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The generation of electrical energy (by converting other naturally available forms
of energy), controlling of electrical energy, transmission of energy over long
distances to different load centers, and distribution and utilization of electrical
energy together is called an electrical power system.
- Generation subsystem
- Transmission subsystem
- Distribution subsystem
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Generation subsystem
Generates electrical energy
-Alternator
-Turbine
-Exciters
-Voltage regulators
-Step-up transformers
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Transmission subsystem
Transmits the electrical energy over long distances
(from generating plants to main load centers)
-Transmission lines
- regulating transformers and
- static/rotating VAR units (which are used to control
active/reactive powers)
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Distribution subsystem
Distributes electrical energy from load
centers to individual consumer points
- Feeders
- step-down transformers
- Distributors
- Individual consumer connections
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Challenge
- the electric utility can exercise little control over the load
demand (power) at any time.
10.8 kV
11 kV 160 kVA
100 kVA 12%
8% 11/220 kV 220/11 kV
j100 M
G
Load B
Bus 1 Bus 2
Fig. 1-1
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
Apparatus Symbols
Fig. 1-2
Impedance Diagram and Reactance Diagram
1 T1 T2 3
2 Load B
+ + +
E1 E2 E3
- - -
+ + +
E1 E2 E3
- - -
+ + +
E1 E2 E3
- - Neutral bus -
+ +
E1 E2
- -
Transmission Line
Transformer T3 Gen. 3
E3
+
-
Reactance diagram
The Per Unit System
Actual value
Per unit value
Base value
Actual value
Percent value 100
Base value
The Per Unit System
base voltage, kVLN 1000
2
base kVA1
Z base
base voltage, kVLN
2
base MVA1
Per Unit Impedance
actual impedance Z
p.u. impedance
base impedance Zbase
Z
base voltage,kVLN 2
base MVA1
Z base MVA1
base voltage,kVLN
2
Per Unit Impedance
Base voltage = 10 kV
Base MVA = 50 MVA
Actual impedance = 1
Determine per unit impedance.
(10) 2
Base impedance = 2
50
Solution 1-1
Examples
Solution 1-1 (contd.)
Examples
Example 1-2
1-6
Fig. 1-6
Examples
Solution 1-2
1)
Examples
Base impedance
base voltage, kV 1000
2
Example 1-3
The reactance of a generator designated X” is given as 0.25 p.u. based
on the generator’s nameplate rating of 18 kV, 500 MVA. The base for
calculations is 20 kV, 100 MVA. Find X” on the new base.
Solution 1-3
2
18 100
Xnew
0.25 0.0405 p.u.
20 500
Choose:
Vb1 VLV ,rated
Sb S rated
Compute: VHV 1
Vb 2 Vb1 Vb1
VLV a
Vb21 Vb22
Z b1 Zb2
Sb Sb
Z b1 Vb21 Vb21
2 a 2
Z b 2 Vb 2 1 2
Vb1
a
Per Unit System for 1- Transformer
So:
Z p.u .1 Z p.u .2
Examples
Example 1-4
A single-phase transformer is rated 110/440V, 2.5 kVA. Leakage reactance
measured from the low-tension side is 0.06 . Determine leakage reactance
in per unit on both low and high tension side.
Solution 1-4
0.110 2 1000
Low-tension base impedance = = 4.84
2.5
In per-unit
0.06
X 0.0124 p.u.
4.84
If leakage reactance had been measured on high-tension side, the value would be
2
440
X 0.06 0.96
110
0.440 2 1000
High-tension base impedance = = 77.5
2 .5
In per-unit
0.96
X 0.0124 p.u.
