SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1

2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION......................................................................................................2

2.1 Parts Identification................................................................................................................4

3.0 SUMMARY OF THEORY.........................................................................................................5

3.1 Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates............................................................................5
3.2 Bernoulli’s Law.....................................................................................................................6
3.3 Static, Stagnation and Dynamic Pressures.........................................................................6
3.4 Pressure Varies Along the Pipe.........................................................................................10
3.5 Venturi Meter......................................................................................................................10

4.0 GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES.............................................................................12

4.1 General Start-up Procedures.............................................................................................12
4.2 General Shut-down Procedures........................................................................................13

5.0 GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES.............................................................................14

5.1 Discharge Coefficient Determination.................................................................................14
5.2 Flow Rate Measurement with Venturi Meter.....................................................................15
5.3 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration..................................................................................16

6.0 MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS..................................................................17

7.0 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................18

APPENDIX A......................................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX B......................................................................................................................................23
APPENDIX C......................................................................................................................................32
SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:Front view of Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Unit (Model FM24).................................3

Figure 2: Top View of Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Unit (Model FM24)..................................3

Figure 3: Parts Identification Diagram..................................................................................................5

Figure 4: Wall Pressure Tapping..........................................................................................................8

Figure 5: Static Pressure Probe...........................................................................................................8

Figure 6: Measurement of Stagnation Pressure..................................................................................9

Figure 7: Total Head Tube Used with Wall Static Tap.......................................................................10

Figure 8: Pitot Static Tab....................................................................................................................10

Figure 9: The Venturi Tube................................................................................................................11

SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration (Model: FM 24) apparatus consists of a classical

Venturi made of clear acrylic. A series of wall tappings allow measurement of the static
pressure distribution along the converging duct, while a total head tube is provided to
traverse along the centre line of the test section. These tappings are connected to a
manometer bank incorporating a manifold with air bleed valve. Pressurization of the
manometers is facilitated by a hand pump.

This unit has been designed to be used with a Hydraulics Bench for students to study the
characteristics of flow through both converging and diverging sections. During the
experiment, water is fed through a hose connector and students may control the flow rate
of the water by adjusting a flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section.

The venturi can be demonstrated as a means of flow measurement and the discharge
coefficient can be determined. This test section can be used to demonstrate those
circumstances to which Bernoulli’s Theorem may be applied as well as in other
circumstances where the theorem is not sufficient to describe the fluid behavior.

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The unit is mounted on a base board which is to be placed on top of the Hydraulic Bench
(Model: FM110). This base board has four adjustable feet to level the apparatus.

The main test section is an accurately machined acrylic venturi of varying circular cross
section. It is provided with a number of side hole pressure tappings, which are connected
to the manometer tubes on the rig. These tappings allow the measurement of static
pressure head simultaneously at each of 6 sections. The tapping positions and the test
section diameters are shown in Appendix A. The test section incorporates two unions, one
at either end, to facilitate reversal for convergent or divergent testing as illustrated in Figure
1 and Figure 2.

Figure 1:Front view of Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Unit (Model FM24)

Figure 2: Top View of Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Unit (Model FM24)

A hypodermic tube, the total pressure head probe, is provided which may be positioned to
read the total pressure head at any section of the duct. This total pressure head probe may
be moved after slacking the gland nut; this nut should be re-tightened by hand after
adjustment. An additional tapping is provided to facilitate setting up. All eight pressure

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

tapings are connected to a bank of pressurized manometer tubes. Pressurization of the

manometers is facilitated by connecting any hand pump to the inlet valve on the
manometer manifold.

The unit is connected to the hydraulic bench using flexible hoses. The hoses and the
connections are equipped with rapid action couplings. The flexible hose attached to the
outlet pipe which should be directed to the volumetric measuring tank on the hydraulics
bench. A flow control valve is incorporated downstream of the test section. Flow rate and
pressure in the apparatus may be varied independently by adjustment of the flow control
valve and the bench supply control valve.

