Throttling Device

Metering Instrument Production License YZ No.02000021

Annular Orifice Patent No.: ZL98246556.4

Use Instructions

Kaifeng Instrument Co., Ltd.

Throttling Device Branch
 Contents
1. Product purpose and applicable range ............................................................................................... 3
1.1 Features ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 The throttling device shall meet the following liquid condition .................................................... 3
2. Working principle and structure, parameters ...................................................................................... 3
2.1 Principle ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Structure and parameters ......................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 Standard orifice (flat orifice, high pressure orifice) ........................................................... 4
2.2.2 Annular orifice............................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Nozzle: ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4 Classic Venturi tube ...................................................................................................... 19
2.2.5 Venturi nozzle ............................................................................................................... 20
2.2.6 Quarter circular orifice .................................................................................................. 21
2.2.7 Tapered inlet orifice ...................................................................................................... 22
2.2.8 Segmental orifice .......................................................................................................... 23
2.2.9 The structure of eccentric orifice is shown in Drawing (36): ........................................... 23
2.2.10 Wedge flowmeter ........................................................................................................ 24
2.2.11 Integrated (orifice, annular orifice, nozzle) flowmeter .................................................. 24
2.2.12 Low pressure loss flow tube ........................................................................................ 25
2.2.13 V-cone flowmeter ........................................................................................................ 26
2.2.14 Rectangular Venturi tube ............................................................................................ 27
2.2.15 Balance orifice ............................................................................................................ 27
2.2.16 Three-curve type, airfoil measuring device .................................................................. 28
2.2.17 Bend pipe flowmeter ................................................................................................... 29
2.2.18 Restriction orifice ........................................................................................................ 29
2.2.19 Internal orifice ............................................................................................................. 30
2.2.20 Sonic nozzle (critical flow Venturi nozzle).................................................................... 31
3. Installation ....................................................................................................................................... 34
3.1 Basic requirements ................................................................................................................. 34
3.2 Requirements on pipe ............................................................................................................. 34
3.4 Pipe connection of throttling device and differential pressure transmitter:................................ 37
3.4.1 Connecting diagram of gas flowrate measuring pipeline is shown
in Drawing (52). ..................................................................................................................... 37
3.4.2 Connecting diagram of liquid flowrate measuring pipeline is shown
in Drawing (53). ..................................................................................................................... 38
3.4.3 Connecting diagram of steam flowrate measuring pipeline is shown
in Drawing (54). ..................................................................................................................... 39

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 3.4.4 Connecting diagram of measuring corrosive medium flowrate pipeline is shown
in Drawing (55) ...................................................................................................................... 40
4．Operation and maintenance ........................................................................................................... 40
4.1 Operation ............................................................................................................................... 40
4.2 Maintenance ........................................................................................................................... 41
4.3 Site storage ............................................................................................................................ 41
5. Unpacking and cargo checking: ....................................................................................................... 41
List
Throttling device code list .................................................................................................................... 42
Ordering Consultation Sheet of Throttling Device ................................................................................ 43

