POLARITY

Voltage (Potential) Transformer (PT):

Rules:
1. Current flowing in at the polarity mark of one winding, flows out of
the polarity mark of the other winding. Both currents may be
considered in phase.
2. The voltage drop from polarity across one winding is essentially in
phase with the voltage drop from polarity to nonpolarity across the
winding(s).

Current Transformer CT):

Polarity markings – secondary current is the same and independent of

whether the polarity marks are together on side or on the other side.
- High voltage should lead voltage by 30o for wye-delta or delta-wye.
- Different connections required if high side is wye than if the high side is
delta.
WYE CT Connections: Fig. 2.13 pp. 30

Delta CT Connections: Fig. 2.14 pp. 31

Dealing With Transformer Winding Connections

In -Y or Y- connection the ANSI/IEEE standard requires that the high
voltage side must lead low voltage side by 30o. There are two delta
connections:

Y- Connection:
(i) Delta IA – IC:
abc-sequence
 Ia = 0o IA = Ia - Ic = -30o
1:1
A Phasor Diagram
Ia
Ic
Ib = -120o IB = Ib - Ia = -150o
B Ia
Ib 30o
Ic =120o IC = Ic - Ia = 90o
Ib -Ic IA
C
Ic

It is observed from the phasor diagram that the wye side leads the delta
side by 30o. The wye side would be the high voltage side if this is an
ANSI/IEEE transformer.
(ii) Delta IA – IB:
abc-sequence
Ia = 0 o IA = Ia - Ib = 30o
A
Ia Phasor Diagram

Ib = -120o IB = Ib - Ic = -90o Ic -Ib IA

B I
30o a
Ib

Ic =120o IC = Ic - Ia = 150o
C Ib
Ic
It is observed from the phasor diagram that the delta side leads the wye
side by 30o. The delta side would be the high voltage side if this is an
ANSI/IEEE transformer.

(i) Delta IA – IC:

acb-sequence
Ia = 0 o IA = Ia - Ic = 30o
1:1
A
Phasor Diagram
Ia
Ib IA
Ib = 120o IB = Ib - Ia = 150o -Ic
B
30o
Ib Ia
Ic = -120o IC = Ic - Ib = -90o
C Ic
Ic

It is observed from the phasor diagram that the delta side leads the wye
side by 30o. The delta side would be the high voltage side if this is an
ANSI/IEEE transformer.
 (ii) Delta IA – IB:
acb-sequence
Ia = 0 o IA = Ia - Ib = -30o
A
Ia Phasor Diagram

Ib = 120o IB = Ib - Ic = 90o Ib -Ib

B Ia
Ib
30o
Ic =-120o IC = Ic - Ia = -150o
IA
C Ic
Ic

It is observed from the phasor diagram that the wye side leads the delta
side by 30o. The wye side would be the high voltage side if this is an
ANSI/IEEE transformer.

Relay Polarity:

1. No standards.
2. Relay manufacturer must specify both the polarity markings and
provide documentation as to what they polarity markings mean.
3. Directional relays provide a good practical example of relay polarity
but they do not operate alone; control fault sensors - instantaneous
unit or inverse-time-overcurrent unit or both units together.
(i) Desired current operating direction (trip direction) and
magnitude is greater than fault sensor’s minimum operating
current (pickup), relay operates.
(ii) Opposite current direction (nontrip or nonoperate direction or
zone), relay does not trip.
(iii) Directional relay sensor units require constant reference
currents.
Examples of relay polarity for three typical electromechanical units.

Fig. 3.7(a) – maximum torque occurs when current is from polarity

o nonpolarity.
Fig. 3.7(b) – for ground fault protection; 60o used with 3Vo reference.
Fig. 3.7(c) – for ground fault protection; 60o used with 3Io reference.