1

CHAPTER 4

NOTE:

The generalized flux linkage i of conductor i in a group of n

conductors is given by
n
i  Lii I i   Lij I j ji (4.28)
j 1

Or

 1 n 1 
i  2  10  I i ln '   I j ln 
7
ji (4.29)
 r j Dij 
 2

INDUCTANCE OF THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

SYMMETRICAL SPACING

Flux Linkage a of Conductor “a”

 1 1 1
 a  2  10  7  I a ln '  I b ln  I c ln 
 r D D

For balanced 3-phase system: Ib + Ic = - Ia

 1 1
 a  2  10  7  I a ln '  I a ln 
 r D

 1 1
 a  2  10  7  I a ln '  I a ln 
 r D
 3

D
 a  2  10  7 I a ln
'
(4.32)
r
(i) For symmetry: b = c = a
(ii) Geometric mean radius: GMR = Ds = r’ = re-1/4

D
2  10  7 I a ln
a r '  0.2 ln D
L  mH/km (4.33)
Ia Ia Ds

ASYMMETRICAL SPACING

Flux Linkage a of Conductor “a”

7 1 1 1 
 a  2  10  I a ln '  I b ln  I c ln 
 r D12 D 13 

Similarly, flux linkages b and c of Conductors “b” and “c”

respectively.
 4

 1 1 1 
 b  2  10  7  I a ln  I b ln '  I c ln 
 D 12 r D 23 

 1 1 1
 c  2  10  7  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln '  (4.34)
 D13 D23 r 

- In matrix notation

1 1 1
ln ln ln
r' D12 D13
1 1 1
L=2x 10-7 ln ln ln (4.36)
D12 r' D23
1 1 1
ln ln ln '
D13 D23 r

- Ia as reference for three-phase

Ia = I/0o
Ib = Ia/240o = a2Ia
Ic = Ia/120o = aIa

with a = 1/120o and a2 = 1/240o

a  1 1 1 
La   2  10  7 ln '  a 2 ln  a ln
Ia  r D12 D13 
 5

b  1 1 1 
Lb   2  10  7  a ln  ln '  a 2 ln 
Ib  D12 r D 23 

  1 1 1
Lc  c  2  10  7  a 2 ln  a ln  ln '  (4.38)
Ic  D13 D23 r 

TRANSPOSE

- Average inductance per phase

La  Lb  Lc
L
3

with a + a2 = 1/120o + 1/240o = -1

2  10  7  1 1 1 1 
L 3 ln r '  ln D  ln D  ln D 
3  12 23 13 
 6

Simplifying

 
2  10  7  1 1 
L ln  ln
3  r' 1 
D12 D23 D13 3 


D12 D23 D 
1
13 3
L  2  10  7 ln '
(4.40)
r

- Inductance per phase per kilometer length

GMD
L  0.2 ln
Ds

where is the

Geometric mean distance: GMD  3 D12 D23 D13 (4.42)

and

GMR = Ds = r’ = re-1/4
 7

Composite Conductors

Aluminum Conductor Aluminum Conductor

Composite Reinforced Carbon Composite
(ACCR) (ACCC)

Bundled Conductors

d d d d

d d d
Two-Subconductor Four-Subconductor
Three-Subconductor
Bundle Bundle
Bundle
 8

Three-Phase Transmission lines With Bundle Conductors

Three-Phase Two-subconductor Three-Phase Three-subconductor

Bundle Transmission Lines Bundle Transmission Lines

Three-Phase Double-Circuit Transmission lines

 9

INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS

BUNDGLED CONDUCTORS

GROUP x
Let rx’ = Ds = the Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) of each
conductor in group “x”

Conductor “a”

c
b’ c’

d Dab’
b Dac’
Dac

Dab Dad
a’
Daa’ m’
Dam’
a

r Dan
n
Group “x” Group “y”

Flux Linkage a of Conductor “a”

I 1 1 1 1 
a  2  10 7 ln '
 ln  ln  ...  ln 
n  x
r Dab D ac Dan 
 10

I  1 1 1 1 
 2  10 7    
m  Daa ' Dam 
ln ln ln ... ln
Dab ' Dac '

