190

CHAPTER 1

EXAMPLE

A factory is to be set up to have a fixed load of 760 kW at 0.8 pf. The

electricity board offers to supply energy at the following alternate
rates:

(a) Low voltage at $32/kVA maximum demand/annum +

$0.1/kWh.
(b) High voltage at $30/kVA maximum demand/annum +
$0.1/kWh.

The high voltage switchgear costs $60/kVA and switchgear losses at

full load amount 5%. Interest and depreciation charges for the
switchgear are 12% of the capital cost. If the factory is to work for
40 hours/week, determine the better economical tariff.

EXAMPLE

A generating station has a maximum demand of 25 MW, a load

factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 50%, and a plant use factor
72%.

(a) Find the daily energy produced.

(b) Find the reserve capacity of the plant.
(c) Find the maximum energy that could be produced daily if the
plant, while running as per schedule, were fully loaded.
 191

CHAPTER 2

Example

An inductive load connected to 120-V (rms), 60-Hz source draws a 5

kW at a power factor o.8.

(a) Calculate the required reactance in parallel that will result in

the overall power factor to be 0.95 (lagging).
(b) Calculate the capacitance required in parallel with the load in
order to bring the combined power factor to 0.95 (lagging).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SLnew = PL + jQLnew

-jQC PLnew = PL
V C
SL = PL + jQL

PLOT (PHASOR DIAGRAM)

PLnew = PL = 5 kW

SLnew QLnew
= 5.263 kVA = 1.6434 kVAR

QL=3.75 KVAr
QC
SL = - 2.1066 kVAR
= 6.25kVA
 192

Example Problem #2.13 pp. 85

1- EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Ia 1 + j2 
a

5
V2
V1 = 120/0o
j6 
n

Example

a
Ia a
Wan

In Z
3-phase n
208 V n Z = 2.6667 + j2 
60 Hz Ib Z Z
Supply b Wbn c
LL Ic b
c
Wcn

(a) Determine all V ' s (Van , Vbn , Vcn , Vab , Vbc , and Vca ).
(b) Determine all I ' s ( I a , I b , I c , and I n ).
(c) Determine all S ' s ( S an , Sbn , Scn , and STOTAL ).
(d) Determine the wattmeter readings Wan, Wbn, and Wcn.
(e) Draw the phasor diagram for all the V ' s and I ' s .
 193

(e)
 194

CHAPTER 3

Example

A 3-phase circuit has VLL = 208 V, |ZL| = 10 , and per-phase power

factor 0.8 (lagging). The base value of the three-phase power is 5.4
kW.

Calculate the per-unit values of

(a) the load impedance,
(b) the load current, and
(c) the load real and reactive powers.
 195

Example Problem #3.11 pp. 85

 196

Example

Consider that a transmission line between two buses “1” and “3” in
a power system is at 500 kV and two 345/500 kV transformers are
used at both ends, as shown in the one-line diagram of Fig. 1. In the
per-unit study, if the system base voltage is 345 kV, then the line
impedance and the transformer leakage impedances are all
calculated on the 345-kV voltage base, and 100 MVA base. The
transmission line impedance parameters are given in Fig. 1. Neglect
line susceptances. Each transformer has a leakage reactance of 0.2
pu on the 345-kV and 100 MVA base. The 500-kV transmission line
is 200-km long.

Calculate the per-unit series impedance of the transmission line

between buses 1 and 3.

