................................................................................................................7
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................11
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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims of this experiment are to analyze and investigate a long transmission line so that;

 The parameters of the line can be determined

 The line regulation can be determined
 The efficiency of transmission can be calculated
 The phasor diagram can be drawn to scale

INTRODUCTION
A transmission line having a length more than 240 km is considered as a long transmission line. In a long
transmission line, parameters are uniformly distributed along the whole length of the line. For a long
transmission line, it is considered that the line may be divided into various sections, and each section
consists of an inductance, capacitance, resistance and conductance. Long transmission lines can be in
either T-nominal or pi-nominal .In this experiment a long transmission line of T-nominal with inductive
loading will be studied and analyzed.
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THEORY
In a nominal T model of a long transmission line, the series impedance is divided into two equal parts,
while the shunt admittance is concentrated at the Centre of the line. In the nominal T model of a long
transmission line the lumped shunt admittance is placed in the middle, while the net series impedance is
divided into two equal halves and placed on either side of the shunt admittance[1]. The circuit so
formed resembles the symbol of a capital T. The nominal T model of a long transmission line is shown in
the figure 1 below.

figure 1;T-nominal transmission line

Here;

Vs and Vr is the supply and receiving end voltages respectively, and

Is is the current flowing through the supply end.
Ir is the current flowing through the receiving end of the circuit.
Let M be a node at the midpoint of the circuit, and the drop at M, be given by V m.
Applying KVL to the above network we get;

Or

And the receiving end current;

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Now Substituting VM in the equation for IR

Now rearranging the above equation;

Now the sending end current is

Substituting the value of VM in the above equation

comparing equation for VS and IS with the standard ABCD parameter equations

The parameters of the T network of a long transmission line are;

The phasor diagram of the nominal T-circuit is shown below. It is drawn for a lagging power factor.
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FIGURE 2; PHASOR DIAGRAM

In the phasor diagram:

OA = Vr – receiving end voltage to neutral. It is taken as a reference phasor.

OB = Ir – load current lagging behind Vr by an angle ∅. cos∅ is the power factor of the load.
AC = IrR/2 – Voltage drop in the reactance of the right-hand half of the line.It is perpendicular to OB, i.e.,
Ir.
OD1 = Vab – voltage at the midpoint of the line across the capacitance C.
BE = Iab – current in the capacitor. It leads the voltage Vab by 90.
OE = Is -sending-end current, the phasor sum of load current and capacitor current.
D1C1 = IsR/2 – voltage drop in the resistance on the left-hand side of the lines.It is perpendicular to Is.
C1D = Is X/2 – voltage drop in the reactance in the left half of the line. It is perpendicular to Is
OD = Vs – sending end voltage. It is the phasor sum of the of Vab and the impedance voltage drop in the
left-hand half of the line.
∅s – phase angle at the sending end. cos∅s is the power factor at the sending end of the line.[2]
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PROCEDURE

EQUIPMENT USED

 Distribution Trainer

 Digital Multimeters

 Connection leads

The experiment was done for a single-phase long T-nominal transmission line. A certain voltage was
applied from the sending end and the load connected to the secondary line was varied. Readings were
collected for applied voltages, receiving end voltage, load current, sending end and receiving end power
and were tabulated. It was always ensured that the current transformer secondary was either short
circuited or connected to a meter.
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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

MEASUREMENTS
VS(v) VC(v) VR(v) IS(A) IR(A) IC(A) PS(W) PR(W)
228 220 227 0.25 0.13 0.65 20 5
228 220 227 0.25 0.70 0.75 30 10
228 220 226 0.50 1.10 0.70 40 20
228 217 224 0.85 1.50 0.70 40 20
228 218 221 1.20 1.85 0.71 45 25
TABLE 1; MEASURED VALUES

CALCULATIONS

LOAD SENDING END LINE LINE VOLATGE EFFICIENCY/ŋ

POWER POWER RESISTANCE(Ω) INDUCTANCE(H) REGULATION(%) (%)
FACTOR FACTOR

0.16943409 0.350877193 22.4 20.88 0.44 84.9

0.062932662 0.526315789 33.6 23.00 0.44 51.9

0.080450522 0.350877193 11.2 41.92 0.88 71.0

0.059523809 0.206398348 5.00 49.61 1.79 86.8

0.061147119 0.1066885633 1.86 75.83 3.17 93.3

TABLE 2; CALCULATED VALUES

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

a. Power factor

Power=IVCos(φ)

Power( W )
∴ power factor =Cosφ=
IV

For load power factor using row 1

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Power (W ) 5
power factor=Cosφr= = =0.16943409
IV 0.13∗227

Cosφr=0.16943409

φr =80.24 °

Sending end power factor

Power (W ) 20
power factor=cos φ S= = =0.350877193
IV 0.25∗228

power factor=0.350877193

φ S=69.46°

b. Impedance1

impedance=R+ jXl

( V S−V C ) 228−220
Z L1= =
IS 0.25

impedance 1=32 Ω

R1 + jX L1=32 ∠ 69.51=11.2+ j 30.1 Ω

Line resistance R = 11.2Ω

2× π × 60
Line inductance L = =10.44 H
30.1

c. Voltage regulation

Vs−Vr
%tage Voltage regulation= ×100
Vr
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228−227
¿ ×100
227

= 0.44%

Efficiency

PR
efficiency = × 100
PR+ PL

5
¿ 2 2
×100=84.9 %
5+0.13 ×11.2+0.25 ×11.2

FIGURE 3; PHASOR DIAGRAM DRAWN TO SCALE

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DISCUSSION
From the calculated values in table 2, it can be seen that as the power at the receiving end increases the
load power factor or the power factor at the receiving end also increases. As the line resistance
decreases it is noticed that the voltage regulation increases. This shows that there is an indirect relation
between the voltage regulation and the line resistance.

From the results it can also be noticed that the long transmission line has high efficiency, this high
efficiency is caused by high sending end and receiving end power of the long line [4]. There were errors
that were encountered during the progression of the lab experiment. These errors in measurement
were caused by added resistances that were added by the connecting wires. These added errors
contributed to the low accuracy of some of the readings and calculations of the long transmission line
that.

CONCLUSION
The aims of this experiment were to; analyze and investigate a long transmission line so that;the
parameters of the line can be determined,the line regulation can be determined,the efficiency of
transmission can be calculatedThe phasor diagram can be drawn to scale.These aims were satisfied and
it can be concluded that the long transmission has a lagging power factor. This means that the receiving
end current Ir is lagging the receiving end Voltage Vr by an angle α.The long transmission line also has a
high efficiency.
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REFERENCES

[1] Fink, D.G. and Beaty, H.W (1993) Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 13th ed., McGraw-
Hill ,New York.
[2] Mohammad H. Rashid. (2004): Power Generation and Transmission, Prentice Hall of India Pty Ltd,
India.
[3] Singh M.D. (2008), Engineering for Beginners, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, Chicago..
[4] Theraja B.L , A textbook of electrical technology, Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India: S. Chand & Co., 2010.