Name (XX)

Student NO(XXX)
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:...........................................................................................................................3
2. Transformer per-Phase, Approximate Equivalent Circuit:..................................................3
3. Discussion of Load Tests:......................................................................................................6
Inductive load:.......................................................................................................................................6
Resistive load:........................................................................................................................................6
Variable Capacitive Load:....................................................................................................................7
4. Results:....................................................................................................................................7
(i) Secondary voltage (y-axis) versus secondary current (x-axis):..................................................7
(ii) Output power-factor (p.u.) (y-axis) versus output real power (x-axis):...............................8
(v) Efficiency (%) (y-axis) versus output apparent power (x-axis):.........................................10
5. Discussion of Results:..........................................................................................................11
6. Conclusion:...........................................................................................................................11
7. References:...............................................................................................................................12
Appendix Section:.........................................................................................................................13
A1 Laboratory Test:......................................................................................................................13
A2 Laboratory Test:............................................................................................................................18
Bonus Questions:..........................................................................................................................22
Question no 1:...............................................................................................................................22
Question no 3:...............................................................................................................................22

Page 2 of 22
1. Introduction:
Transformers operate under the electromechanical principles and connect two circuits without
directly employing wires. The input side is referred to as the primary side, and hence the
characteristics are denoted by the term primary, whereas the same applies to output side which is
referred to as the secondary side. The magnetic medium in the transformer consists of coils,
which turn around the core, often represented by the letter n. The primary turns (n1) relate to the
secondary turns (n2), through the turn ratio N, that is N=n2/n1. Incorporating Faraday’s law, the
voltage across the primary and secondary terminals is related to the turns ration, which also mean
that the, current (I), power (P), and loads among other signal characteristics in the circuit share a
relationship (Chan, 2000). The relationships are best explained in the ideal transformer setting,
which is an impossibility in practice. Therefore, in collecting data, measured data versus
theoretical data will always have a difference, including user errors.
The transformer operations are quite complex, including both real and complex factors at play.
Since the design incorporates coils, and magnetic fields, impedance, in addition to resistance are
part of the circuits (Rizzoni, 2010). Internal resistance and impedance are expected in the
transformers, and the efficiency of such a setup is expected to be lower than 100%. Additional
loads to the transformer add to the challenges of the transformer circuits, such as capacitive,
resistive, and inductive loads (Gonen, 2015). One must consider the nature of such loads and the
role they play in a circuit, when assessing the performance of the transformer.

2. Transformer per-Phase, Approximate Equivalent Circuit:

The transformer was connected to a single phase of an ac circuit, and grounded to avoid any
shocks. The resultant equivalent circuit reflects the setup, and incorporates the essential attributes
of transformer connection. In this event the connection was to a 240V ac outlet, comparable to a
household supply. In the set-up, a single phase variac was employed to regulate the flow of
power into the system, which was then connected to a solenoid before being connected to a
power meter. The power meter was meant to record the primary or input power as it went into
the transformer, for the short circuit test. From the power meter, the power was connected to the

Page 3 of 22
primary input of the transformer, and the secondary or output signal directed to a power meter to
record the output signal.
Loading the circuit occurs after the secondary terminals, following which the readings are done.
In the case of the resistance, capacitor, on inductor, the data collected need not be collected
before the loading, as the circuit is expected to have the same characteristics as the short circuit
set-up.
The characteristic loading of the transformer is as shown above where the load can be a resistor,
capacitor, inductor, or a combination of two or more of them. The VARIAC and Inductor prior
to the primary meter are aimed at regulating the input signal, following which the output signal
can be assessed and evaluated to tell more about the properties and operations of the transformer.
The circuit employed in the experiment incorporated variable loads and as such variable loads
have been employed in the circuit, and the resultant figures have been tabulated in the results.