R(/km) = 0.029; X(/km) = 0.326

Bus 1 Bus 3
500 kV

345/500 kV 500/345 kV
Fig. 1
 197

Example Problem #3.15 pp. 139

PER UNIT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

J0.20 0.3 + j0.5 j0.20

j0.15 j0.15
Vg Vm

Eg Em
 198

Example Problem #3.1 pp. 134

 199

Example Problem #3.4 pp. 135

#4(c)
V = 20000;
Xd = 13.5;
Xq = 9.333;
theta = acos(0.8);
Ia = 20E06/20000;
delta = atan(Xq*Ia*cos(theta)/(V + Xq*Ia*sin(theta)));
deltadg = delta*180/pi;
E = V*cos(delta) + Xd*Ia*sin(theta + delta);
% Excitation voltage in KV
E_KV = E/1000;
fprintf('Power angle = %g Degree \n', deltadg)
fprintf(' E = %g KV \n\n', E_KV)
deltadg = (0:.25:180)';
delta = deltadg*pi/180;
P = 3*E*V/Xd*sin(delta) + 3*V^2*(Xd -
Xq)/(2*Xd*Xq)*sin(2*delta);

% Power in MW
P = P/1000000;
plot(deltadg, P), grid
xlabel('Delta - Degree'), ylabel('P - MW')
[Pmax, k] = max(P);
delmax = deltadg(k);

fprintf('Max power = %g MW', Pmax)

fprintf(' at power angle %g degree \n', delmax)
 200

140
P - MW

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200
Delta - Degree
 201

Example

A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 KVA, 480/120

volts, 60 Hz. During a short-circuit test, where rated current at
rated frequency is applied to the 480-volt winding (denoted winding
1), with the 120-volt winding (winding 2) shorted, the following
readings are obtained: V1 = 35 volts, P1 =300 W. During an open-
circuit test, where rated voltage is applied to winding 2, with
winding 1 open, the following readings are obtained: I2 = 12 A, P2 =
200 W.
(a) From the short-circuit test, determine the equivalent series
impedance Zeq1 = Req1 + jXeq1 referred to winding 1. Neglect
the shunt admittance.
(b) From the open-circuit test, determine the shunt admittance Ym
= Gc - jBm referred to winding 1. Neglect the series impedance.

SOLUTION
(a)
I1= I1rated Req1 jXeq1

V1

480:120

(b) (N2/ N1) I2 I2

Gc -jBm V2 = 120/0o
V1

480:120
 202

Example

Three single-phase two-winding transformers, each rated 400 MVA,

13.8 kV/199.2 kV, with leakage reactance Xeq = 0.10 per unit, are
connected to form a three-phase bank. Winding resistances and
exciting current are neglected. The high-voltage windings are
connected in Y. A three-phase load operating under balanced
positive-sequence conditions on the high-voltage side absorbs 1000
MVA at 0.90 p.f. lagging, with VAN = 199.2/0o kV.
(a) Determine the voltage VAN at the low-voltage bus if the low-
voltage windings are connected Y.
(b) Determine the voltage VAN at the low-voltage bus if the low-
voltage windings are connected .

SOLUTION

(a) Y – Y Transformer
Ia jXeq1 IA = 0.8333/-25.84o p.u.

j0.10 p.u. VAN = 1.0/0o p.u.

Van

(b)  - Y Transformer

Ia jXeq1 IA = 0.8333/-25.84o p.u.

j0.10 p.u. VAN = 1.0/0o p.u.

Van EAN

o
1: e j 30
 203

Example Problem #3.7 pp. 137

90 V 100 A
175 A
210 V

120 V 75 A
120 V
 204

CHAPTER 4

Example

A single-phase 60 Hz circuit comprises two single-core lead-

sheathed cables laid side by side; if the centers of cables are 0.5 m
apart and each sheath has mean diameter of 7.5 cm; estimate the
longitudinal voltage induced per km of sheath when the circuit
carries a current of 800 A.

x y
D = 7.5 cm

Dxy = 7 m
 205

Example Problem #4.8 pp. 176

a b c
D12 = 8 m D23 = 8 m

D13 = 16 m

a b c

40 cm

D12 = 8 m D23 = 8 m
D13 = 16 m
 206

Example Problem #4.10 pp. 137

a b c

45 cm

D12 = 14 m D23 = 14 m
D13 = 28 m
 207

Example
Consider a 345-kV transmission line that consists of 3L3 type towers
shown in Fig. 1. This transmission system consists of a single-
conductor per phase which is Bluebird ACSR with diameter of
1.762 inches. Ignore the effect of ground, ground wires and
conductor sags.
(a) Calculate L(/km).
(b) Calculate C(S/km).
(c) Compare the results with those given in Table 1.