1  1 
a  2  10 7 I   ln '

n  rx Dab Dac ...Dan 
1  1 
 2  10 7 I   ln 
 m  Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dam 

7
 1  7  1 
a  2  10 I ln '   2  10 I  m
ln 
 n
rx Dab Dac ...Dan   D D
aa ' ab ' ... Dam 

 m Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dam 

7
a  2  10 I ln  (4.43)
 rx Dab Dac ...Dan 
n '

The inductance of conductor “a” in group “x”

a  m Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dam 

7
La   2  10 I ln 
I /n  rx Dab Dac ...Dan 
n '

 m Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dam 

7
La  2n  10 ln  (4.44)
 rx Dab Dac ...Dan 
n '

Similarly, the inductance of conductor “b” in group “x”

 m Dba ' Dbb ' Dbc ' ...Dbm 
7
Lb  2n  10 ln 
 rx Dba Dbc ...Dbn 
n '

.
.
 11

.
Similarly, the inductance of conductor “n” in group “x”

 m Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnm 

7
Ln  2n  10 ln  (4.45)
 rx Dna Dnb ...Dnc 
n '

Average inductance of one subconductor in group “x”

La  Lb  Lc  ...  Ln
Lav 
n
All Conductors in Group “x” are in Parallel
Lav La  Lb  Lc  ...  Ln
Lx  
n n2
 m D D D ...D   m D D D ...D 
Lx  2n  10 I  ln
7 aa ' ab ' ac ' bm  
 ln ba ' bb ' bc ' bm 

 rx Dab Dac ...Dan  

n '
rx Dba Dbc ...Dbn 
n '

 m Dca ' Dcb ' Dcc ' ...Dcm   m Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnm  2

 ln   ...   ln  / n
 rx Dca Dcb ...Dcn 
n '  rx Dna Dnb ...Dnn 
n '
 

   D D D ...D 1 / m  D D D ...D 1 / m ...

7
Lx  2n  10 I ln  aa ' ab ' ac ' am 1 / n ba ' bb ' bc ' 1bm
    
rx' Dab Dac ...Dan  /n
rx' Dba Dbc ...Dbn ...
... Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnm   
1/ m

 '
... rx Dna Dnb ...Dnc  1/ n
 
 12

 mn Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dam  Dba ' Dbb ' Dbc ' ...Dbm ...
Lx  2n  10 ln 7


n2
r '
D D
x ab ac  ... D '

an x Dba Dbc ...Dbn ...
r 
... Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnm  

... rx' Dna Dnb ...Dnc 
Let the numerator of the natural log be defined as
Geometric Mean Distance (GMD)
GMD  mn  Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dam Dba ' Dbb ' Dbc ' ...Dbm ... Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnm 
(4.49)
GMD = “mnth root of the product of the mnth distance
between n strands of conductor in group x and m
strands of conductor y.
Let the denominator of the natural log be defined as
Geometric Mean Radius of group “x” (GMRx)
2
  
GMRx  n rx' Dab Dac ...Dan rx' Dba Dbc ...Dbn ... rx' Dna Dnb ...Dnc 
Let
Daa = Dbb = Dcc =…= Dnn = rx’ = Ds

GMRx  n Daa Dab Dac ...Dan Dba Dbb Dbc ...Dbn ...Dna Dnb Dnc ...Dnn 
2

(4.50)
And the inductance of conductor in group “x”
 13

GMD
Lx  2  10 7 ln H/m (4.48)
GMRx

GROUP y
Let
Da’a’ = Db’b’ = Dc’c’ =…= Dmm = ry’ = Ds
Similarly, for group “y”
GMD  nm Da 'a Da 'b Da 'c ...Da 'n  Db 'a Db 'b Db 'c ...Db 'n ...Dma Dmb Dmc ...Dmn 

and
GMRy  m Da 'a ' Da 'b ' Da 'c ' ...Da 'm Db 'b ' Db 'a ' Db 'c ' ...Db 'm ...Dma ' Dmb ' ...Dmm 
2

