* FLUID MECHANICS PROJECT *

Title:
TO FIND THE MINIMUM VELOCITY OF PISTION
MOVED IN THE CYLINDER DURING PUMPING TO INITIATE
THE ATOMIZING EFFECT.
INTRODUCTION:
ATOMIZATION PROCESS:
Atomization refers to separating something into fine particles. It is a
process of breaking bulk liquids into small droplets.
In this project we have taken a bicycle pump we used it as atomizer
to generate fine mist of water by forcing air at a high velocity through
a small hole and placing a short tube between the liquid reservoir and
the high-speed air jet.
Principle of operation:
When a fast gas stream is injected into the atmosphere and across the
top of the vertical tube, it is forced to follow a curved path up, over
and downward on the other side of the tube. This curved path creates
a lower pressure on the inside of the curve at the top of the tube. This
curve-caused lower pressure near the tube and the atmospheric
pressure further up is the net force causing the curved.
The difference between the reduced pressure at the top of the tube and
the higher atmospheric pressure inside the bottle pushes the liquid
from the reservoir up the tube and into the moving stream of air where
it is broken up into small droplets and carried away with the stream of
air.
Working principle:
The basic working principle of this project is BERNOULLI’S
PRINCIPLE which states “Bernoulli's principle states that an
increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease
in static pressure or a decrease in the fliud’s potential energy”
Or
This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a
fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline.
This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential
energy and internal energy remains constant.

𝑷 𝑽𝟐
+ + 𝒈𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕(𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝝆 𝟐

Real Life Problem:

We have an atomizer whose hole diameter is 0.3cm and the
vertical distance between the liquid level in the tube and the hole is 10
cm, and the bore (diameter) and the stroke of the air pump are 5 cm
and 20 cm, respectively. And the atmospheric conditions are 20°C
and 95 kPa. And we are required to find the minimum speed that the
piston must be moved in the cylinder during pumping to initiate the
atomizing effect.

Solution:
Assumptions:
1). the flow of air and water are steady, incompressible and irotational
with negligible frictional effects.
2). Air is an ideal gas.
3). The liquid reservoir is open to atmosphere.
4). The device is held horizontal.
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =1000 R =0.287KPa.m3/Kg.K
𝑚3

We take point 1 at the exit of hole point 2 in air far from the
hole in horizontal direction point 3 at the exit of tube in air steam and
point 4 at the free surface of liquid in the reservoir (P1=P3) and
(P2=P4=Patm) we also take the level of the hole to be the reference
level so that (Z1=Z2=Z3=0) and (Z4=-h),
the Bernoulli equation for air and water stream becomes,

And ;

Thus we if push the piston with a velocity of 0.15 m/s then

atomization phenomena will occur and the liquid will rise.