SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS, SEQUENCE NETWORKS, AND

FAULTS

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

I2b
I1c

I0a I0b I0c

I1a I2c

Zero-sequence set Positive-sequence set Negative-sequence set

I2a
I1b

Current:

Positive-Sequence (a-b-c) Phasor Equations:

I a1  I a10o  I a1

I b1  I a1 240o  a 2 I a1 (10.1)

I c1  I a1120o  aI a1

3 1
Note - a = 1120o =   j = -0.5 + j0.866
2 2
1 3
a2 = 1240o =   j = -0.5 - j0.866 (10.2)
2 2
a3 = 1360o = 1 + j0

and 1 + a + a2 = 0. (10.3)
Negative-Sequence (a-c-b) Phasor Equations:

I a2  I a20o  I a2

I b2  I a2120o  aI a2 (10.4)

I c2  I a2 240o  a 2 I a2

Zero-Sequence Phasor Equations:

I a0  I b0  I c0 (10.5)i.e, all a zero-sequence currents are in phase

1. Positive-sequence components consist of a set of balanced three-phase

components with a sequence a-b-c.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only positive-sequence voltage drops; NO negative- or
zero-sequence drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produce positive- negative- and possibly zero-
sequence voltage drops.
2. Negative-sequence components consist of a set of balanced three-phase
components with a sequence a-c-b.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only negative-sequence voltage drops; NO positive- or
zero-sequence voltage drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produces positive- negative- and possibly zero-
sequence voltage drops.
3. Zero-sequence components consist of three single-phase components,
all equal in magnitude but with the same phase angle.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only zero-sequence voltage drops; NO positive-, or
negative-sequence drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produces all three: positive- negative-and zero-sequence
voltage drops.
Resolution of Three-phase Unbalanced Currents Into Symmetrical
Components:

Phase a current: I a  I a0  I a1  I a2

Phase b current: I b  I b0  I b1  I b2 (10.6)

Phase c current: I c  I c0  I c1  I c2

Using the definitions of components given above in terms of phase a

components

Phase a current: I a  I a0  I a1  I a2

Phase b current: I b  I a0  a 2 I a1  aI a2 (10.7)

Phase c current: I c  I a0  aI a1  a 2 I a2
In matrix notation

Ia 1 1 1 I a0

1 a2 a (10.8)
Ib I a1

Ic 1 a a2 I a2

I abc  AI a012 (10.9)

where

1 1 1

1 a2 a (10.10)
A
1 a a2

Solving for I a012

I a012  A1 I abc (10.11)

where

1 1 1
1
A-1 1 a a2 (10.12)
3
1 a2 a

And
 1 *
A 1  A (10.13)
3
Express the three-phase currents in the phase a components

I a0 1 1 1 Ia
1
I 1 1 a a2 Ib
a 3 (10.14)
I a2 1 a2 a Ic

or
I a0 
1
Ia  Ib  Ic 
3
1

I a1  I a  aI b  a 2 I c
3
 (10.15)
1

I a2  I a  a 2 I b  aI c
3

Voltage:

Similarly,

Positive-Sequence (a-b-c) Phasor Equations:

Va1  Va10o  Va1

Vb1  Va1 240o  a 2Va1

Vc1  Va1120o  aVa1

where a, a2, and a3 have same values as before.

Negative-Sequence (a-c-b) Phasor Equations:

Va2  Va20o  Va2

 Vb2  Va2120o  aVa2

Vc2  Va2 240o  a 2Va2

Zero-Sequence Phasor Equations:

Va0  Vb0  Vc0 i.e, all a zero-sequence voltages are in phase

Phase a voltage: Va  Va0  Va1  Va2

Phase b voltage: Vb  Vb0  Vb1  Vb2

Phase c voltage: Vc  Vc0  Vc1  Vc2

Using the definitions of components given above in terms of phase a

components

Phase a voltage: Va  Va0  Va1  Va2

Phase b voltage: Vb  Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2 (10.16)

Phase c voltage: Vc  Vc0  aVc1  a 2Vc2

In matrix notation

Va 1 1 1 Va0

1 a2 a
Vb Va1

Vc 1 a a2 Va2

V abc  AVa012 (10.17)

where

1 1 1

1 a2 a
A
1 a a2

Solving for I a012

Va012  A1V abc (10.19)

where

1 1 1
1
A-1 1 a a2
3
1 a2 a

And

1 *
A 1  A
3
Express the three-phase voltages in the phase a components

Va0 1 1 1 Va
1
V 1 1 a a2
a 3 Vb

Va2 1 a2 a Vc

or
 Va0 
1
Va  Vb  Vc 
3
1

Va1  Va  aVb  a 2Vc
3
 (10.18)
1

Va2  Va  a 2Vb  aVc
3

Complex Power:

S   V  I 
*
abc T abc *
( 3 ) (10.20)

Substituting the symmetrical equations in the three-phase power

S   AV  AI   V  A A I  (10.21)

( 3 ) a
012 T 012 *
a a
012 T T * 012 *
a

S   3V  I  ;
( 3 ) a
012 T 012 *
a with AT = A and ATA* = 3
(10.22)
leading to

S( 3 )  3Va0 I a0*  3Va1 I a1*  3Va2 I a2* ;

EXAMPLE:

Calculate the sequence components of the following line-neutral voltages

with abc sequence:

Van = 277/0o V; Vbn = 277/-120o V; Vcn = 277/+120o V

EXAMPLE

A three-phase line feeding a balanced-Y load has one of its phases (phase-b)
open. The load neutral is grounded, and unbalanced line currents are:

Ia = 10/0o A; Ib = 0 A; Ic = 10/+120o A;

Calculate the sequence component currents.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ia = 10/0o A

Ic = 10/120o

In

Ib = 0 A

I2b
I1c

I0a I0b I0c

I1a I2c

Zero-sequence set Positive-sequence set Negative-sequence set

I2a
I1b
Positive Sequence Sources:

One-line diagram forms the basis for setting up sequence networks.

- Positive Sequence: X d'' provides maximum value when used in system-

protection fault studies. In slower-speed protection X d' may be used.
- Induction motors are not considered as sources of fault current for
protection. Induction motors must, however, be considered in circuit
breaker applications under ANSI/IEEE standards.

SEQUENCE NETWORKS

Y-Connected Loads:
 Zs + 3Zn + 2Zm 0 0

Z 012 0 Zs - Zm 0

0 0 Zs - Zm

For no mutual coupling - Zm = 0

Zs + 3Zn 0 0

Z 012 0 Zs 0

0 0 Zs

Transmission Line:

- Positive- and Negative-Sequence Impedance: Z1 = Z2

 Dn 
- Zero-sequence: X0 = X1 + 3Xn where X n  2f  0.2 ln 
 D
- The zero-sequence is more than three times larger than positive- or
negative-impedance.

Synchronous Machine:

Inductances of synchronous machine depend on the phase order of the

sequence current relative to the direction of rotation of the rotor.
- Positive-sequence: one of the reactances X d'' , X d' , and X d may be used.
- Negative-sequence: X 1  X d'' .
- Zero-sequence: Approximately equal to the leakage flux – X0 = Xl.

Transformer:

Modeled with the leakage impedance. The leakage impedance does not
change even if the phase sequence is changed. The positive- and negative-
sequence impedances are the same. If the transformer permits the zero-
sequence to flow at all, the phase impedance to zero-sequence is equal to the
leakage impedance.

Z0 = Z1 = Z2 = ZT.

- Sequence connections for typical two-winding transformers.

(a) Y-: neutral Y is solidly grounded. Zero-sequence currents cannot

leave the  terminals.
(b) Y-: neutral Y grounded through an impedance ZN. Zero-sequence
currents cannot leave the -connected terminals.
(c) -: zero-sequence currents circulates in the -connected windings
with not currents can leave the  terminals.
(d) Y-Y: both neutrals are solidly grounded.
(e) Y-Y: both neutrals are solidly grounded through ZN.
(f) Y-Y: neutral of primary Y grounded but neutral of the secondary Y
isolated.
(g) Y-: neutral of the secondary Y is isolated, zero-sequence current
cannot flow. The equivalent circuit reflects an infinite impedance
or open on the primary side.
(h) Y-Y: both neutrals are isolated, zero-sequence current cannot flow. The
equivalent circuit reflects an infinite impedance or open on both
sides.
Three Winding And Autotransformer Banks:
Loaded Generators:

Va0  0  Z 0 I a0

Va1  Ea  Z 1 I a1

Va2  0  Z 2 I a2
Sequence Phase Shifts Through Wye-Delta (Y-) Transformer Banks:

- Impedance is same for positive and negative sequence networks. If the

currents and voltages are transferred from one side of bank to the other
side of the bank, phase shifts must be taken into account. The ANSI
standard connections are shown below for Y- and -Y.
All quantities are line-to-neutral (or phase-to-neutral) and in amperes
or volts.