G1 10.12 m G2

9.63 m
C1 C2 C3
7.5 m 7.5 m

17 m

Fig. 1

Table 1 Line Parameters with Balanced with Bundled Conductors (except at 230
kV) at 60 Hz
Nominal Voltage R (/km) L (/km) C (S/km)
230 kV 0.055 0.489 3.373
345 kV 0.037 0.376 4.518
500 kV 0.029 0.326 5.220
765 kV 0.13 0.339 4.988
 208

CHAPTER 6

Example Fig. 6.2 (Textbook)

 209

Example Newton–Raphson Method: 3-Bus System

Bus 1 z13 = (0.0062 + j0.0632 ) pu Bus 3

z23 = (0.0047 + j0.0474) pu

Slack Bus
z12 = (0.0047 + j0.0474) pu PQ Bus  P + jQ
Bus 2 P = - 5.0 pu
PV Bus
Vmag = 1.05 pu
P = 2.0
Fig. 1

1. Form the Ybus: y12 = 1/z12 = (2.0568 - j20.9013) pu

y13 = 1/z13 =(1.5426 – j15.6760) pu
y23 = 1/z23 = (0.2.0568 - j20.9013) pu
See Section 6.2 and also note that Yij ≠ yij

3.5994 – j36.5773 -2.0568 + j20.9013 -1.5426 + j 15.6760

Ybus = -2.0568 + j20.9013 4.1136 - j41.8027 -2.0568 + j 20.9013
-1.5426 + j15.6760 -2.0568 + j20.9013 3.5994 - j 36.5773

In polar form
36.7539/275.62o 21.0022/95.62o 15.751/95.62o
Ybus = 21.0022/95.62o 41.8027/275.62o 21.0022/95.62o
15.751/95.62o 21.0022/95.62o 36.7539/275.62o

2. Identify the Type of Buses in the Power System

Bus-1 Type: Slack Bus

Given: V1mag = 1.0 pu V1ang = 0.0o
Find: P1, Q1.
 210

Bus-2 Type: PV Bus

Given: V2mag = 1.05 pu P2 = 2.0 pu
Find: V2ang, Q2.
Initial Values: Set V2ang = V1ang = 0.0o

Bus-3 Type: PQ Bus

Given: P3 = -5.0 pu Q3 = -1.0 pu
Find: V3mag, V3ang
Initial Values: V3mag = V1mag = 1.0
V3ang = V1ang = 0.0o

General Bus-k Type: Load/Generator/CB/etc… Buses

Given:
Find: Could be P, Q, Vmag, Vang, etc.
Initial Values: Vkmag = V1mag = 1.0
Vkang = V1ang = 0.0o

3. Obtaining the Partial Derivatives

(a) Equation (6.52) – In this example the are 3-buses (n = 3)

Pi = |Vi||V1||Yi1|cos(i1 - i + 1) + |Vi||V2||Yi2|cos(i2 - i + 2)

+ |Vi||V3||Yi3|cos(i3 - i + 3)