And the inductance of conductor of group “y”

GMD
Ly  2  10 7 ln H/m
GMR y
 14

EXAMPLES OF GMR OF BUNDLED CONDUCTORS

2 – SUBCONCTOR BUNDLE:

a d b

ra’ rb’

Let
Daa = ra’ and Dbb = rb’
Also
Dab = d and Dba = d

n=2

From (4.50) the GMR is given


GMRx  2 Daa Dab Dbb Dba   2 ra'  d rb'  d
2 2
 

GMRx  2 ra'  rb'  d  d
2

If ra’ = rb’ = Ds, then

GMRx  Dsb  2  Ds  Ds  d  d 
2

Dsb  Ds  d (4.51)
 15

3 – SUBCONCTOR BUNDLE:
r c’

d d

a d b

ra’ rb’
Let
Daa = ra’, Dbb = rb’, and Dcc = rc’
Also
Dab = d and Dba = d; Dbc = d and Dcb = d
Dca = d and Dac = d
n=3
From (4.50) the GMR is given
GMRx  3 Daa Dab Dac  Dbb Dba Dbc Dcc Dca Dcb 
2

2
 
GMRx  3 ra'  d  d rb'  d  d rc'  d  d  
GMRx  3 ra'  rb'  rc'  d 2  d 2  d 2 
2

If ra’ = rb’ = Ds, then

GMRx  Dsb  3 Ds  Ds  Ds d  d 3  3 Ds 3 d  d 3

2 2
 16

Dsb  3 Ds  d 2 (4.52)

4 – SUBCONCTOR BUNDLE:
r e’ r c’

e d c 
By Pythagoras theorem
y2  d 2  d 2
d y d OR
y  d2  d2  d 2

a d b

ra’ rb’
Let
Daa = ra’, Dbb = rb’, Dcc = rc’, and Dee = re’
Also
Dab = Dba = d; Dac = Dca = d2; Dae = Dea = d;
Dbc = Dcb = d; Dbe = Deb = d2; Dce = Dec = d;
n=4
The GMR is given
GMRx  4
2
Daa Dab Dac Dae Dbb Dba Dbc Dbe Dcc Dca Dcb Dce 
Dee Dea Deb Dec 
GMRx  4
2
r  r  r  r d  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  d
a
'
b
'
c
'
e
'

 d  d  d  2  2  2  2 
 17

If ra’ = rb’ = rc’ = re’ = Ds, then

GMRx  Dsb  4 Ds  Ds  Ds  Ds d  d  d 4

2
 2 4

Dsb  1.090577 4 Ds  d 3 (4.53)

INDUCTANCE OF BUNDLED CONDUCTORS

3-Phase (Transposed) With 2-Subconductor Bundle:

d d d
c b
a a’ b b’ c c’
a c
rb’ ’ rb’ ra’ rb’
ra’ ra
D12 D23 b a
D13
I II III
Let
Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = r
with GMD defined before as
GMD = (D12D23D13)1/3
The inductance per phase
GMD
L  2 x10  7 ln H/m or
GMR
 18

GMD
L  0.2 ln mH/km
GMR
where
GMR  Dsb  Ds xd and Ds  r '  re 1 / 4

3-Phase (Transposed) With 3-Subconductor Bundle:

ra rb rc

a’’ b’’ c’’ c b

d d d d d d a c

a d a’ b d b’ c d c’ b
a

ra ra rb rb rc rc
D12 D23
D13
I II III
Let Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = Dcc = rc = r
Simplified
with GMD defined before as
GMD = (D12D23D13)1/3
The inductance per phase
GMD
L  2 x10  7 ln H/m or
GMR
 19

GMD
L  0.2 ln mH/km
GMR
where
GMR  Dsb  3 Ds xd 2 and Ds  r '  re 1 / 4

3-Phase (Transposed) With 4-Subconductor Bundle:

ra ra rb rb rc rc

a’’’ d a’’ b’’’ d b’’ c’’’ d c’’ c b

d y d y d y d a c
d d

a d a’ b d b’ c d c’ b a

ra ra rb rb rc rc
D12 D23
D13
I II III
y  d2  d2  d 2
Let Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = Dcc = rc = r
with GMD defined before as
GMD = (D12D23D13)1/3
The inductance per phase
GMD
L  2 x10  7 ln H/m or
GMR
 20