For per unit, N = 1, n = 1/3.

IA = n(Ia – Ic)
and
Va = n(VA – VB)

For positive-sequence:

  
I 1A  n I a1  aI a1  n 1  a ) I a1 
where a = 1120o

I 1A  3nI a1 30o  NI a1 30o

Similarly, for the voltage

  
Va1  n VA1  aVA1  n 1  aVA1 
Va1  3nV A1 30o  NV A1 30o

For negative-sequence:

  
I A2  n I a2  a 2 I a2  n 1  a 2 I a2 
where a = 1240o

I A2  3nI a2 30o  NI a2 30o

Similarly, for the voltage

  
Va2  n V A2  aVA2  n 1  aVA2 
Va2  3nV A2 30o  NV A2 30o
 FAULT

Sequence Networks:

simplified diagram

Note –

- Three sequence networks are important.

- Positive-sequence is same as the one-line diagram used for balance three-
phase currents and voltages.
- Positive-sequence network has a voltage source. Positive-sequence current
causes only positive-sequence voltage.
- Negative- or zero-sequence has no voltage source.
- Negative- and zero-sequence currents cause negative- and zero-sequence
voltage drops only.
- Neutral of system is the reference for positive- and negative-sequence
networks, but the ground is the reference for the zero-sequence networks.
Therefore, zero-sequence current can flow only if the circuit from the
system neutrals to ground is complete.
- The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero sequence network as 3Zn.
- The three-sequence systems can be solved separately on a per phase basis.
The phase currents and voltages can then be determined by superposing
their symmetrical component of current and voltage respectively.

Three-Phase (3PH) Faults:

Simplified

Using Z-bus Method: Fault current at bus k

Vk (0)
Ik ( F ) 
Z kk  Z f

The voltage at ith bus

 Z ik
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik I k ( F )  Vi (0) Vk (0)
Z kk  Z f
The short current in the line connecting buses i and j with impedance
zij.
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
I ij ( F ) 
zij

One-line-to-Ground (1LG) Fault:

Simplified

3 Ea
I a  3 I a0 
Z 1  Z 2  Z 0  3Z f

Using Z-bus Method: Fault current at bus k

Vk (0)
I 0k  I 1k  I 1k 
Z 1kk  Z kk
2
 Z 0kk  3 Z f

where Z 1kk , Z kk
2
, and Z 0kk are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the
corresponding bus impedance matrix and Vk(0) is the prefault voltage
at bus k.

The fault current

I kabc  AI k012
Double Line-to-Ground (2LG) Faults:
Simplified

Ea
I a1 
Z 2 ( Z 0  3Z f )
Z 
1
Z 2  Z 0  3Z f

And fault current

I f  I b  I c  3 I a0

Using Z-bus Method: Fault current at bus k

Vk (0)
I k1 
Z 2kk ( Z 0kk  3Z f )
Z kk 
1
Z 2kk  Z 0kk  3 Z f

where Z 1kk , Z kk
2
, and Z 0kk are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the
corresponding bus impedance matrix and Vk(0) is the prefault voltage
 at bus k.

Vk (0)  Z 1kk I k1
I k2   2
Z kk

Vk (0)  Z 1kk I k1
I k0  
Z 0kk  3 Z f

The fault current- I k ( F )  I kb  I kc

Line-to-Line (L-L) Fault:

Simplified:

Ea
I a1 
Z1  Z 2  Z f

And fault current

 
I b   I c  a 2  a I a1   j 3I a1

Using Z-bus Method: Fault current at bus k

I k0  0
Vk (0)
I k1   I k1 
Z 1kk  Z 2kk  3Z f

where Z 1kk , Z kk
2
, and Z 0kk are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the
corresponding bus impedance matrix and Vk(0) is the prefault voltage
at bus k.
EXAMPLE

A single-line diagram of a power system is shown below, where negative- and

zero-sequence reactances are also given. The neutrals of the generator and
-Y transformers are solidly grounded. The motor neutral is grounded
through a reactance Xn = 0.05 pu on the motor base.
(a) Draw the per-unit zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks on a
100-MVA, 13.8 kV base in the zone of the generator.
(b) Reduce the sequence networks to their Thevenin equivalents, as viewed
from bus 2. Prefault voltage is VF = 1.05/0o per unit. Prefault load
current and -Y transformer phase shift are neglected.
(c) Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA for a
bolted single line-to-ground short circuit from phase a to ground at bus
2.
(d) Calculate the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at faulted bus 2.