Pi Pi
(i) Find partial derivatives and
 k Vk
for i = 2; and k = 2, 3

P2 = |V2||V1||Y21|cos(21 - 2 + 1)
+|V2||V2||Y22|cos(22)
+ |V2||V3||Y23|cos(23 - 2 + 3)
P2
| V2 || V1 || Y21 | sin( 21   2   1 )
 2
 211

 | V2 || V3 || Y23 | sin( 23   2   3 )
P2
| V2 || V3 || Y23 | sin( 23   2  3 )
 3
P2
 0 (V2mag is constant – controlled bus)
 | V2 |
P2
  | V2 || Y23 | cos( 23   2  3 )
 | V3 |

for i = 3; and k = 2, 3

P3 = |V3||V1||Y31|cos(31 - 3 + 1)
+|V3||V2||Y32|cos(32 - 3 + 2)
+ |V3||V3||Y33|cos(33)
P3
  | V3 || V2 || Y32 | sin( 32   3   2 )
 2
P3
| V3 || V1 || Y31 | sin( 31   3   1 )
 3
 | V3 || V2 || Y32 | sin( 32   3   2 )
P3
 0 (V2mag is constant – controlled bus)
 | V2 |
P3
| V1 || Y31 | cos( 31   3   1 )
V3
 | V2 || Y32 | cos( 32   3   2 )  2V3Y33 cos( 33 )

(b) Equation (5.3)

Qi = |Vi||V1||Yi1|sin(i1 - i + 1) + |Vi||V2||Yi2| sin(i2 - i + 2)

+ |Vi||V3||Yi3| sin(i3 - i + 3)
 212

Qi Qi
(i) Find partial derivatives and
 k Vk
for i = 2; and k = 2, 3

Q2
| V2 || V1 || Y21 | cos( 21   2   1 )
 2
 | V2 || V3 || Y23 | cos( 23   2   3 )
Q2
  | V2 || V3 || Y23 | cos( 22   2   2 )
 3
V2
 0 (V2mag is constant – controlled bus)
 | V2 |
Q2
  | V2 || Y23 | sin( 23   2   3 )
 | V3 |

for i = 3; and k = 2, 3

Q3
  | V3 || V2 || Y32 | cos( 32   3   2 )
 2
Q3
| V3 || V1 || Y31 | cos( 31   3   1 )
 3
 | V3 || V2 || Y32 | cos( 32   3   2 )
Q3
 0 (V2mag is constant – controlled bus)
 | V2 |
Q3
  | V1 || Y31 | sin( 31   3   1 )
 | V3 |
 | V2 || Y32 | sin( 32   3   2 )  2 | V3 || Y33 | sin( 33 )

4. Forming the Jacobian Matrix (see pp. 233 of textbook)

Observations (from equation (6.54))

P J1 J2 
= (6.54)
Q J3 J4 |V|
 213

For m voltage-controlled buses, the m columns of Q and V

are eliminated. The following are the sizes of the individual
matrix (specified as: (# of rows) x (# of columns)):
J1 = (n –1) x (n – 1)
J2 = (n –1) x (n – 1 - m)
J3 = (n –1 - m) x (n – 1)
J4 = (n –1 - m) x (n – 1 -m)

The overall size of the Jacobian = (2n –2 – m) x (2n – 2 – m)

(a) n = 3. The Bus-2 is a voltage-controlled; eliminate

columns 2 of Q and V. Sizes of individual matrix:
J1 = 2 x 2
J2 = 2 x 1
J3 = 1 x 2
J4 = 1 x 1

P 
= (6.54)
Q |V|

Jacobian size = (2*3 – 2 – 1) x (2*3 – 2 – 1) = 3 x 3

(b) Compute initial values of the Jacobian

36.7539/275.62o 21.0022/95.62o 15.751/95.62o

Ybus = 21.0022/95.62o 41.8027/275.62o 21.0022/95.62o
15.751/95.62o 21.0022/95.62o 36.7539/275.62o
 214

|V1| = 1.0; |V1| = 1.05 ; |V(0)3| = 1.0;  1  0 o ;

 2( 0 )  0 o ;  3( 0 )  0 o ;
|Y21| = 21.002; |Y23| = 21.002; 21 = 95.62o ; 23 = 95.62o ;
P2
J (1,1) ( 0 )  | V2 || V1 || Y21 | sin( 21   2( 0 )   1 )
 2
 | V2 || V3( 0 ) || Y23 | sin( 23   2( 0 )   3( 0 ) )

