Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Session : 2022-2023
CERTIFICATE
……………. ………….
Signature Dated
Declaration
2 Introduction
3 Pressure
4 Pascal’s Law
Hydraulics
5
6 continuity equation
7 Bernoulli's equation
9 Venturi Tube
10 Atomizer
13 Derivation of torcillie’s eq
14 Streamline
15 Aerodynamics of lift
16 Misconception of lift
17 Conclusion
18 Bibliography
Acknowledgement
DANIEL BERNOULLI
Daniel Bernoulli (8 February 1700 – 17 March 1782) was a
Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many
prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is
particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics
to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his
pioneering work in probability and statistics. His name is
commemorated in the Bernoulli's principle, a particular
example of the conservation of energy, which describes the
mathematics of the mechanism underlying the operation of
two important technologies of the 20th century:
the carburetor and the airplane wing.
Together Bernoulli and Euler tried to discover more about the
flow of fluids. It was known that a moving body exchanges its
kinetic energy for potential energy when it gains height.
Daniel realised that in a similar way, a moving fluid
exchanges its specific kinetic energy for pressure, the former
being the kinetic energy per unit volume.
INTRODUCTION TO
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase
in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease
in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. The
principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli, as mentioned
before, who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in
1738. Although Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases
when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler who
derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form in 1752. The
principle is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the
effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) and non-
adiabatic processes (e.g. heat radiation) are small and can be
neglected.
Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid
flow, resulting in various forms of Bernoulli's equation; there
are different forms of Bernoulli's equation for different types of
flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's equation is valid
for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows
and gases moving at low Mach number). More advanced forms
may be applied to compressible flows at higher Mach numbers.
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle
of conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the
sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the
same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum
of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains
constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid – implying
an increase in its kinetic energy (dynamic pressure) – occurs
with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its potential
energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the
fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy
is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy
per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential
ρ g h) is the same everywhere.
Thus, we can consider the work done on the fluid as – P2∆V. Therefore,
the total work done on the fluid is
W1 – W2 = (P1 − P2) ∆V
The total work done helps to convert the gravitational potential energy
and kinetic energy of the fluid. Now, consider the fluid density as ρ and
the mass passing through the pipe as ∆m in the ∆t interval of time.
The pilot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine
the airspeed of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to
the airspeed indicator, which determines the dynamic pressure of
the airflow past the aircraft. Dynamic pressure is the difference
between stagnation pressure and static pressure. Bernoulli's
principle is used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays
the indicated airspeed appropriate to the dynamic pressure.
The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the
base can be calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation, and is
found to be proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid
in the tank. This is Torricelli's law, showing that Torricelli's law is
compatible with Bernoulli's principle. Viscosity lowers this drain
rate. This is reflected in the discharge coefficient, which is a function
of the Reynolds number and the shape of the orifice.
CONCLUSION
Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing
along a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is
lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher, and the
pressure is higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid
stagnate. Many people find this situation paradoxical when
they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure).
Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump Bernoulli’s principle
is used in venturimeter to find the rate of flow of a liquid. It is
used in a carburettor to mix air and petrol vapour in an
internal combustion engine. Bernoulli’s principle is used in an
atomiser and filter pump. Wings of Aeroplane Wings of an
aeroplane are made tapering. The upper surface is made
convex and the lower surface is made concave. Due to this
shape of the wing, the air currents at the top have a large
velocity than at the bottom. Consequently the pressure above
the surface of the wing is less as compared to the lower
surface of the wing. This difference of pressure is helpful in
giving a vertical lift to the plane.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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