CEHYDR1L: Hydraulics Laboratory

Experiment No. 2
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

Submitted by:

Mallo, Vranon Lee

Margallo, Audrey Nivette M.
Odevilas, Marjoerie Mae
Santos, Piolo Rafael
Simbahan, Karl Samuel
Sumaya, Justin Mae
Tec, Hannah Nicole C.
Viernes, Raiza H.
BSCE 211B

Submitted to:

Engr. John Carlo R. Alibutod

Faculty-in-Charge
 I. INTRODUCTION

Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli wrote a treatise titled "Hydrodynamics" that

contained the formulation of Bernoulli's equation. It explains the relationship between fluid

speed and pressure, stating that speed is inversely proportional to pressure. Later, in

1752, a different Swiss physicist by the name of Leonhard Euler, who focused on energy

conservation, rewrote the equation in a more contemporary manner. Based on the

concept of energy conservation, the formula has a constant amount. According to

Bernoulli's principle, which is used in fluid dynamics, a fluid's speed increases at the same

time as its pressure or potential energy decreases. The venturi tube is an example of how

Bernoulli's Principle is used in everyday life. It has an air intake that is constrained in size

and an exit segment that widens as it moves toward the back. The inlet and outlet have

the same diameter. The mass of air entering the tube and the mass of air leaving the tube

must be exactly equal. To allow the same volume of air to travel in the same period as in

all other areas of the tube, the speed must be increased at the constriction. The pressure

falls as air velocity increases. The airflow slows and pressure rises beyond the restriction.

One of the most significant findings in the study of fluid dynamics is Bernoulli's

principle, commonly known as the Bernoulli effect, which connects the rate of fluid flow to

the rate of fluid pressure. This might not seem like it's that significant, but as the broad

range of occurrences it helps explain demonstrates, the straightforward rule can disclose

a lot about how a system behaves. Given that fluid dynamics is the study of flowing fluids,

it makes sense that the Bernoulli's equation and underlying concept are frequently used
in the subject. The aim of this experiment is to determine the relationship of the area to

the pressure using the Bernoulli's Equation.

II. MATERIALS AND METHOD

Figure 1. Flow Meter Measurement Apparatus

Figure 2. Venturi Meter

Tapping A = 26 mm

Tapping B = 21.6 mm

Tapping C = 16 mm

Tapping D = 20 mm

Tapping E = 22 mm

Tapping F = 26 mm

Figure 3. Orifice
Unit Assembly:

Figure 4. Specification of the Orifice Plate

1. Water Supply

2. Venturi meter - A venturi tube, as well as an appropriate differential pressure

gauge, make up the venturi meter. According to the figure below, the venturi tube

has a converging portion, a neck, and a diverging portion. The fluid's velocity is

increased, and the converging phase of the flow decreases its static pressure.

Thus, there is a pressure difference between the inlet and throat, and this pressure

difference is connected to the discharge rate. To move the stream's area back to
 the entrance area and change the velocity head into the pressure head, the

diverging cone is used.

Figure 5. Venturi Meter

3. Orifice - a plate that is inserted in a line and typically her.as a round hole in its

center.

4. 90 Elbow

5. Rotameter - The rotating free float is the indication element in the flow

meter, known as a rotameter. A rotameter is a transparent, vertical tube with a

tapered end that allows fluid to flow upward. A freely hanging object is placed

inside the box. Pump-bob-shaped "float" rests on a stop at the bottom end when

there is no flourish. As flow starts, the float rises until its weight balances the

buoyant forces acting on it. At this point, it stops growing. If the flow velocity is low,

the float only rises a short distance, and vice versa. It is possible to identify the

points of equilibrium as a function of flow rate. The float level transforms into a

direct indicator of the flow rate using a well-calibrated, marked glass tube.
 Figure 6. The Rotameter

6. Discharge Valve - one of the key components that comprise an Evac Riser along

with an Activator, Buffer, BVP Valve, Mini-Check Valve, and Vacuum Hose.

