Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Session 2016- 17
Su
u bj e ct - Ph ysics
cs
ga t or y pr oj e ct on -
I n ve st iga
Be r n ou lli’s
i’s Pr inciple
Su bm it t e d t o: M s. Ra m a Elisa la M a ’a m
Su bm it t e d by
by: M ohd. Am e e n I r fa n
Cla ss: XI ‘A’’ Roll n o:: 1 1 0 1 8
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mohd. Ameen Irfan of class
11th ‘A’ has completed the project work in physics
in the year 2016-17 on “Bernoulli’s Theorem”
under the guidance of Ms. Rama Elisala Ma’am as
prescribed by CBSE course.
School Stamp
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my subject teacher Ms. Rama
Elisala Ma’am to give her guidance to make
the successful completion of this project.
I also want to give special thanks to our
principal ma’am Ms. Priya Chouhan
Ma’am who gave me this golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic
“Bernoulli’s Theorem”, so that I will get to
know about detailed information for the
same.
Secondly I would like to thank my parents
and classmates who helped me to complete
this project within the given time frame.
Content
• Pressure
• Pascal’s Law
• Hydraulics
• Continuity Equation
• Bernoulli’s Equation
• Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
• Venturi Tube
• Atomizer
• Torricelli and his Orifice
• Derivation of Torricelli’s Equation
• Streamlines
• Aerodynamic Lift
• Misconceptions of Lift
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
PRESSURE
1. Pressure is defined as force per unit
area.
2. Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m2
3. For liquid pressure, the medium is
considered as a continuous
distribution of matter.
4. For gas pressure, it is calculated as
the average pressure of molecular
collisions on the container.
5. Pressure acts perpendicular on the
surface.
6. Pressure is a scalar quantity –
pressure has no particular direction (i.e.
acts in every direction).
Pascal’s Law
Pf = P0 + ρgh
1. “When there is an increase in
pressure at any point in a confined
fluid, there is an equal increase at
every point in the container.”
2. In a fluid, all points at the same
depth must be at the same pressure.
3. Consider a fluid in equilibrium.
Hydraulics
1. A1v1 = A2v2
P+1/2ρv*v+ρgh=constant
Constant density
1. A2 < A1 ; V2 > V1
2. According to Bernoulli’s Law,
pressure at A2 is lower.
3. Choked flow: Because pressure
cannot be negative, total flow
rate will be limited. This is
useful in controlling fluid
velocity.
P2 + 1 / 2 ρ v 1 2 = P1 + 1
/ 2ρ v 12 ;
Δ P = ρ/ 2 * ( v 2 2 – v 1 2 )
Atomizer
1
/2 ρv22 = pg(h1-h2)
V22 = 2g(h1-h2)
∴ V2 = √(2g(h1-h2))
Q = Av2 = A √(2g(h1-h2))
Streamlines
1 A streamline is a path traced out by
a mass less particle as it moves with
the flow.
2. Velocity is zero at the surface.
1. As you move away from the surface,
the velocity uniformly approaches the
free stream value (fluid molecules
nearby the surface are dragged due to
viscosity).
2. The layer at which the velocity reaches
the free stream value is called
boundary layer. It does not necessarily
match the shape of the object –
boundary layer can be detached,
creating turbulence (wing stall in
aerodynamic terms).
Aerodynamic Lift