Please familiarize with the unit before operating the unit. The unit consists of the followings:

a) Venturi
The venturi meter is made of transparent acrylic with the following specifications:
Throat diameter : 16 mm
Upstream Diameter : 26 mm
Designed Flow Rate : 20 LPM

b) Manometer
There are eight manometer tubes; each length 320 mm, for static pressure and total
head measuring along the venturi meter.
The manometer tubes are connected to an air bleed screw for air release as well as
tubes pressurization.

c) Baseboard
The baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with 4 height adjustable stands to level
the venturi meter.

d) Discharge valve
One discharge valve is installed at the venturi discharge section for flow rate control.

e) Connections
Hose Connections are installed at both inlet and outlet.

f) Hydraulic Bench
Sump tank : 120 litres
Volumetric tank : 100 litres
Centrifugal pump : 0.37 kW, 50 LPM

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

2.1 Parts Identification

2
7

3 8

4
9

Figure 3: Parts Identification Diagram

1. Manometer Tubes 6. Discharge Valve

2. Test Section 7. Gland Nut

3. Water Inlet 8. Hypodermic Probe

4. Unions 9. Adjustable Feet

5. Air Bleed Screw

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

3.0 SUMMARY OF THEORY

3.1 Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates

Euler’s equation for steady flow along a streamline is

1δp δz δv
− −g =V
ρδ s δs δs (3.1)

If a fluid particle moves a distance, ds, along a streamline,

δp
ds=dp (the change in pressure )
δs (3.2)

δz
ds=dz (the change in elevation )
δs (3.3)

δV
ds=dV ( the change in speed)
δs (3.4)

Thus, after multiplying Equation 3.1 by ds,

dp dp
−gdz=VdV or +VdV +gdz=0
ρ ρ (3.5)

Integration of this equation gives:

2
∫ dpρ + V2 +gz=constant
(3.6)

The relation between pressure and density must be applied in this equation. For
the special case of incompressible flow, ρ = constant, and Equation 3.6 becomes
the Bernoulli’s Equation.

2
p V
+ +gz = constant
ρ 2 (3.7)

Restrictions:
i. Steady flow
ii. Incompressible flow
iii. Frictionless flow
iv. Flow along a streamline

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

3.2 Bernoulli’s Law

Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying
cross section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is
higher, and the pressure is higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate.
Many people find this situation paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher
velocity, lower pressure). This is expressed with the following equation:
2
p v ¿
+ +z=h =Constant
ρg 2g (3.8)

Where,

p = Fluid static pressure at the cross section

ρ = Density of the flowing fluid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
v = Mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section
z = Elevation head of the center at the cross section with respect to a datum
h* = Total (stagnation) head

The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure head
(h), velocity head (hv ), and elevation head (z), respectively. The sum of these
terms is known as the total head (h*). According to the Bernoulli’s theorem of fluid
flow through a pipe, the total head h * at any cross section is constant. In a real flow
due to friction and other imperfections, as well as measurement uncertainties, the
results will deviate from the theoretical ones.
In our experimental setup, the centerline of all the cross sections we are
considering lie on the same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum,
z = 0, and thus, all the ‘z’ values are zeros so that the above equation reduces to:
2
p v
+ =h¿ =Constant
ρg 2g (3.9)

This represents the total head at a cross section.

For the experiments, the pressure head is denoted as hi and the total head as h*i,
where i represents the cross sections at different tapping points.

3.3 Static, Stagnation and Dynamic Pressures

The pressure, p, which we have used in deriving the Bernoulli’s equation, Equation
3.7, is the thermodynamic pressure; it is commonly called the static pressure. The
static pressure is that pressure which would be measured by an instrument moving

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

with the flow. However, such a measurement is rather difficult to make in a

practical situation.

As we know, there was no pressure variation normal to straight streamlines. This

fact makes it possible to measure the static pressure in a flowing fluid using a wall
pressure tapping, placed in a region where the flow streamlines are straight, as
shown in Figure 4. The pressure tap is a small hole, drilled carefully in the wall,
with its axis perpendicular to the surface. If the hole is perpendicular to the duct
wall and free from burrs, accurate measurements of static pressure can be made
by connecting the tap to a suitable pressure measuring instrument.

Figure 4: Wall Pressure Tapping

Figure 5: Static Pressure Probe

In a fluid stream far from a wall, or where streamlines are curved, accurate static
pressure measurements can be made by careful use of a static pressure probe,
shown in Figure 5. Such probes must be designed so that the measuring holes are
place correctly with respect to the probe tip and stem to avoid erroneous results. In
use, the measuring section must be aligned with the local flow direction.