7. Water outlet

8. Manometer Tube - is an instrument that has a small tube in the shape that is filled

with liquid to measure pressure or flow.

9. Degassing valve - to exhaust the gas in the bag in time and to stop the air from

entering the bag from outside.

Methodology Proper:
 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Data Gathered:

Flow (L/M) = 20
Taping
Point

A B C D E F
Diameter
(mm)
Flow

26 21.6 16 20 22 26
Static
Head
(cm)

19.6 17.7 4.3 7.5 15.1 17.1

Velocity
(m/s)

0.6278301502 0.9096647404 1.657863987 1.061032954 0.8768867381 0.6278301502

Head (m)
Velocity

0.03199949797 0.04636415598 0.08449867416 0.05407915158 0.04469351366 0.03199949797

Head (m)
Total

0.227999498 0.223364156 0.1274986742 0.1290791516 0.1956935137 0.202999498

Table 1. Flow rate of 20 liters per minute.

 Flow (L/M) = 25
Taping
Point

A B C D E F
Diameter
(mm)
Flow

26 21.6 16 20 22 26
Static
Head
(cm)

28.1 25.1 5 10.3 21 24.8

Velocity
(m/s)

0.784787751 1.13708102 2.07233015 1.3262913 1.09610851 0.784787751

Head (m)
Velocity

0.03139102009 0.0658997577 0.2188864552 0.08965589258 0.06123618072 0.03139102009

Head (m)
Total

0.3123910201 0.3168997577 0.2688864552 0.1926558926 0.2712361807 0.2793910201

Table 2. Flow rate of 20 liters per minute.

Formulas:

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆, 𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗

3
𝑄 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ⁄𝑠
 𝝅
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆, 𝑨 = (𝒅)𝟐
𝟒
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑚

𝑸
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒗 =
𝑨
3
𝑄 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ⁄𝑠

𝒗𝟐
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅, 𝒗𝒉 =
𝟐𝒈

𝑣ℎ = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ⁄𝑠

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅, 𝑻𝑯 = 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Computations:

For Flow = 20 L/M

𝑳
𝑸 = 𝟐𝟎
𝑴

𝟐𝟎 𝒍 𝟏 𝒎𝟑 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑸= × ×
𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍 𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒔
𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝝅
𝑨= (𝒅)𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝐴𝑎 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒃 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒄 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒅 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒆 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒇 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐
𝟒

𝑸
𝒗=
𝑨
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒂 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐
 𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒃 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒄 = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒅 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒆 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒇 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐

𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝒉 =
𝟐𝒈

(𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒂 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟕 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒃 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟖 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒄 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒅 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒆 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟕 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )
 𝑻𝑯 = 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑻𝑯𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟕 + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟖 + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟏𝟔 + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟐 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟖 + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟔 + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟕 + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝒎

For Flow = 25 L/M

𝑳
𝑸 = 𝟐𝟓
𝑴

𝟐𝟓 𝒍 𝟏 𝒎𝟑 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑸= × ×
𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍 𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒔
𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝝅
𝑨= (𝒅)𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝐴𝑎 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒃 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒄 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒅 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
 𝝅
𝑨𝒆 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝟐
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨𝒇 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝒎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐
𝟒

𝑸
𝒗=
𝑨
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒂 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒃 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒄 = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒅 = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒆 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝟐
𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒇 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐

𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝒉 =
𝟐𝒈

(𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒂 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒃 = 𝟐 = 0.0658997577 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )
 (𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐
𝒗𝒉𝒄 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒅 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒆 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

(𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔)𝟐

𝒗𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝒎
𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 )

𝑻𝑯 = 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑻𝑯𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝐦 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟕 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝐦 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝐦 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒆 == 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝐦 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟕 𝒎

𝑻𝑯𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝐦 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒎

Relationship of Data:

The Bernoulli energy theorem, a cornerstone of fluid dynamics, unravels the

complex relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation within a moving fluid

characterized by low compressibility and viscosity. This theorem fundamentally posits that

as fluid flows, its total mechanical energy remains constant, encompassing three integral
 components: kinetic energy, potential energy arising from variations in elevation, and

pressure energy. Essentially, as the fluid accelerates or decelerates, its kinetic energy

experiences corresponding fluctuations. In the context of horizontal fluid flow, the theorem

elucidates that while gravitational potential energy remains unchanged, an increase in

fluid velocity coincides with a decrease in pressure. Furthermore, the Venturi effect, an

important application of this principle, provides valuable insights into scenarios where fluid

velocity surges within narrow passages with rigid boundaries, resulting in a reduction of

pressure at the constriction. This theorem is not only a foundational concept in fluid

dynamics but also an indispensable tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of

fluids in diverse real-world scenarios, from aviation to hydraulics and beyond.