Bus 1 X1 = X2 = 20  Bus 2
X0 = 60 
M

100 MVA 100 MVA

100 MVA
13.8 kV /138 kV Y 138 kV Y/13.8 kV  13.8 kV
100 MVA X“ = 0.20 pu
13.8 kV X = 0.1 pu X = 0.1 pu
X2 = 0.21 pu
X“ = 0.15 pu X0 = 0.1 pu
X2 = 0.17 pu
Xn = 0.05 pu
X0 = 0.05 pu
 2
(a) 1 j0.1 pu j0.315 pu j0.1 pu

0 I0m j0.1 pu
I L
j0.05 pu

j0.15 pu

(a) Zero-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I1L I1m j0.2 pu

j0.15 pu

o Em = 1.05/0o pu
Eg = 1.05/0 pu

(b) Positive-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I2L I2m j0.21 pu

j0.17 pu

(b) Negative-sequence Network

(b)
Zero-sequence Network (Thevenin’s Equivalent)
2
VTh = 0
(No voltage Source)
I0m j0.1 pu
ZTh

ZTh = j0.1 + j0.15 j0.15 pu

ZTh = j0.250 p.u.
Positive-sequence Network (Thevenin’s Equivalent)
VTh: VTh = 1.05/0o pu
ZTh: Replace all sources by short circuits

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I1L I1m
j0.15 pu ZTh
j0.2 pu

Z TH   j 0.15  j 0.1  j 0.105  j 0.1 //  j 0.2    j 0.455 //  j 0.2 

j 0.455 x0.2 
Z TH   j 0.138931 pu
0.655

Negative-sequence Network (Thevenin’s Equivalent)

VTh: VTh = 0 pu (no sources)

ZTh: Replace all sources by short circuits
1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I2L I2m
j0.17 pu ZTh
j0.21 pu

Z TH   j 0.17  j 0.1  j 0.105  j 0.1 //  j 0.21   j 0.475 //  j 0.21

j 0.475 x0.21
Z TH   j 0.14562 pu
0.685
 0
j0.250 pu I a I1a
j0.13893 pu

Z0 Z1
V0a VF = 1.05/0 puo V1a

(a) Zero-sequence Network (b) Positive-sequence Network

2
j0.14562 pu I a

Z2
V2a

(c) Negative-sequence Network

(c) 0
j0.250 pu I a

Z0
V0a

1
j0.13893 pu I a

Z1
o
VF = 1.05/0 pu V1a

2
j0.14562 pu I a

Z2
V2a
EXAMPLE Continue Example ON FAULT-1

Faults at buses 1 and 2 for the three-phase power system given in example
above are of interest. The prefault voltage is 1.05 pu. Prefault load current is
neglected.
(a) Determine the per-unit zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence bus
impedance matrices.
(b) Find the subtransient fault current in per-unit for a bolted single line-
to-ground fault current from phase a to ground at bus 1.
(c) Find the subtransient fault current in per-unit for a bolted single line-
to-ground fault current from phase a to ground at bus 2.
(d) Find the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at bus 1 during the single line-
to-ground fault at bus 1.
(e) Find the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at bus 2 during the single line-
to-ground fault at bus 1.
(a) 2
1 j0.1 pu j0.315 pu j0.1 pu

0 I0m j0.1 pu
I L
j0.05 pu

j0.15 pu

(a) Zero-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

I1L I1m j0.2 pu

j0.15 pu

o Em = 1.05/0o pu
Eg = 1.05/0 pu

(b) Positive-sequence Network

1 j0.1 pu j0.105 pu j0.1 pu 2

2 I2m
I L j0.21 pu
j0.17 pu

(b) Negative-sequence Network