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 Use Instructions for Throttling Device
1. Product purpose and applicable range
1.1 Features
During the production process of industries such as petroleum, chemicals, metallurgy, power, light
industry, light textile, scientific research and military, varied kinds of throttling devices are still widely
applied for measuring, controlling and adjusting the liquid flowrate. Although new type instruments such
as electromagnetic flowmeter and vortex flowmeter have been developed in recent years, due to the
features of simple and tight structure, reliable work, stable performance, moderate precision and
inexpensive price, throttling device is still widely applied with absolute advantages. The auxiliary
instrument of throttling device --- differential pressure transmitter can convert the differential pressure
generated by the throttling device into current standard signal (4~20mA D.C), however, differential
pressure transmitter has different specifications and varieties, and is capable of meeting the demands of
different users. Especially, in recent period, the intelligent differential pressure transmitter and throttling
device are integrated, which is very convenient for installing and can benefit the user, user doesn’t need
to lay the installation pipe, additionally, the instrument achieves automatic compensation of temperature
and pressure, fault diagnosis, very wide measurement range, onsite measurement range adjustment,
and communication with upper computer, which has also expanded the applicable range of the throttling
device.
Throttling device includes standard orifice, standard nozzle, long-radius nozzle, classic Venturi tube,
Venturi nozzle, annular orifice, quarter circular nozzle (quarter circular orifice), tapered inlet orifice,
segmental orifice, eccentric orifice, double orifice, low pressure loss flow tube, rectangular Venturi tube,
balance orifice, airfoil measuring device, bend pipe flowmeter, V-cone flowmeter, wedge flowmeter,
internal orifice, restriction orifice and so on; when the Reynolds number of liquid is relatively low or liquid
contains impurity, it is suitable to select the non standard throttling device.
1.2 The throttling device shall meet the following liquid condition
1.2.1 Liquid must be filled in pipe, and flows continuously.
1.2.2 Liquid must be Newtonian fluid (for example common water, acid and alkali solution, overheat
steam, varied gas, dry saturated steam), liquid shall be have phase change near the throttling device
(changing from liquid state to gaseous state or contrarily); liquid shall be single phase (gas phase or
liquid phase) or can be looked as single phase [for example: gas flow contains at most 2% (mass
composition) evenly dispersed solid particles, liquid flow shall not have at most 5% (volume composition)
evenly dispersed air bubble].
1.2.3 Before flowing through the throttling device, the stream of the liquid must parallel to pipe axes,
rotating flow or eccentric flow is not allowed, and the flow shall not be fluctuation flow or critical flow.

2. Working principle and structure, parameters

2.1 Principle
Install the throttling device in the round pipe, when the liquid flows through the throttling device, pressure
difference will be generated between the upper and lower reaches, according to Bernoulli equation, the
basic equation of flowrate is derived:

c 2
qm  0.12643    D2  P  1 ……………. …. (1)
1  4

In the formula: qm: …………mass flowrate of liquid (Kg/h)

C: …………discharge coefficient

ε: ………stream expansion coefficient after the liquid flows through the throttling device (to liquid ε=1)

β: ………diameter ratio (β=d/D, d: aperture of orifice (mm), D: internal diameter of pipe (mm))

D: ……… internal diameter of measuring pipe (under working state) (mm)

---3---
△P: ………differential pressure tested at the upper and lower reaches pressure tap of the throttling
device (KPa)

ρ1: ………density of liquid (under the condition of working at the upper reach side throttling device)
(Kg/m3)

Convert the differential pressure value △P into standard current signal with differential pressure
transmitter, and the flowrate or total volume liquid is displayed with display instrument or data processing
device.

2.2 Structure and parameters

Their principles are basically the same, but the structures are different, the structure and parameters of
the common throttling devices are shown as below.
2.2.1 Standard orifice (flat orifice, high pressure orifice)
This is the standard throttling device with most specifications. It is the product with simplest structure and
strongest application among all throttling devices, and is widely applied for flow measurement of varied
liquids especially gas, The orifice structure varies due to the different nominal pressure, inside nominal
diameter and pressure taking mode, its design, manufacturing and use meet the international standard
ISO5167 or national standard GB/T2624, additionally, it is calibrated according to the national standard
JJG640-94. Standard orifice, according to the common pressure taking mode, is classified in three types:
corner joint pressure taking (includes ring chamber pressure taking and independent borehole pressure
taking two kinds of), flange pressure taking, span pressure taking (D and D/2 pressure taking).