Observation of the Data Sets:

Flow (L/M) = 20
Taping
Point

A B C D E F
Diameter
(mm)
Flow

26 21.6 16 20 22 26
Static
Head
(cm)

19.6 17.7 4.3 7.5 15.1 17.1

Velocity
(m/s)

0.6278301502 0.9096647404 1.657863987 1.061032954 0.8768867381 0.6278301502

Head (m)
Velocity

0.03199949797 0.04636415598 0.08449867416 0.05407915158 0.04469351366 0.03199949797

Head (m)
Total

0.227999498 0.223364156 0.1274986742 0.1290791516 0.1956935137 0.202999498

Table 1. Flow rate of 20 liters per minute.

The given dataset provides a thorough look at fluid dynamics inside a pipeline

where the flow rate is kept constant at 20 liters per minute (L/min), but where many

parameters fluctuate drastically at several tapping points (A, B, C, D, E, and F). The

connection between flow diameter and velocity of fluid is the most evident finding. A

smaller diameter, as observed at point C (16 mm), is required by the principle of

continuity, and causes the fluid to accelerate, resulting in a high velocity of 1.658 m/s.

Wider diameters at points A and F (26 mm) emphasize the inverse association between

diameter and velocity, a key principle of fluid mechanics, by lowering fluid velocity to 0.628

m/s.

Additionally, the static head values at each tapping site shed light on the fluid

column's potential energy. Point A, located at a higher elevation, has the maximum static

head of 19.6 cm, which, given its elevation above a reference point, denotes the presence

of a significant quantity of potential energy. Point C, which is situated at a lower elevation,

on the other hand, has the lowest static head measurement 4.3 cm indicating the lowest
 potential energy. This static head variant demonstrates how elevation affects how the

fluid system distributes energy.

With point C having the largest velocity head of 0.0845 m, which is in line with its

high fluid velocity, the velocity head parameter closely resembles fluid velocity. This

confirms the idea that increasing fluid velocity translates into greater kinetic energy.

The total head, which combines the static and velocity heads, gives a

comprehensive assessment of the energy level at each tapping site. Point A has the

highest total head at 0.228 m due to its combination of high static and moderate velocity

head, representing the highest total energy content within the fluid. Point C, on the other

hand, has the lowest total head at 0.127 m, suggesting the least overall energy content,

due to its low static head and moderate velocity head.

This dataset captures the complex dynamics of fluid flow by exhibiting the

interaction between diameter, velocity, potential energy, kinetic energy, and total energy.

Flow (L/M) = 25
Taping
Point

A B C D E F
Diameter
(mm)
Flow

26 21.6 16 20 22 26
Static
Head
(cm)

28.1 25.1 5 10.3 21 24.8

Velocity
(m/s)

0.784787751 1.13708102 2.07233015 1.3262913 1.09610851 0.784787751

Head (m)
Velocity

0.03139102009 0.0658997577 0.2188864552 0.08965589258 0.06123618072 0.03139102009

Head (m)
Total

0.3123910201 0.3168997577 0.2688864552 0.1926558926 0.2712361807 0.2793910201

Table 2. Flow rate of 20 liters per minute.

The conducted experiment used a venturi meter at a steady flow rate of 25 liters

per minute. There are six designated tapping points labeled as A, B, C, D, E, and F. At

point A, the measured static head is 28.1cm (0.281m) and a diameter of 26mm (0.026m).