J(1, 1)(0) = |1.05|1.0||21.0022|sin(95.62o – 0 + 0)

+ |1.05||1.0||21.0022|sin(95.620 – 0 – 0)
J(1, 1)(0) = 43.8926 pu

Similarly,

P2
J (1,2) ( 0 )    | V2 || V3( 0 ) || Y23 | sin( 22   2( 0 )   1 )
 3
J(1, 2)(0) = -21.9464 pu
P2
J (1,3) ( 0 )    | V2 || Y23 | sin( 23   2( 0 )   3( 0 ) )
 | V3 |
J(1, 3)(0) = -2.596 pu
P3
J ( 2,1) ( 0 )    | V3( 0 ) || V2 || Y32 | sin( 32   3( 0 )   2( 0 ) )
 2
J(2, 1)(0) = -21.9464 pu
P3
J ( 2,2) ( 0 )  | V3( 0 ) || V1 || Y31 | sin( 31   3( 0 )   1 )
 3
 | V3( 0 ) || V2 || Y32 | sin( 32  (30 )  (20 ) )
J(2, 2)(0) = 37.6224 pu
P3
J ( 2,3) ( 0 )  | V1 || Y31 | cos( 31   3( 0 )   1 )
V3
 | V2 || Y32 | cos( 32  (30 )  (20 ) )
 2V3Y33 cos( 33 )
J(2, 3)(0) = 3.4965 pu
 215

Q3
J (3,1) ( 0 )    | V3( 0 ) || V2 || Y32 | cos( 32   3( 0 )   2( 0 ) )
 2
J(3, 1)(0) = -21.9464 pu
Q3
J (3,2) ( 0 )  | V3( 0 ) || V1 || Y31 | cos( 31   3( 0 )   1 )
 3
 | V3( 0 ) || V2 || Y32 | cos( 32   3( 0 )   2( 0 ) )
J(3, 2)(0) = -3.7022 pu
Q3
J (3,3) ( 0 )    | V1 || Y31 | sin( 31   3( 0 )   1 )
 | V3 |
 | V2 || Y32 | sin( 32   3( 0 )   2 )  2 | V3( 0 ) || Y33 | sin( 33 )
J(3, 3)(0) = 35.5323 pu

43.8928 -21.9464 -2.1596

(0)
J = -21.9464 37.6224 3.4965
-2.1596 -3.7022 35.5323
(c) Other initial values

P2( 0 )  P2sch  P2( 0 )  2.0  0  2.0 pu

P3( 0 )  P3sch  P3( 0 )  5.0  0  5.0 pu
Q2( 0 )  Q3sch  Q3( 0 )  1.0  0  1.0 pu

(d) Linear equations (matrix of pp. 233 of textbook)

2.0 43.8928 -21.9464 -2.1596 (20 )

-5.0 = -21.9464 37.6224 3.4965 (30 )
-1.0 -2.1596 -3.7022 35.5323  | V3( 0 ) |

(e) Find (20 ) , (30 ) , and  | V3( 0 ) |

 216

(f) Obtain the new bus voltages in this first iteration as:

 2(1)   2( 0 )   2(1)
 3(1)   3( 0 )   3(1)
| V3(1) | V3( 0 )  | V3(1) |

(g) Calculate P’s and Q’s

P2(1) from equation (6.52)

P3(1) from equation (6.52)
Q3(1) from equation (6.53)

5. Repeat step 4(b) – (g) until convergence is reached

After the N-R has converged, the Jacobian matrix is as follows:

43.42 -21.56 0.4237

J = -21.07 35.99 -1.5913
0.414 -8.44 334.75

Bus voltages are as follows after convergence is reached:

V1 = 1.0/0o pu; V2 = 1.05/-2.07o pu; V3 = 0.978/-8.79o pu;

Line power flows are as follows:

At Bus-1: P1-2 + jQ1-2 = (0.69 –j1.11) pu

At Bus-1: P1-3 + jQ1-3 = (2.39 + j0.29) pu
At Bus-2: P2-3 + jQ2-3 = (2.68 + j1.48) pu

Power supplied by the Generators are follows:

Generator-1: P1 + jQ1 = (3.08 – j0.82) pu

Generator-2: P2 + jQ2 = (3.08 – j0.82) pu
 217

V1 = 1.0/0o V3 = 0.978/-8.79o
2.39 + j0.29 pu

0.69 – j1.11 pu

(5.0 + j1.0)
P1 + j Q1 = (3.8 - j0.82) pu

2.68 + j1.48 pu
o
V2 = 1.05/-2.07
P2 + j Q2 = (2.0 + j2.67) pu

Fig. 1
 218

Example Problem #6.3 pp. 287

 219

Example

Consider the simple equation

4 – x2 = 0 (1)

where c = 4 and f(x) = x2. Solve for x which satisfies the equation (1)
with an error  below a tolerance of 0.0002.

The solution is obviously x = 2. A portion of the plot is shown below.

Newton - Raphson (4 - x2) = 0

10
y

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
 220

CHAPTER 9

Example

A bolted short circuit occurs in a series R-L circuit shown below

with V = 20 kV, X = 8 , R = 0.8 , and with maximum dc offset
(transient current). The circuit breaker opens 3 cycles after fault
inception. Determine (a) the rms ac fault current, (b) the rms
“momentary” current at  = 0.5 cycle, which passes through the
breaker before it opens, and (c) the rms asymmetrical fault current
that the breaker interrupts.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R X i(t)

t=0
2Vsin(wt + ) SW
e(t)
 221

Example Problem #9.3 pp. 432 (Textbook)

Bus 3 Bus 1 Bus 2

X = 0.1 pu XL = 0.2 pu

Xd“ = 0.1 pu Ig1 Ig2

Fig. 1 Xd“ = 0.2 pu

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1(f) = 1.0 pu V 2
3 j0.1 pu
1 j0.1 pu

I1(f)
Ig1 Ig2
j0.1 pu j0.2 pu
j0.08 pu

In parallel

I1(f)
1 V1(f) = 1.0 pu V

j0.12 pu
j0.08 pu
 222

Example Problem #9.5 pp. 432 (Textbook)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1 j0.1 pu j0.06 pu 3

j0.15 pu Ig3 I4(F) j0.19 pu

Ig1 Ig2
1.0 pu V 4
j0.4 pu 2
j0.35 pu

Zeq

j0.0.06 pu

I4(F) j0.19 pu
1.0 pu V V4(F)
j0.25 pu
 223

Example 4

The synchronous generator shown below is operating at rated MVA,

0.95 p.f. lagging and at 5% above rated voltage when a bolted three-
phase short-circuit occurs at bus 1. Calculate the per-unit values (a)
subtransient fault current; (b) subtransient generator and motor
currents, neglecting prefault current; and (c) subtransient generator
and motor currents, including prefault current.
Bus 1 Bus 2
XL = 20 
M
100 MVA 100 MVA
100 MVA 138 kV Y/13.8 kV 
13.8 kV /138 kV Y 100 MVA
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
X = 0.1 pu X = 0.1 pu
X“ = 0.15 pu Xd = 0.2 pu
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ig 1 j0.305 pu Im
1 j0.1 pu j0.1 pu 2
IF 2
j0.105 pu j0.2 pu j0.15 pu j0.2 pu
j0.15 pu VF
SW
Eg Em Eg VF Em

(a) 3-phase Short Circuit (b) Short Circuit Represented by

Two Opposing Voltage Sources

j0.15 pu j0.505 pu Im1 j0.15 pu j0.505 pu Im2

IF1 Ig2

=I g1 VF
+ Eg VF Em

IF2

(c) Application of Superposition

 224

j0.15 pu j0.505 pu Im1 IL j0.505 pu

IF1 = IF j0.15 pu

=I g1 VF
+ Eg Em

(c) VF Set Equal to Prefault Voltage at Fault

 225

Example Problem #9.10 pp. 434 (Textbook)