There are some open circuit calculations that were made and these calculations were given as
below.
V oc =200.1 V
I oc =366 mA
Poc =20.9 W
W
P . F= =0.285
VI
The obtained power factor is lagging, now the angle is calculated which is given as below

( )
1 P oc −1 20.9
θ=cos =cos =73.42°
V oc × I oc 200.1× 366 ×10−3
The windage current I w and magnetizing current I u is calculated as below
−3
I w =I oc × cosθ=366× 10 ×cos ( 73.42 ° )
I w =0.10444 A
The magnetizing current is calculated as below
−3
I u=I oc ×sin θ=366 mA ×10 ×sin ( 73.42 ° )
I u=0.3508 A
The value of the excitation branch parameters is given as below

Page 4 of 22
 V oc 200.3
Rc = =
I w 0.10444 A
Rc =2056.46 Ω

V oc 200.1 V
X o= =
I u 0.3508 A

X M =610.67 Ω

The short circuit test can be calculated as below

V sc =5.3 V
I sc =2.5 A
P=12.75 W
The power factor is measured as below
W 12.75
Power Factor ( P. F )= =
VI 5.3× 2.5
Power Factor ( P. F )=0.9622(Lagging)
Short circuit parameters are given as below
Psc 12.75
R ' eq = 2
=
I sc ( 2.5 )2

R ' eq =2.04 Ω

V sc 5.3 V
Z ' eq= =
I sc 2.5 A
Z ' eq=2.12 Ω

X 'eq= √ Z2eq−R2eq= √2.122−2.04 2

X 'eq=0.5768 Ω

Page 5 of 22
 Figure 1 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of Transformer

3. Discussion of Load Tests:

Inductive load:
The inductive variable load was connected to the transformer’s secondary terminals, and the
Variac’s voltage adjusted to read zero. After checking the circuit connections, it was plugged to
the mains and the output voltage of the variac adjusted until it read 200V, as highlighted by the
power meter connected to the primary side of the circuit. Adjustments to the variable load were
done until the current in the primary side of the transformer read 2.5A, with the readings from
the adjustments tabulated. Increases to the inductive load were done in steps that reduced the
input current by 0.25A until the load current was minimized. The table recorded the data through
the reduction steps. The variac was unplugged and the circuit isolated from the mains, which
allowed disconnection of the inductive variable load.

Resistive load:
The circuit was set-up without using the inline inductor, and employed a variable resistance on
the transformer’s secondary terminals. The variac’s voltage was set to zero before being
connected to the mains. The variac output was increased to hit the 200V mark. Using the
parameters involved, the current in the secondary circuit was calculated. The variable resistance
connected was adjusted until it recorded the circuits full-load current. The effect of the connected
variable resistance was increased such that the output in the secondary current was reduced in
0.5A steps, and the readings of the input and output power, voltage, current and power factor
recorded, and calculated where necessary. The circuit was disconnected by setting the variac to
read zero and unplugging the circuit from the mains.

Page 6 of 22
Variable Capacitive Load:
In the secondary output, a variable capacitance load was connected in the transformer circuit.
The variac voltage was set at zero, and connected to the mains supply. Voltage in the input was
increased steadily till it indicated 200V on the power meter. Adjustments to the variable
capacitance load were made such that the transformer primary load recorded was 2.5A. The
resultant readings were recorded with reductions in the primary current in 0.25A to the point that
the load current was minimized, and then tabulated. The mains power was isolated by
unplugging the variac from the mains, and then all the pieces in the circuit were disconnected.

4. Results:
(i) Secondary voltage (y-axis) versus secondary current (x-axis):

The relationship between the secondary current and voltage is characterized by different line
profiles. Am increase or decrease is recorded, and then followed by a contant or drop in the
readings. A point of saturation is reached in the setups, and the graph takes a different turn.

Page 7 of 22
(ii) Output power-factor (p.u.) (y-axis) versus output real power (x-axis):

The output power factor in the experiment does not remain constant through the various tests.
Both the calculated and measured records support the trends, and hence the graphs appear in two
per set-up. Although there is some deviation in the measured and calculated figures, the patterns
are identical. The resistance circuit set-up seems to have the steadiest power factor figures. The
inductive and capacitive circuits seem to modify the input signal out of the expected linearlity.
(iii) Output power-factor (p.u.) (y-axis) versus output apparent power (x-axis):

Page 8 of 22
The apparent power graph has an interesting for the inductive and capacitive trends, whereas the
resistive circuit holds the power factor at a much steadier value, with notable increase being
recorded with increasing power. In the inductive and capacitive set-ups, the power factor drops
with an increase in the apparent power, which contravened the expectations of the experiment.

(iv) Efficiency (%) (y-axis) versus output real power (x-axis):

The efficicency versus output real power graph painted a picture where efficicny and power
factor are similar, except in the case of the resistive load. The calculated versus measured value
in the resistive load differed in trend with a notable drop between the 350-400 mark. The
calculated value recorded lower values to the measured value, drawing attention to the
conditioning of the signal through the transformer.