Static pressure probes or any variety of forms are available commercially in sizes
as small as 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) in diameter. The stagnation pressure is obtained
when a flowing fluid is decelerated to zero speed by a frictionless process. In
incompressible flow, the Bernoulli Equation can be used to relate changes in
speed and pressure along a streamline for such a process. Neglecting elevation
differences, Equation 3.7 becomes

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

2
p v
+ =constant
ρ 2 (3.10)
If the static pressure is p at a point in the flow where the speed is v, then the
stagnation pressure, Po, where the stagnation speed, Vo, is zero, may be
computed from
2 0
po V o p V 2
+ = +
ρ 2 ρ 2 (3.11)

Therefore,

1
po = p+ ρV 2
2 (3.12)

Equation 3.12 is a mathematical statement of stagnation pressure, valid for

incompressible flow. The term ½ ρV² generally is the dynamic pressure. Solving
the dynamic pressure gives:

1 2
ρV = p o −p
2 (3.13)

Or

V=
√ 2 ( po− p )
ρ (3.14)

Thus, if the stagnation pressure and the static pressure could be measured at a
point, Equation 3.14 would give the local flow speed.

Figure 6: Measurement of Stagnation Pressure

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Figure 7: Total Head Tube Used with Wall Static Tap

Figure 8: Pitot Static Tab

Simultaneous Measurement of Stagnation and Static Pressures

Stagnation pressure is measured in the laboratory using a probe with a hole that
faces directly upstream as shown in both Figure 7 and Figure 8. Such a probe is
called a stagnation pressure probe (hypodermic probe) or Pitot (pronounced pea-
toe) tube. Again, the measuring section must be aligned with the local flow
direction.

We have seen that static pressure at a point can be measured with a static
pressure tap or probe (Figure 5 and Figure 6). If we know the stagnation pressure
at the same point, then the flow speed could be computed from Equation 3.14.
Two possible experimental setups are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

In Figure 7, the static pressure corresponding to point A is read from the wall static
pressure tap. The stagnation pressure is measured directly at A by the total head
tube, as shown. (The stem of the total head tube is placed downstream from the
measurement location to minimize disturbance of the local flow)

Two probes often are combined, as in the Pitot-static tube shown in Figure 8. The
inner tube is used to measure the stagnation pressure at point B, while the static
pressure at C is sensed using the tapping on the wall. In flow fields where the
static pressure variation in the streamwise direction is small, the Pitot-static tube
may be used to infer the speed at point B in the flow by assuming pB =pC and using
Equation 3.14. (Note that when pB ≠ pC, this procedure will give erroneous results)

Remember that the Bernoulli equation applies only for incompressible flow (Mach
number, M ≤ 0.3).

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Note:
u
Ma=
c (3.15)

Where,
u = fluid velocity
c = sonic velocity

3.4 Pressure Varies Along the Pipe

A number of factors can cause for pressure to vary along the pipe such as:

▪ Friction from the pipe’s inner surface,

▪ The diameter of the pipe; if it is small the pressure is lower because the
velocity is increased (Bernoulli’s Theory),
▪ Density of the fluid in the pipe,
▪ The height of the pipe at which the pipe stands or the height at which the flow
through i.e. gravity,
▪ Turbulence of the fluid

3.5 Venturi Meter

The venturi meter consists of a venturi tube and differential pressure gauge. The
venturi tube has a converging portion, a throat and a diverging portion as shown in
the figure below. The function of the converging portion is to increase the velocity
of the fluid and lower its static pressure. A pressure difference between inlet and
throat is thus developed, which pressure difference is correlated with the rate of
discharge. The diverging cone serves to change the area of the stream back to the
entrance area and convert velocity head into pressure head.

Figure 9: The Venturi Tube

Assume incompressible flow and no frictional losses, from Bernoulli’s Equation

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

p1 v 1 2 p v2
+ + Z 1 = 2 + 2 +Z 2
γ 2g γ 2g (3.16)

Use of the continuity Equation Q = A1V1 = A2V2, equation (1) becomes

[ ( )]
p − p2 ν 2 A 2
1
+Z 1−Z 2 = 2 1− 2
γ 2g A1
(3.17)

Ideally,

[ ( )] [( )]
1/ 2
2 −1/2 p − p2
A
Q i= A 2 V 2 =A 2 1− 2 2g 1
+Z 1 −Z 2
A1 γ
(3.18)

However, in the case of real fluid flow, the flow rate will be expected to be less
than that given by equation (3.18) because of frictional effects and consequent
head loss between inlet and throat. Therefore,

[ ( )] [ ( )]
1 /2
2 −1/2 p −p
A
Q a =C d × A2 × 1− 2 1 2
2g + Z 1−Z 2
A1 γ
(3.19)

In metering practice, this non-ideality is accounted by insertion of an

experimentally determined discharge coefficient, C d that is termed as the
coefficient of discharge. With Z1 = Z2 in this apparatus, the discharge coefficient is
determined as follow:

Qa
C d=
Qi (3.20)

Discharge coefficient, Cd usually lies in the range between 0.9 and 0.99.

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

6.0 MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. It is important to drain all water from the apparatus when not in use. The apparatus
should be stored properly to prevent damage.
2. Any manometer tube, which does not fill with water or slow fill, indicates that tapping or
connection of the manometer is blocked. To remove the obstacle, disconnect the
flexible connection tube and blow through.
3. The apparatus should not be exposed to any shock and stresses.
4. Always wear protective clothing, shoes, helmet and goggles throughout the laboratory
session.
5. Always run the experiment after fully understand the unit and procedures.

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

7.0 REFERENCES

Applied Fluid Mechanics 5th Edition, Robert L. Mott, Prentice-Hall

Elementary Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition, Robert L. Street, Gary Z. Watters, John K.
Vennard, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Fluid mechanics 4th Edition, Reynold C. Binder

Fluid Mechanics with applications, Anthony Esposito, Prentice-Hall International Inc.

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

APPENDIX A
Experiment Data Sheets

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Experiment 1: Discharge Coefficient Determination

Objective: To determine the discharge coefficient of the venturi meter

Data Analysis:

Throat Diameter, D3 (mm) 16.0

Inlet Diameter, D3 (mm) 26.0
Throat Area, At (m2) 2.011 x 10-4
Inlet Area, Ai (m2) 5.309 x 10-4
g (m/s2) 9.81
ρ (kg/m3) 1000

Results:

hA hB hC hD hE hF hA - hC Qi
Qav (LPM) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m) (LPM)

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Experiment 2: Flow Rate Measurement with Venturi Meter

Objective: To measure flow rate with venturi meter

Data Analysis:

Throat Diameter, D3 (mm) 16.0

Inlet Diameter, D3 (mm) 26.0
Throat Area, At (m2) 2.011 x 10-4
Inlet Area, Ai (m2) 5.309 x 10-4
g (m/s2) 9.81
ρ (kg/m3) 1000

Results:

hA hB hC hD hE hF
Qav (LPM) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

hA - h C Qi Calculated Flow Rate Error

Qav (LPM) (m) (LPM) (LPM) (%)

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Experiment 3: Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

Objective: To demonstrate Bernoulli’s Theorem

Data Analysis:

Volume (L)
Average Time (min)
Flow Rate (LPM)

Results:

Cross Using Continuity

Section Using Bernoulli equation equation Difference
h* = hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB-ViC
(mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h* - hi )] π Di / 4
2
Qav / Ai (m/s)
#     (m/s) (m2) (m/s)
A
B
C
D
E
F

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

APPENDIX B
Typical Experimental Results

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Experiment 1: Discharge Coefficient Determination

Objective: To determine the discharge coefficient of the venturi meter

Data Analysis:

Throat Diameter, D3 (mm) 16.0

Inlet Diameter, D3 (mm) 26.0
Throat Area, At (m2) 2.011 x 10-4
Inlet Area, Ai (m2) 5.309 x 10-4
g (m/s2) 9.81
ρ (kg/m3) 1000

Results:

hA hB hC hD hE hF hA - hC Qi
Qav (LPM) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m) (LPM)
10.00 170 165 137 145 155 162 0.0330 10.49
9.23 190 187 165 180 184 186 0.0250 9.13
8.35 222 218 200 208 210 214 0.0220 8.56
7.76 242 248 222 233 235 240 0.0200 8.17

Actual flow rate versus Ideal flow

rate
Actual flow rate,Qa(LPM)

f(x) = 0.936807834908355 x + 0.322766516449976

R² = 0.933507375744543 f(x) = 0.97200049486519
f(x) = 0.936807834908355 0.94 x
x + 0.322766516449976
x + 0.32
R² = 0.999374984827915
R² = 0.933507375744543 0.933507375744543

Ideal flow rate,Qi(LPM)

Cd = slope = 0.9360

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Sample Calculation for Experiment 1

At flow rate, Qav = 10.00 LPM

[ ( )]
2 −1 1
At 2
Qi = 60000 × A t × 1− x [ 2 g × ( A−C ) ] 2
Ai

= 10.49 LPM

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Experiment 2: Flow Rate Measurement with Venturi Meter

Objective: To measure flow rate with venturi meter

Data Analysis:

Throat Diameter, D3 (mm) 16.0

Inlet Diameter, D3 (mm) 26.0
Throat Area, At (m2) 2.011 x 10-4
Inlet Area, Ai (m2) 5.309 x 10-4
g (m/s2) 9.81
ρ (kg/m3) 1000

Results:

hA hB hC hD hE hF
Qav (LPM) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
9.68 60 58 35 48 52 55
8.70 85 82 60 73 76 80
7.79 115 113 95 105 109 112
7.50 175 174 160 170 172 173

hA - h C Qi Calculated Flow Rate Error

Qav (LPM) (m) (LPM) (LPM) (%)
9.68 0.0250 9.13 8.54 11.7
8.70 0.0250 9.13 8.54 1.7
7.79 0.0200 8.17 7.64 1.9
7.50 0.0150 7.07 6.62 11.8

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Sample Calculation for Experiment 2

At flow rate, Qav = 9.68 LPM

[ ( )]
2 −1 1
At 2
Qi = 60000 × A t × 1− x [ 2 g × ( A−C ) ] 2
Ai

= 9.13 LPM

Calculated Flow Rate = Qi × C d

= 9.13 0.9360

= 8.54 LPM

(Calculated Flow Rate − Actual Flow Rate )

Error = | |× 100 %
Actual Flow Rate

= 11.7 %

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Experiment 3: Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

Objective: To demonstrate Bernoulli’s Theorem

Data Analysis:

Volume (L) 5.0

Average Time (min) 0.43
Flow Rate (LPM) 11.6

Results:

Cross Using Continuity

Section Using Bernoulli equation equation Difference
h*= hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB-ViC
(mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h* - hi )] π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai (m/s)
    (m/s) (m2) (m/s)
A 135.0 113.0 0.66 0.000531 0.37 0.291975621
B 133.0 107.0 0.71 0.000366 0.53 0.185352005
C 126.0 58.0 1.16 0.000201 0.96 0.191184027
D 120.0 88.0 0.79 0.000314 0.62 0.175483929
E 118.0 95.0 0.67 0.000380 0.51 0.161941014
F 117.0 105.0 0.49 0.000531 0.37 0.120204070

Data Analysis:

Volume (L) 5.0

Average Time (min) 0.50
Flow Rate (LPM) 10.00

Results:

Cross Using Continuity

Section Using Bernoulli equation equation Difference
h*= hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB-ViC
(mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h* - hi )] π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai (m/s)
    (m/s) (m2) (m/s)
A 165.0 153.0 0.49 0.000531 0.31 0.17
B 162.0 148.0 0.52 0.000366 0.45 0.07
C 160.0 110.0 0.99 0.000201 0.83 0.16
D 168.0 134.0 0.82 0.000314 0.53 0.29
E 155.0 139.0 0.56 0.000380 0.44 0.12
F 154.0 147.0 0.37 0.000531 0.31 0.06

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Data Analysis:

Volume (L) 5.0

Average Time (min) 0.47
Flow Rate (LPM) 10.6

Results:

Cross Using Continuity

Section Using Bernoulli equation equation Difference
h*= hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB-ViC
(mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h* - hi )] π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai (m/s)
    (m/s) (m2) (m/s)
A 208.0 195.0 0.51 0.000531 0.33 0.17
B 205.0 190.0 0.54 0.000366 0.48 0.06
C 203.0 160.0 0.92 0.000201 0.88 0.04
D 200.0 175.0 0.70 0.000314 0.56 0.14
E 197.0 180.0 0.58 0.000380 0.47 0.11
F 196.0 185.0 0.46 0.000531 0.33 0.13

Data Analysis:

Volume (L) 5.0

Average Time (min) 0.80
Flow Rate (LPM) 6.3

Results:

Cross Using Continuity

Section Using Bernoulli equation equation Difference
h*= hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB-ViC
(mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h* - hi )] π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai (m/s)
    (m/s) (m2) (m/s)
A 253.0 245.0 0.40 0.000531 0.20 0.20
B 250.0 244.0 0.34 0.000366 0.28 0.06
C 249.0 231.0 0.59 0.000201 0.52 0.08
D 248.0 240.0 0.40 0.000314 0.33 0.06
E 246.0 242.0 0.28 0.000380 0.27 0.01
F 246.0 243.0 0.24 0.000531 0.20 0.05

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Sample Calculation for Experiment 3

At flow rate, Qav = 11.6 LPM @ Cross Section #A

√
¿
2 g × ( h − hi )
V iB =
1000

= 0.66 m/s

D2
i
Ai = π ×
4

2
26
= π×
4
2
1m
2
= 530.93 mm ׿ ¿ 1000000 mm 2
2
= 0 .000531 m

Q av 1
V iC = ×
60000 Ai

= 0.37 m/s

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

Difference = V iB − V iC

= 0.66 – 0.37

= 0.2900m/s

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

APPENDIX C
Venturi Meter Drawing

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SOLTEQ® BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION UNIT (Model: FM 24)

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