 226

Example 6

The synchronous generator shown below is operating at rated MVA,

0.95 p.f. lagging with prefault voltage is 1.05 pu and prefault load
current is neglected.
(a) Determine the 2x2 positive-sequence bus impedance matrix.
(b) For a bolted three-phase short circuit at bus 1, use [Zbus] to
calculate the subtransient fault current and the contribution to
the fault current from the transmission line.
(c) Repeat part (b) for a bolted three-phase short circuit at bus 2.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1 j0.305 pu 2
1 j0.1 pu j0.1 pu 2

j0.105 pu j0.15 pu j0.2 pu

j0.15 pu j0.2 pu

Em Eg Em
Eg

(a) Equivalent Single-phase Diagram

1 -j3.2787 pu 2
1. Find the admittance of
individual line
-j6.6667 pu -j5.0 pu 2. Use Power Flow method
to assemble [Ybus]
Eg Em

(b) Figure SHOWING Per-unit Admittance Values

 227

CHAPTER 10

Example

Calculate the sequence components of the following line-neutral

voltages with abc sequence:

Van = 277/0o V; Vbn = 277/-120o V; Vcn = 277/+120o V;

 228

Example Problem #10.2 pp. 492 (Textbook)

 229

Example 3
Athree-phase line feeding a balanced-Y load has one of its phases
(phase-b) open. The load neutral is grounded, and unbalanced line
currents are:

Ia = 10/0o A; Ib = 0 A; Ic = 10/+120o A;

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ia = 10/0o A

Ic = 10/120o

In

Ib = 0 A

I2b
I1c

I0a I0b I0c

I1a I2c

Zero-sequence set Positive-sequence set Negative-sequence set

I2a
I1b
 230

Example Problem #10.11 pp. 494

j0.25 pu j0.2 pu j0.2 pu j0.155 pu j0.155 pu j0.155 pu

j0.1 pu j0.1 pu j0.1 pu j0.1 pu j0.1 pu j0.1 pu

(a) Positive Sequence Network (b) Negative Sequence Network

j3Xn= j0.1 pu

j0.056 pu j0.056 pu j0.06 pu

j0.1 pu j0.1 pu j0.1 pu

(c) Zero Sequence Network

 231

Example FAULT-1

A single-line diagram of a power system is shown below, where

negative- and zero-sequence reactances are also given. The neutrals
of the generator and -Y transformers are solidly grounded. The
motor neutral is grounded through a reactance Xn = 0.05 pu on the
motor base.
(a) Draw the per-unit zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence
networks on a 100-MVA, 13.8 kV base in the zone of the
generator.
(b) Reduce the sequence networks to their Thevenin equivalents,
as viewed from bus 2. Prefault voltage is VF = 1.05/0o per unit.
Prefault load current and -Y transformer phase shift are
neglected.
(c) Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA
for a bolted single line-to-ground short circuit from phase a to
ground at bus 2.
(d) Calculate the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at faulted bus 2.

Bus 1 X1 = X2 = 20  Bus 2
X0 = 60 
M

100 MVA 100 MVA

100 MVA
13.8 kV /138 kV Y 138 kV Y/13.8 kV  13.8 kV
100 MVA X“ = 0.20 pu
13.8 kV X = 0.1 pu X = 0.1 pu
X2 = 0.21 pu
X“ = 0.15 pu X0 = 0.1 pu
X2 = 0.17 pu
Xn = 0.05 pu
X0 = 0.05 pu
 232