Page 9 of 22
(v) Efficiency (%) (y-axis) versus output apparent power (x-axis):

The efficicncy versus output apparent power graph had a unique trend that consisted of almost
parallels. However some notable attributes were noted, naamely the consistency in the calculated
efficicny. In calculations, the efficicny of the tranformer was at a perfect 100% efficicny for the
set-ups, differing from the measured entities which went as low as 80%. The findings attracted
the question of errors in data recording.

Page 10 of 22
 5. Discussion of Results:
The relationship of an ideal transformer was put to the test through the three set-ups, and it is
evidence that the resistive load test appears most predictable. Dealing with inductance and
capacitance has challenges in predicting the results, mainly because of the complex portions of
the circuitry (Rizzoni, 2010). Whereas the resistive load has minimal influence over the power
factor, efficiency, and output, the capacitive and inductive loads generate some residual power,
which is picked up by the power meter. The calculated and measured records are indicative of
inconsistencies and challenges in replicating experiments highlighting the complexities of ac
power through transient circuits.
Both efficiency and the power factor attribute of the circuits seem to have a common pattern.
The real and apparent power considerations tell of existing internal resistances and impedances
at work (Chan, 2000). The over 100% efficiency tells of existing energies left in the set-ups,
where losses are expected in the current and power readings, but are not as expected in such
setups. In contrast, the calculated values have a theoretical value which is inline with the theories
and formulas of deriving a transformer’s performance (Burke, 2017). The complex attributes of
power through a transformer is referenced in the assessment as representatives of ac power use
and complexities, incorporating directions and reactive traits of electrical circuits.

6. Conclusion:
In conclusion, a transformer has internal resistances and impedances, which influence its
performance. Different losses are recorded in such a setup, and in some cases some elements
outside the circuit also impact the transformer. Deigns into the transformer are aimed at different
purposes, and measures, and operating above or below the thresholds is expected to have some
unprecedented results, and hence the controls before the transformer are important. Challenging
the design criteria from one step or phase to the next is what the experiment achieved, defining
whether the performance was steady throughout the experiment range.
The performance of transformers does not adhere to the ideal transformer equations, and
inconsistencies are noted in practice. Conditioning the input signal is a critical step in
transformer operations, especially where ac power is involved, and impedance and capacitance
are at play. Dips and rises in the transformer output, depending on circuitry were noted, and
effectively the experiment highlighted the role of other circuit components, such as capacitors.
Page 11 of 22
Whereas the resistive loads can be easily designed and implemented, the capacitive and inductive
circuits have some challenges which must be considered, and based on the nature of the signal,
and the resultant complex power attributes.

7. References:
[1] Burke, J. J. (2017). Power distribution engineering: fundamentals and applications. Boca
Raton: CRC Press.
[2] Chan, S. (2000). The electrical engineering handbook. Ed. Richard C. Dorf. Boca Raton:
CRC Press LLC.
[3] Gonen, T. (2015). Electrical power transmission system engineering: analysis and
design. Boca Raton: CRC press.
[4] Rizzoni, G. (2010). Principles and Application of Electrical Engineering (5th Ed.). Boca
Raton: CRC Press.

Page 12 of 22
 Appendix Section:

A1 Laboratory Test:

Page 13 of 22
Page 14 of 22
Page 15 of 22
Page 16 of 22
Page 17 of 22
A2 Laboratory Test:

Page 18 of 22
Page 19 of 22
Page 20 of 22
Page 21 of 22
 Bonus Questions:

Question no 1:
Answer:
The transformer turn ratio is given as below
33000
Turn Ratio= =3.3
11000
The value of impedance of the transformer can be described as below

Req =2.04 Ω× ( 3.3 )2=22.2156 Ω

The value of the impedance X eq for the transformer can be described as below
X eq=6.1833 Ω

Question no 2:
Answer:
The transformer uses the fan for cooling of the transformer, the cooling of the transformer has no
effect on the transformer. The transformer can be used for the multiple rating and this can be
base value of the transformer as well supplement rating of the transformer.

Question no 3:
Answer:

There is no effect on the transformer turn ratio in case for the transformer connection is altered.
The value of the turn ratio always be a constant value that can’t be changed.

Page 22 of 22