GMD
L  0.2 ln mH/km
GMR
where
GMR  Dsb  1.0900507 4 Ds xd 3
and
Ds  r '  re 1 / 4
 21

GMD AND GMR OF THREE-PHASE (TRANSPOSED)

DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINES
ra1’ rc2’
a1 Da c
1 2
c2  c1 b2 b1 a2
Da b Dc b
1 1
Da c 2 2
Db c 1 1 Da b
1 2 1 2
Db b
b1 1 2
a1 a2 c1 c2
Da c
1 1 Da a b2
1 2
Db a
rb1’D 1 2 Da c
b1c1 Dc c
1 2
2 2
Da b rb2’
Dc b 2 2
1 2
c1 Dc a b1 c2 a1 b2
1 2
a2
rc1’ ra2’
II III
I
Assuming that each is transposed within its group and wrt
to the parallel three-phase line in order to achieve balance.
Consider identical phases together (For example, a1-a2 as
one group and b1-b2 as one group). Therefore,
m = 2 and n = 2
From (4.49), the GMDAB between a and b phase groups is
given by
GMDAB  ( 2)( 2) Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2 b1 Da2b2
GMDAB  ( 2)( 2) Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2 b1 Da2b2

GMDAB  4 Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2 b1 Da2b2

 22

Similarly, b1-b2 and c1-c2 groups, and between a1-a2 and c1-c2
group the GMDs are given by
GMDBC  4 Db1c1 Db1c2 Db2 c1 Db2 c2

GMDAC  4 Da1c1 Da1c2 Da2 c1 Da2 c2 (4.54)

The equivalent GMD per phase

GMD  3 DAB DBC DCA (4.55)

Let Dsb = GMR of bundled conductors in line

Phases a1 and a2 are in phase group. The equivalent GMR is
given as


GMR  DSA  4 Dsb Da1a2 2
 Dsb Da1a2
DSA  Dsb Da1a2

Similarly, for phases b1 and b2 in group

DSB  Dsb Db1b2

Similarly, for phases c1 and c2 in group

DSC  Dsb Dc1c2

The GMR per phase

GMRL  3 DSA DSB DSC (4.57)
 23

GMD
L  2  10 7 ln H/m
GMRL

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN MULTICONDUCTOR

CONFIGURATION

Fig. 4.17

Let the radius of conductors be

D11 = Distance between the surface of the conductor 1
and its center (its radius)
D22 = Distance between the surface of the conductor 2
and its center (its radius))
.
.
.
Dnn = Distance between the surface of the conductor n
and its center (its radius)

Distortion is negligible. Uniform charge

q1 + q2 + q3 + . . . + qn = 0
Let q1 be charge of conductor 1
Voltage between conductor 1 and 2 due to q1
q1 D12
V12 ( q1)  ln
2 0 D11
 24

where
D12 = distance between q1 and q2
D12 = radius of q1

Let q2 be charge of conductor 2

Voltage between conductor 1 and 2 due to q2
q2 D22
V12  ln
2 0 D21
(q2)

where
D22 = radius of q2
D21 = distance between q2 and q1
Let q3 be charge of conductor 3
Voltage between conductor 1 and 2 due to q3
q3 D32
V12 ( q 3)  ln
2 0 D31
where
D32 = distance between q3 and q2
D31 = distance between q3 and q1
.
.
.
Let qi be charge of conductor i
Voltage between conductor 1 and 2 due to qi
qi Di 2
V12 ( qi )  ln
2 0 Di1
 25

where
Di2 = distance between qi and q2
Di1 = distance between qi and q1
.
.
.
Let qn be charge of conductor n
Voltage between conductor 1 and 2 due to qn
qn D
V12 ( qn )  ln n 2
2 0 Dn1
where
Dn2 = distance between qn and q2
Dn1 = distance between qn and q1
By the principle of superposition
V12  V12 ( q1)  V12 ( q 2 )  V12 ( q 3)  ...  V12 ( qn )

1  D12 D22 D32 Di 2

V12   1
q ln  q ln  q ln  ...  q ln  ...
2 0 
2 3 i
D11 D21 D31 Di1
D 
...  ln n 2 
Dn1 
Or
1 n Dk 2
V12   qk ln
2 0 k 1 Dk1

In general the voltage V1j between conductor 1 and the jth

conductor due to charge due to qk charge on conductor k
 26

1 n Dkj
V1 j   qk ln
2 0 k 1 Dk1

The voltage V2j between conductor 2 and the jth conductor

due to charge due to qk charge on conductor k
1 n Dkj
V2 j   qk ln
2 0 k 1 Dk 2

The voltage V3j between conductor 3 and the jth conductor due to
charge due to qk charge on conductor k

1 n Dkj
V3 j   qk ln
2 0 k 1 Dk 3

In general, the voltage Vij between conductor ith and the jth
conductor due to charge due to qk charge on conductor k

1 n Dkj
Vij   qk ln (4.72)
2 0 k 1 Dki

NOTE: Dii is the actual radius of conductor.

 27

CAPCITANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINE WITH

EQUILATERAL SPACING
rc

c
qc
D D

a D b
qa qb
ra rb
Dab = Dba = Dac = Dca = Dbc = Dcb = D
Also qa + qb + qc = 0
Let
Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = Dcc = rc = r
Using equation (4.72)
1  D D D 
Vab   qa ln ab  qb ln bb  qc ln cb 
2 0  Daa Dba Dca 

1  D r D
Vab   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
2 0  r D D

Similarly, for Vbc and Vca

1  D D r
Vbc   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
2 0  D r D
 28

1  r D D
Vca   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
2 0  D D r

Add Vab and Vac (= -Vca) with qb + qc = -qa

1  D r D
Vab  Vac   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln
2 0  r D D
r D D
 qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
D D r
1  D r  3qa D
Vab  Vac  2 q ln  q  q  ln  ln
2 0  D  2 0 r
a b c
r

Also with balanced three-phase voltages, the phase a (Van)

Vab + Vac = (Van/0o - Van/-120o) + (Van/0o - Van/-240o)
Vab + Vac = 3Van
qa D
Van  ln
2 0 r

The capacitance per phase (C = q/V)

q 2 0
C a  F/m
Van D
ln
r

With 0 = 8.85x10-12 F/m

0.0242
C µF/km
D
ln
r
***NOTE: r is the actual radius of conductor.
 29

CAPCITANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINE WITH

ASYMMETRICAL SPACING
ra
a
qa
D12
D13
b
D23 qb
c rb
qc
rc
Let
Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = Dcc = rc = r
Using (4.72)
1  D r D 
Vab   qa ln 12  qb ln  qc ln 23 
2 0  r D12 D13 

1  D D r 
Vbc   qa ln 13  qb ln 23  qc ln 
2 0  D12 r D23 
1  r D D 
Vca   qa ln  qb ln 12  qc ln 13 
2 0  D13 D23 r 
The rigorous solution of the above equations to find the
capacitance per phase will be too involved.
Assume the three lines are transposed

Fig. 4.18
 30

Section I
1  D r D 
Vab ( I )   qa ln 12  qb ln  qc ln 23 
2 0  r D12 D13 

1  D D r 
Vbc ( I )   qa ln 13  qb ln 23  qc ln 
2 0  D12 r D23 

1  r D D 
Vca ( I )   qa ln  qb ln 12  qc ln 13 
2 0  D13 D23 r 
Section II
1  D r D 
Vab ( II )   qa ln 23  qb ln  qc ln 13 
2 0  r D23 D12 

1  D D r 
Vbc ( II )   qa ln 12  qb ln 13  qc ln 
2 0  D23 r D13 

1  r D D 
Vca ( II )   qa ln  qb ln 23  qc ln 12 
2 0  D12 D13 r 

Section III
1  D r D 
Vab ( III )   qa ln 13  qb ln  qc ln 12 
2 0  r D13 D23 

1  D D r 
Vbc ( III )   qa ln 23  qb ln 12  qc ln 
2 0  D13 r D12 
 31

1  r D D 
Vca ( III )   qa ln  qb ln 13  qc ln 23 
2 0  D23 D12 r 

Average value of Vab

Vab(av) = (Vab(I) + Vab(II) + Vab(III))/3
1  D12 r D23
Vab ( av )   a
q ln  q ln  q ln
(3) 2 0 
b c
r D12 D13
D r D
 qa ln 23  qb ln  qc ln 13
r D23 D12
D13 r D 
 qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 12 
r D13 D23 

1  D12 D23 D13 r3

Vab ( av )  qa ln  qb ln
(3)2 0  r 3
D12 D23 D13
D12 D23 D13 
 qc ln 
D12 D23 D13 
Simplified as

Vab ( av ) 
1 
qa ln
 D12 D23 D13 1 / 3
 qb ln
r 


2 0  r 1/ 3 
D12 D23 D13  
Define GMD as
GMD = (D12D23D13)1/3
1  GMD r 
Vab ( av )   a
q ln  q ln 
2 0 
b
r GMD 
 32

Similarly, the average value of Vac (= -Vca)

1  GMD r 
Vac ( av )   qa ln  qc ln 
2 0  r GMD 

Add Vab and Vac (= -Vca) with qb + qc = -qa

1  GMD r  3qa GMD
Vab  Vac   2 q ln  q ln   ln
2 0  GMD  2 0
a a
r r

Also with balanced three-phase voltages, the phase a (Van)

Vab + Vac = (Van/0o - Van/-120o) + (Van/0o - Van/-240o)
Vab + Vac = 3Van
qa GMD
Van  ln
2 0 r

The capacitance per phase (C = q/V)

qa 2 0
C  F/m (4.85)
Van GMD
ln
r

With 0 = 8.85x10-12 F/m

0.0556
C µF/km (4.86)
GMD
ln
r
 33

CAPACITANCE OF BUNDLED CONDUCTORS

3-Phase (Transposed) With 2-Subconductor Bundle:

d d d
c b
a a’ b b’ c c’
a c
’ rb’ ’ rb’ ra’ rb’
ra ra
D12 D23 b a
D13
I II III
Let
Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = r
Modifying the Vab and Vac (= -Vca) equations of the
transposed 3-phase line with asymmetrical spacing
developed above
Section I
1  1  D12 D12  1  r d 
Vab ( I )   aq  ln  ln   q  ln  ln 
2 0  2  d  2  D12 D12 
b
r
1  D D 
 qc  ln 23  ln 23 
2  D13 D13 
Simplified
1  D rd D 
Vab ( I )   qa ln 12  qb ln  qc ln 23 
2 0  rd D12 D13 

Similarly, modifying section II

 34

1  D r D 
Vab ( II )   qa ln 23  qb ln  qc ln 13 
2 0  r D23 D12 

Similarly, modifying section III

1  D rd D 
Vab ( III )   qa ln 13  qb ln  qc ln 12 
2 0  rd D13 D23 

Average value of Vab

Vab(av) = (Vab(I) + Vab(II) + Vab(III))/3
1  D12 rd D23
Vab ( av )   a
q ln  q ln  q ln
(3) 2 0 
b c
rd D12 D13
D23 rd D
 qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 13
rd D23 D12
D rd D 
 qa ln 13  qb ln  qc ln 12 
rd D13 D23 

Vab(av) simplifies to
1  GMD rd 
Vab ( av )   qa ln  qb ln 
2 0  rd GMD 

with GMD defined before as

GMD = (D12D23D13)1/3
1  GMD rd 
Vab ( av )   qa ln  qb ln 
2 0  rd GMD 
 35

Similarly, the average value of Vac (= -Vca)

1  GMD rd 
Vac ( av )   qa ln  qc ln 
2 0  rd GMD 

Add Vab and Vac (= -Vca) with qb + qc = -qa

1  GMD rd  3qa GMD
Vab  Vac   
2 0  GMD  2 0
2 q a ln q a ln ln
rd rd

Also with balanced three-phase voltages, the phase a (Van)

Vab + Vac = (Van/0o - Van/-120o) + (Van/0o - Van/-240o)
Vab + Vac = 3Van
qa GMD
Van  ln
2 0 rd

The capacitance per phase (C = q/V)

qa 2 0 2 0
C   F/m (4.87)
Van GMD GMD
ln ln b
rd r

Therefore, for the two-subconductor bundle

rb  r  d (4.88)
 36

3-Phase (Transposed) With 3-Subconductor Bundle:

ra rb rc

a’’ b’’ c’’ c b

d d d d d d a c

a d a’ b d b’ c d c’ b
a

ra ra rb rb rc rc
D12 D23
D13
I II III
Let
Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = Dcc = rc = r
Modifying the Vab and Vac (= -Vca) equations of the
transposed 3-phase line with asymmetrical spacing
developed above
Section I
1 1  D12 D D 
Vab ( I )   qa  ln  ln 12  ln 12 
2 0  3  r d d 
1  r d d 
 qb  ln  ln  ln 
3  D12 D12 D12 
1  D D D 
 qc  ln 23  ln 23 ln 23 
3  D13 D13 D13 
Simplified
 37

1  D12 3
rdd D 
Vab ( I )   qa ln 3  qb ln  qc ln 23 
2 0  rdd D12 D13 
Similarly, modifying section II
1  D23 3
rdd D 
Vab ( II )   qa ln 3  qb ln  qc ln 13 
2 0  rdd D23 D12 

Similarly, modifying section III

1  D13 3
rdd D 
Vab ( III )   qa ln 3  qb ln  qc ln 12 
2 0  rdd D13 D23 

Average value of Vab and simplifing

Vab(av) = (Vab(I) + Vab(II) + Vab(III))/3

1  GMD 3
rdd 
Vab ( av )   qa ln 3  qb ln 
2 0  rdd GMD 

with GMD defined before as

GMD = (D12D23D13)1/3
Similarly, the average value of Vac (= -Vca)
1  GMD 3
rdd 
Vac ( av )   qa ln 3  qc ln 
2 0  rdd GMD 

Add Vab and Vac (= -Vca) with qb + qc = -qa

1  GMD 3
rdd  3qa GMD
Vab  Vac   qa ln 
2 0  GMD  2 0 3 rdd
2qa ln 3 ln
rdd
 38

Also with balanced three-phase voltages, the phase a (Van)

Vab + Vac = (Van/0o - Van/-120o) + (Van/0o - Van/-240o)
Vab + Vac = 3Van
qa GMD
Van  ln 3
2 0 rdd

The capacitance per phase (C = q/V)

qa 2 0 2 0
C   F/m (4.87)
Van GMD GMD
ln 3 ln b
rdd r

Therefore, for the three-subconductor bundle

rb  3 r  d  d  3 r  d 2 (4.89)
 39

3-Phase (Transposed) With 4-Subconductor Bundle:

ra ra rb rb rc rc

a’’’ d a’’ b’’’ d b’’ c’’’ d c’’ c b

d y d y d y d a c
d d

a d a’ b d b’ c d c’ b a

ra ra rb rb rc rc
D12 D23
D13
I II III
y  d2  d2  d 2
Let
Daa = ra = Dbb = rb = Dcc = rc = r
Section I
1  1  D12 D12 D12 D12 
Vab ( I )   a
q ln  ln  ln  ln 
2 0  4  r d d d 2
1  r d d d 2
 qb  ln  ln  ln  ln 
4  D12 D12 D12 D12 
1  D23 D23 D23 D23 

 qc  ln  ln  ln  ln 
4  D13 D13 D13 D13 
Simplified

1  D12 4
rddd 2 D23 
Vab ( I )  qa ln 4  qb ln  qc ln
2 0  rddd 2 D12 D13 
 40

Similarly, modifying section II

1  D23 4
rddd 2 D13 
Vab ( II )  q ln  q ln  q ln
2 0  D12 
a 4 b c
rddd 2 D23

Similarly, modifying section III

1  D13 4
rddd 2 D12 
Vab ( III )  q ln  q ln  q ln
2 0  D23 
a 4 b c
rddd 2 D13

Average value of Vab and simplifying

Vab(av) = (Vab(I) + Vab(II) + Vab(III))/3

1  GMD 4
rddd 2 
Vab ( av )  qa ln 4  qb ln
2 0  rddd 2 GMD 

with GMD defined before as

GMD = (D12D23D13)1/3

Similarly, the average value of Vac (= -Vca)

1  GMD 4
rddd 2 
Vac ( av )  q ln  q ln
2 0  GMD 
a 4 c
rddd 2

Add Vab and Vac (= -Vca) with qb + qc = -qa

1  GMD 4
rddd 2 
Vab  Vac  2qa ln 4  qa ln 
2 0  rddd 2 GMD 
 41

3qa GMD
Vab  Vac  ln 4
2 0 rddd 2

Also with balanced three-phase voltages, the phase a (Van)

Vab + Vac = (Van/0o - Van/-120o) + (Van/0o - Van/-240o)
Vab + Vac = 3Van
qa GMD
Van  ln 4
2 0 rddd 2

The capacitance per phase (C = q/V)

qa 2 0 2 0
C   F/m (4.87)
Van GMD GMD
ln 4 ln b
rddd 2 r

Therefore, for the four-subconductor bundle

r b  4 r  d  d  d  2  1.0905077 4 r  d 3 (4.90)
 42

CAPACITANCE OF THREE-PHASE (TRANSPOSED)

DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINES
ra1’ rc2’
a1 Da c
1 2
c2  c1 b2 b1 a2
Da b Dc b
1 1
Da c 2 2
Db c 1 1 Da b
1 2 1 2
Db b
b1 1 2
a1 a2 c1 c2
Da c
1 1 Da a b2
1 2
Db a
rb1’D 1 2 Da c
b1c1 Dc c
1 2
2 2
Da b rb2’
Dc b 2 2
1 2
c1 Dc a b1 c2 a1 b2
1 2
a2
rc1’ ra2’
II III
I
Let
Da1a1 = ra1 = Db1b1 = rb1 = Dc1c1 = rc1 = r

Da2a2 = ra2 = Db2b2 = rb2 = Dc2c2 = rc2 = r

Assuming that the charge per conductor in each phase is

equal in all three sections of the transposition cycle.
Consider identical phases together (For example, a1-a2 as
one group and b1-b2 as one group). Therefore,
m = 2 and n = 2
From (4.49), the GMDAB between a and b phase groups is
given by
GMDAB  ( 2)( 2) Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2b1 Da2b2
 43

GMDAB  ( 2)( 2) Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2 b1 Da2b2

GMDAB  4 Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2b1 Da2b2

Similarly, b1-b2 and c1-c2 groups, and between a1-a2 and c1-c2
group the GMDs are given by
GMDBC  4 Db1c1 Db1c2 Db2 c1 Db2 c2

GMDAC  4 Da1c1 Da1c2 Da2 c1 Da2 c2 (4.54)

And the equivalent GMD per phase is given by

GMD  3 DAB DBC DAC (4.55)

The GMRs for each of the phases group are given by


rA  4 r b Da1a2  2
 r b Da1a2


rB  4 r b Db1b2 
2
 r b Db1b2


rC  4 r b Dc1c2 
2
 r b Dc1c2

rb represents geometric mean radius of bundled conductors

given by (4.88) – (4.90).

And the equivalent GMR per phase is given by

GMRc  3 rArB rC (4.93)
 44

The capacitance per phase (C = q/V)

2 0
C F/m (4.91)
GMD
ln
GMRc

With 0 = 8.85x10-12 F/m

0.0556
C µF/km (4.92)
GMD
ln
GMRc