Above three pressure taking modes and pressure taking positions are shown in Drawing ⑴:

1 2
D 0.5D
25.4 25.4
Orificee
孔板

3
L1 L2
1. Span pressure taking (D, D/2 pressure taking) 2. Flange pressure taking 3. Corner joint (ring chamber)
pressure taking
Drawing (1) Pressure takicd diagram
(1) Pressure taking with corner joint when: d≥12.5mm, DN: 50 mm- 1600 mm, β=0.20- 0.75

a. Ring chamber pressure The structure with nominal pressure PN≤2.5MPa is shown in Drawing
taking (DN≤400); (2);
The structure with nominal pressure PN≤6.3MPa is shown in Drawing
(3);
The structure with nominal pressure PN≤10MPa is shown in Drawing (4);
The structure with nominal pressure PN≤10MPa is shown in Drawing (5);

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 Process pipe

1. Slip-on flange 2. Pad 3. Positive ring chamber 6. Pad 8. Negative ring chamber 9. Nut 11. Standard
orifice 12. Stud bolt
Diagram (2) Structure and installation diagram of ring chamber pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤400, PN≤2.5MPa)

Process pipe

1. Welding neck flange 2. Stud bolt 3. Gasket 4. Pad 5. Positive ring chamber 6. Pad 7. Standard orifice 8.
Negative ring chamber 9. Nut
Drawing (3) Structure and installation diagram of ring chamber pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤400, PN≤6.3MPa)

1. Ring chamber flange 2. Pressure taking pipe 3. Standard orifice 4. Ring chamber flange 5. Pressure
taking pipe 6. Stud bolt 7. Nut 8. Gasket 9. Pad 10. Pad
Drawing (4) Structure and installation diagram of ring chamber pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤400, PN≤10MPa)

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 1. Front ring chamber 2. Pressure taking pipe 3. Standard orifice 4. Pressure taking pipe 5. Rear ring
chamber
Drawing (5) Structure and installation diagram of ring chamber pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤250, PN≤32MPa)

b. Independent borehole The structure of DN≤1600, nominal pressure PN≤2.5MPa is shown in

pressure taking (DN is not Drawing (6);
limited);
The structure of DN≤400, nominal pressure PN≤6.3MPa is shown in
Drawing (7);
The structure of DN≤200, nominal pressure PN≤32MPa is shown in
Drawing (8);

Flow
direction

1. Bolt or stud 2. Pad 3. Standard orifice 4. Flange 5. Nut, gasket 6. Pipe

Drawing (6) Structure and installation diagram of independent borehole pressure taking standard
orifice (DN≤1600, PN≤2.5MPa)

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1. Front straight pipe section 2. Positive pressure taking flange 3. Positive pressure taking pipe 4. Pad 5.
Standard orifice 6. Pad 7. Negative pressure taking flange 8. Negative pressure taking pipe 9. Rear
straight pipe section
Drawing (7) Structure and installation diagram of independent borehole pressure taking standard
orifice (DN≤400, PN≤6.3MPa)

Drawing (8) Structure and installation diagram of independent borehole pressure taking standard
orifice (high-pressure lens orifice)
(DN≤200, PN≤32MPa)
⑵ Flange pressure taking

Compared with corner joint pressure taking, flange pressure taking features simple assembly,
convenient installation, easy removal of dirt from the pressure tap. It is widely used for flow
measurement, control and adjustment of varied medium in oil refining and chemicals. It is recommended
to adopt flange pressure taking under common conditions.
Pressure taking with flange when: d≥12.5mm, DN: 50 mm- 1000 mm, β=0.20- 0.75

Following structures are adopted Structure of DN≤1000, PN≤2.5MPa is shown in Drawing (9);
due to different nominal
pressure: Structure of DN≤500, PN≤4MPa is shown in Drawing (10);
Structure of DN≤400, PN≤10MPa is shown in Drawing (11);
Structure of DN≤250, PN≤32MPa is shown in Drawing (12);

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 medium flow direction

1. Slip-on flange 2. Pad 3. Standard orifice 4. Stud 5. Nut

Drawing (9) Structure and installation diagram of flange pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤1000, PN≤2.5MPa)