Using the flow rate and area of the opening, the determined the velocity is 0.784787751

m/s. From this, the calculated velocity head resulted to 0.03139102009 m/s. Finally, by

adding the static head and velocity head, the obtained total head was 0.3123910201 m

at tapping point A. Tapping point B has a diameter of 21.6mm (0.0216m) and a measured

static head of 25.1cm (0.251m). These values resulted in a calculated velocity of

1.13708102 m/s and velocity head of 0.0658997577 m. Resulting in a total head of

0.3168997577 m. At tapping point C, a static head of 5cm (0.05m) is measured at a

diameter of 16mm (0.016m), resulting in an area of 0.00020106193 m². This yields a

velocity of 2.07233015m/s and a calculated velocity head of 0.2188864552 m, resulting

in a total head of 0.2688864552 m. At point D, with an area of 0.000314159265 m² and a

diameter of 20mm (0.020m), a static head of 10.3cm (0.103m) was measured. The

calculated velocity is 1.3262913m/s with a velocity head of 0.08965589258m, resulting in

a total head of 0.1926558926m. At point E, with a diameter of 22mm (0.020m), the

measured static head was 21cm (0.021m). Using the area of 0.000380132711 m² and a

flow rate of 25l/m, we calculated the velocity to be 1.3262913 m/s with a velocity head of

0.06123618072m, resulting in a total head of 0.2712361807. Finally, at point F, a 26mm

(0.026m) diameter flow was given with an area of 0.000530929158 m². The measured

static head was 24.8cm (0.28m), resulting in a velocity of 0.784787751m/s with a velocity

head of 0.03139102009 m, giving a total head of 0.2793910201m.

As pressure and velocity are inversely proportional to one another, Tapping Point

C shows the highest velocity and velocity head, indicating a faster flow with more kinetic

energy while pressure is lower. A relatively rapid flow is indicated by Tapping Point B's

high velocity, velocity head, and total head measurements. The middle tapping point, E,

has a modest velocity and total head values. Lower velocities and total heads at Tapping

Points A, D, and F indicate slower flow rates.

IV. Conclusion

Summary:

Bernoulli's principle and the continuity equation are fundamental concepts in fluid

dynamics that explain how fluid behavior is interrelated. Bernoulli's principle states that

when fluid flow velocity increases, there is a corresponding decrease in pressure. The
continuity equation, on the other hand, reveals that as fluid velocity increases, the cross-

sectional area through which the fluid flows must decrease to maintain mass

conservation. When these principles are applied in an experiment, it becomes evident

that a reduction in the flow area results in an acceleration of the fluid's velocity and,

consequently, a drop in its flow pressure. This empirical observation not only confirms the

theoretical underpinnings of Bernoulli's principle and the continuity equation but also

provides concrete evidence of the dynamic relationship between area, velocity, and

pressure within a fluid system.

Recommendation:

Before conducting the experiment, thoroughly inspect all components of the

hydraulic bench, including pipes, valves, fittings, and the water reservoir. Maintain the

water reservoir at the appropriate level. Fluctuations in water level can disrupt the

uniformity of experimental conditions, potentially affecting your results.

When conducting the experiment, meticulous attention to detail is essential. Use a

ruler to ensure that measurements are precise and maintain a diligent record of all data

and observations. As soon as you turn on the hydraulic bench, keep a close eye on the

fluid flow rate. For accurate conclusions to be drawn, the equipment may occasionally

need to be adjusted, and constancy in flow rates is essential.

 V. References

Applied Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition, Robert L. Street, Gary Z. Watters, John

K.Vennard, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Bernoulli’s principle. SKYbrary Aviation Safety. (n.d.).

https://skybrary.aero/articles/bernoullis-principle

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, November 4). Bernoulli’s theorem.

Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-theorem

Experiment (8) Flow Measurements. (n.d.).

https://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/waraydah/uploads/Flow%20Measurements.

pdf

Fluid Dynamics (Overview): Basics, Terminology & Equations. (2021, April 29).

Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/fluid-dynamics-overview-basics-terminology-equations-

13723386.html