77.5
Three-Phase Transformers
A single unit (all windings wound around the same core, immersed in one tank)
Consists of three identical single-phase units
Connections
Y-
-Y
Y-Y
-
Three-Phase Transformers
0.6
0.6
66 kV 6.6 kV
38.1 kV 3.81 kV 0.6
0.6
0.6
66 kV 3.81 kV
38.1 kV 0.6
3.81 kV
(a)
Y- transformer can be replaced by a Y-Y transformer bank having turns ratio
for each pair of phase windings of 3- transformer of 38.1/2.2 kV
0.6
0.6
66 kV 3.81 kV
38.1 kV 2.2 kV 0.6
(b)
Fig. 1.12
Three-Phase Transformers
0.6
0.6
66 kV 3.81 kV
38.1 kV 2.2 kV 0.6
Given,
Base kVA3 = 30,000 kVA
Base kVLL = 120 kV
Total three-phase power = 18000 kW
Actual line-to-line voltage = 108 kV
30,000
Base kVA1 10,000kVA
3
and
120
Base kVLN 69.2 kV
3
Per Unit Values in Three-Phase System
108 62.3
Per-unit voltage = 0 .9
120 69.2
18,000
Power per phase = = 6000 kW
3
18,000 6000
Per-unit power = 0.6
30,000 10,000
Per Unit Values in Three-Phase System
Base impedance
base voltage, kV
/ 3 1000
LL
2
base kVA 3 /3
base voltage, kVLL 1000
2
base kVA 3
base voltage, kVLL
2
base MVA 3
Examples
Example 1-5
Solution 1-5
Since 3 38.1 kV 66 kV , the rating of the transformer as a three-phase
bank is 75 MVA, 66Y / 3.81 kV.
So, base for the low-voltage side is 75 MVA, 3.81 kV.
base kVLL 2
3.81
2
0.1935 Ω
base MVA 3 75
Solution 1-5
Base impedance on the high-voltage side is
662 58.1 Ω
75
The resistance referred to the high-voltage side is
2
66
0.6 180 Ω
3.81
64 km
100 MVA
13.2 kV
350 MVA 3 100 MVA X=20%
20/230 kV 127 3/13.2 kV
X 10% X 10%
Fig. 1.14
Solution 1-6 (contd.)
Solution 1-6 (contd.)
Fig. 1.15
Example 1-7
Consider the single-line diagram of the 50 Hz power system as shown in Fig. 1.16.
The system contains three generators, three transformers and three transmission
lines. The system ratings are
Fig. 1.16
Solution 1-7 (contd…)
(300 MVA) (300 MVA)
200 MVA 300 MVA
(300 MVA) 20 kV 1 18 kV
(22.22 kV)
(20 kV) Xd =15% T1 (200 kV) (200 kV) T2 Xd =20%
G1 G2
j75 j75 25 200
22.22
225
300 MVA 300 MVA
22/22 0Y kV j50 225/25 kV 3 100 MVA
(200 kV) X 10%
X d 10% 130 3/25 kV
X 10%
300 MVA
T3
220 /22 kV
X d 10% 220 20
(300 MVA) 200
G3 22
300 MVA (20 kV)
20 kV
Xd =20%
Fig. 1.17
Solution 1-7 (contd…)
(300 MVA) (300 MVA)
200 MVA 300 MVA (22.22 kV)
(300 MVA) 1
20 kV 18 kV
(20 kV) Xd =15% T1 (200 kV) (200 kV)
T2 Xd =20%
G1 G2
j75 j75
300 MVA T3
300
220 /22 kV Generator G1 X G1 0.15 0.225
X d 10% (300 MVA) 200
G3 2
18
(20 kV) Generator G 2 X G 2 0.2 0.1312
300 MVA 22.22
20 kV
Xd =20% Generator G 3 X G 3 0.2
2
220
The base impedance of the transmission line is Transformer T1 X T 1 0.1 0.121
200
200
2
2 25
Transformer T2 X T 2 0.1 0.1266
Zbase 133.33 22.22
300 2
22
Transformer T3 X T 3 0.1 0.121
Therefore the per unit values of the line 20
impedances are
75 50
X j 75 0.5625 pu and X j 50 0.375 pu
133.33 133.33
Solution 1-7 (contd.)
j0.5625 j0.5625
Xj75 Xj75
j0.375 Xj50 XT2
XT1 j0.121 j0.1266
j0.121 XT3
XG1 j0.225 j0.1312 XG2
j0.2 XG3
+ +
EG1 + EG2
- EG3 -
-
Zp
1
Z ps Z pt Z st
2
Z s Z ps Z st Z pt
1
2
Z t Z pt Z st Z ps
1
2
The impedances of the three windings are connected to
represent the equivalent circuit of the single-phase
three-winding transformer with magnetizing current
neglected as shown in the above figure.
The common point is fictitious and unrelated to the neutral of the system.
Advantages of Per Unit System
The p.u. z, v, i of transformers are the same regardless of whether they are
referred to the primary or the secondary side.
• Different voltage levels disappear across the entire system.
• The system reduces to a system of simple impedances.
The circuit laws are valid in p.u. systems, and equations are simplified.
(the factors of 3 and 3 are) eliminated
Thank You
Advantages of tertiary winding: