EN2314 HYDRAULICS FORMULA SHEET

Hydrostatics
Pressure at depth Hydrostatic force Depth to centre of pressure
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐺 𝐴 ℎ𝑃 = (𝐼𝐺 ⁄𝐴ℎ𝐺 ) + ℎ𝐺

Second moment of area

Rectangle Triangle Circle Semi-circle
3
𝐼 = 𝐿𝐷 /12 𝐼 = 𝐿𝐷3 /36 𝐼 = 𝜋𝑅4 /4 𝐼 = 0.1102𝑅4

Stability of a floating body

Displacement Depth of immersion Centre of buoyancy
𝑉 = 𝑊 ⁄𝜌 𝑔 ℎ = 𝑉 ⁄𝑙𝑏 𝑂𝐵 = ℎ⁄2

Buoyancy to metacentre Metacentric height Periodic roll

𝑤𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝐼
𝑀
𝐵𝑀 = 𝐼𝑊𝑆 ⁄𝑉 𝐺𝑀 = 𝑂𝐵 + 𝐵𝑀 − 𝑂𝐺 = 𝑡 = 2𝜋 (𝑊×𝐺𝑀 )
𝑊 𝑑𝜗

Fluids in motion
Shear stress Kinematic viscosity Frictional resistance force
𝜏 = 𝜇𝑉/𝑑   𝜈 = 𝜇/𝜌   𝐾𝐴𝑃 𝑉 𝑁

Continuity   Momentum Bernoulli

𝑣2 𝑃
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2   ∑ 𝐹 = 𝜌 𝑄 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )  𝑧 + 2𝑔 + 𝜌𝑔 = constant = 𝐻

Drag and Lift

Drag force Lift force
1 1
𝐹DR = 2 𝐶DR 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐹L = 2 𝐶L 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2

Flow measurement
Torricelli’s theorem Discharge through a small orifice
𝑉 = (2𝑔𝐻)1⁄2 𝑄𝐴 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴(2𝑔𝐻)1⁄2

Discharge through a large orifice Discharge over a sharp-crested weir

2 ⁄ ⁄ 2
𝑄𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑏 (2𝑔)1⁄2 [𝐻23 2 − 𝐻13 2 ] 𝑄𝐴 = 3 𝐶𝐷 𝑏 (2𝑔)1⁄2 𝐻3⁄2
3 𝐷

Discharge over a broad-crested weir Discharge through a Venturi meter

3/2 2 1⁄2
2 𝑉2 𝐴
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑔1/2 𝑏 [3 (𝐻1 + 2𝑔
1
)] 𝑄𝐴 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴1 [2𝑔𝐻 ⁄((𝐴1 ) − 1)]
2

Discharge over a Sutro weir Discharge over a triangular weir

𝑎 8 𝜃
𝑄𝐴 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑏(2𝑔𝑎)1⁄2 (𝐻 − 3) 𝑄𝐴 = 15 𝐶𝐷 tan 2 (2𝑔)1⁄2 𝐻5⁄2

Dr J D Millington 1 Cardiff University

 EN2314 HYDRAULICS FORMULA SHEET

Flow under a varying head (no inflow)

−𝐴𝑊𝑆 𝛿𝐻 = 𝑄𝐴 𝛿𝑡

Dimensionless parameters
Euler No. Froude No. Mach No. Reynolds No. Weber No.
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝜌𝑉𝐿 𝑉
𝐸= ⁄ 𝐹 = 𝑀= 𝑅= 𝑊=
(2Δ𝑃⁄𝜌)1 2 (𝑔𝐿)1⁄2 𝑐 𝜇 (𝜎⁄𝜌𝐿)1⁄2

Open Channel Flow

Channel Area Wetted perimeter Surface width
Rectangular 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐷 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝐷 𝐵𝑆 = 𝐵
Trapezoidal 𝐴 = (𝐵 + 𝑆𝐷)𝐷 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝐷 (1 + 𝑆 2 )1⁄2 𝐵𝑆 = 𝐵 + 2𝑆𝐷
𝑑2 𝜃
Part full pipe 𝐴 = (𝜃 − sin 𝜃) 𝑃 = 𝜃𝑑 ⁄2 𝐵𝑆 = 𝑑 sin 2
8
2
Parabolic 𝐴 = 3 𝐵𝑆 𝐷 𝑃 = 𝐵𝑆 + (8𝐷2 ⁄3𝐵𝑆 ) 𝐵𝑆 = 3𝐴⁄2𝐷

Chezy Manning Gradually Varied Flow

⁄ 𝑑𝐷 𝑆0 −𝑆𝐹
𝑉 = 𝐶 (𝑅𝑆0 )1⁄2 𝑄= 𝐴𝑅 2⁄3 𝑆01 2 ⁄𝑛 =
𝑑𝐿 1−𝐹2

Hydraulic Radius Hydraulic mean depth

𝑅 = 𝐴⁄𝑃 𝐷𝑀 = 𝐴⁄𝐵𝑆

Critical flow
⁄3
𝑄 2 𝐵𝑆𝐶 ⁄𝑔𝐴3𝐶 = 1 𝐷𝑀𝐶 = 𝑄 2 ⁄𝑔𝐴2𝐶 𝑉𝐶 = (𝑔𝐷𝑀𝐶 )1⁄2 𝑆𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶2 𝑛2 ⁄𝑅𝐶4

Hydraulic jumps
F1 <1.7 1.7 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.0 14.0 20.0
LJ undular 4.0D2 4.4D2 4.8D2 5.3D2 5.8D2 6.0D2 6.2D2 6.0D2 5.5D2

𝐷2 𝐷1
𝐷1 = [(1 + 8𝐹22 )1/2 − 1] 𝐷2 = [(1 + 8𝐹12 )1/2 − 1]
2 2

1/2
(𝐷2 −𝐷1 )3 ℎ𝐽 (1+8𝐹12 ) −3
∆𝐸 = =
4𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐸1 𝐹12 +2

Pipe flow
Poiseuille (laminar) Darcy (turbulent) Colebrook-White
32𝜈𝐿𝑉 𝜆𝐿𝑉 2 4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 1 𝑘 2.51
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 = = = −2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (3.7𝐷 + Re√𝜆)
𝑔𝐷 2 2𝑔𝐷 2𝑔𝐷 √𝜆

Moody approximation Laminar sub-layer Minor losses

1⁄3
𝑘 106 32.8𝐷
𝜆 = 0.0055 [1 + (20,000 𝐷 + ) ] 𝛿𝐿 = Σ𝐾 𝑉 2 ⁄2𝑔
Re Re√𝜆

Dr J D Millington 2 Cardiff University

 EN2314 HYDRAULICS FORMULA SHEET

Pumps and turbines

Power of a rotating body Hydraulic power
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻

Pump similarity laws

Flow, 𝜙 = 𝑄 ⁄𝑁𝐷3 Head, 𝜏 = 𝑔𝐻 ⁄𝑁 2 𝐷2 Power, 𝜋 = 𝑃⁄𝜌𝑁 3 𝐷5

Pump specific speed Turbine specific speed

𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑄1/2⁄𝐻3/4 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑃1/2 ⁄𝐻5/4

Dr J D Millington 3 Cardiff University