2
(a) 1 j0.1 pu j0.315 pu j0.1 pu

0 I0m j0.1 pu
I L
j0.05 pu

j0.15 pu

(a) Zero-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I1L I1m j0.2 pu

j0.15 pu

o Em = 1.05/0o pu
Eg = 1.05/0 pu

(b) Positive-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I2L I2m j0.21 pu

j0.17 pu

(b) Negative-sequence Network

(b)
Zero-sequence Network (Thevenin’s Equivalent)
2
VTh = 0
(No voltage Source)
I0m j0.1 pu
ZTh

ZTh = j0.1 + j0.15 j0.15 pu

ZTh = j0.250 p.u.
 233

Positive-sequence Network (Thevenin’s Equivalent)

VTh: VTh = 1.05/0o pu
ZTh: Replace all sources by short circuits

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I1L I1m
j0.15 pu ZTh
j0.2 pu

Z TH   j 0.15  j 0.1  j 0.105  j 0.1 //  j 0.2   j 0.455 //  j 0.2 

j 0.455 x0.2
Z TH   j 0.138931 pu
0.655

Negative-sequence Network (Thevenin’s Equivalent)

VTh: VTh = 0 pu (no sources)

ZTh: Replace all sources by short circuits
1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I2L I2m
j0.17 pu ZTh
j0.21 pu

Z TH   j 0.17  j 0.1  j 0.105  j 0.1 //  j 0.21   j 0.475 //  j 0.21

j 0.475 x0.21
Z TH   j 0.14562 pu
0.685
 234

0
j0.250 pu I a I1a
j0.13893 pu

Z0 Z1
V0a VF = 1.05/0o pu V1a

(a) Zero-sequence Network (b) Positive-sequence Network

2
j0.14562 pu I a

Z2
V2a

(c) Negative-sequence Network

(c) 0
j0.250 pu I a

Z0
V0a

1
j0.13893 pu I a

Z1
o
VF = 1.05/0 pu V1a

2
j0.14562 pu I a

Z2
V2a
 235

Example Continue Example ON FAULT-1

(e) Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA

for a bolted line-to-line fault from phase b to c at bus 2.

j0.13893 pu I1a I2a j0.14562 pu

Z1 Z2
1
VF = 1.05/0o pu V a V2a

(b) Positive-sequence Network (c) Negative-sequence Network

 236

Example Problem #10.12 pp. 456 (Textbook)

Continuation of Problem #10.11.

 237

Example Continue Example ON FAULT-1

Calculate
(f) the subtransient fault current in each phase,
(g) neutral current, and
(h) contributions to the fault current from the motor and from the
transmission line,
for a bolted double line-to-ground fault from phase b to c to ground
at bus 2. Neglect the -Y transformer phase shift.

j0.13893 pu I1a

I2a I0a
Z1
VF = 1.05/0o pu V1a V2a j0.14562 pu V0a j0.250 pu
Z2 Z0
 238

Example Problem #10.13 pp. 495 (Textbook)

Continuation of Problem #10.11.

 239

Example 10 Continue Example ON FAULT-1

Faults at buses 1 and 2 for the three-phase power system given in

Example 5 are of interest. The prefault voltage is 1.05 pu. Prefault
load current is neglected.
(a) Determine the per-unit zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence
bus impedance matrices.
(b) Find the subtransient fault current in per-unit for a bolted
single line-to-ground fault current from phase a to ground at
bus 1.
(c) Find the subtransient fault current in per-unit for a bolted
single line-to-ground fault current from phase a to ground at
bus 2.
(d) Find the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at bus 1 during the
single line-to-ground fault at bus 1.
(e) Find the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at bus 2 during the
single line-to-ground fault at bus 1.
 240

(a) 2
1 j0.1 pu j0.315 pu j0.1 pu

0 I0m j0.1 pu
I L
j0.05 pu

j0.15 pu

(a) Zero-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I1L I1m j0.2 pu

j0.15 pu

o Em = 1.05/0o pu
Eg = 1.05/0 pu

(b) Positive-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

2 I2m
I L j0.21 pu
j0.17 pu

(b) Negative-sequence Network