Standard orifice
φ18 pressure taking pipe
Pad
Upper reach straight pipe
section Flange Lower reach straight pipe section

medium flow
direction

Fastening
Stud bolt screw

Drawing(10) Structure and installation diagram of flange pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤500, PN≤4MPa)

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 Standard orifice
φ18 pressure
taking pipe
Lower reach pressure taking flange
Upper reach pressure taking flange
Lower reach straight pipe section
Upper reach straight
pipe section

medium flow
direction

Fastening
Stud bolt screw

Drawing (11) Structure and installation diagram of flange pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤400, PN≤10MPa)

Drawing(12) Structure and installation diagram of flange pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤250, PN≤32MPa)
⑶ Span pressure taking

Compared with the above mentioned two pressure taking modes, span pressure taking is adopted
seldom. It is better to order the set orifice with front and rear straight pipe section and pressure taking
device, which will be very convenient for installing.
Pressure taking with span when : d≥12.5mm, DN: 50 mm- 1600 mm, β=0.20- 0.75
Please see Diagram (13) and (14) for its structure and installation diagram:

Drawing(13) Structure and installation diagram of span pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤1600, PN≤2.5MPa)

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 Drawing(14) Structure and installation diagram of span pressure taking standard orifice
(DN≤500, PN≤4MPa)
2.2.2 Annular orifice
I. Product purpose and applicable range
This patented product --- annular orifice is applicable to varied liquid (gas, steam, liquid) medium, for
example: saturated steam, overheat steam, compressed air, varied coal gas, furnace exhaust gas,
cooling water, heavy oil, residual oil, fuel oil, condensate, varied corrosive chemicals solution and so on,
besides the features as standard orifice such as simple and tight structure, convenient installation and
operation, it also has the following advantages:
(1) It is more suitable for measuring dirt liquid such as saturated steam, overheat steam and coal
gas, cooling water etc.
The steam conveying pipeline always has impurity such as iron rust, more impurities in the coal gas an
cooling water pipeline. Because the flow velocity of the impurity is lower than the flow velocity of the
main body and always flow near the inside wall of the pipe, if standard orifice is adopted for measuring
its flowrate, since this kind of orifice has middle circulating and surrounding blocking, the impurities may
deposit and accumulate in the upper and lower reach sides of the orifice, which may affect the flow
velocity distribution of liquid when flowing orifice, affect the measurement precision, and may jam the
pressure port at the stagnant area, thus affecting the normal work; however, this product adopts the
structure of middle blocking and surrounding circulating, and the impurity can flow smoothly in it, which
doesn’t’t affect the flowrate and jam the pressure port at free flowing area, thus improving the
measurement precision and work reliability, and reducing the maintenance work load.
On the other hand, it is irresistible that the steam supply will be cut off and steam will condense into
water in the steam pipeline, for the “middle circulating and, surrounding blocking ” structure of standard
orifice, the condensation water accumulates on both sides of the orifice ( “Drain Outlet ” of the orifice is
small and will be easily jammed), when supply steam, steam must remove the remaining water from the
front and rear side of the orifice before correctly generating static pressure difference, this process will
keep dozens of minutes, therefore, it will cause obvious measurement error, especially under the
condition of frequent steam cut off, the error exceeds 50%.

To this product --- annular orifice with special structure of “surrounding circulating, middle blocking ”,
when steam supply is stopped, the condensation water can timely flow out, when supply steam again,
the steam can quickly generate static pressure difference at the front and rear sides of the orifice, and
won’t cause additional error as a result of steam supply stopping. Therefore, this product is more
suitable for measuring the saturated steam and overheat steam compared with standard orifice,
especially for the site with frequent steam supply failure.
(2) It can easily adapt the demands of measuring the flowrate of high temperature and high
pressure liquid
High temperature liquid, for example: steam, gas, high temperature air or fuel oil, when common orifice
is adopted, orifice surrounding is fixed in the ring chamber or flange slot, the temperature expansion
coefficient of orifice (made of stainless steel) is > the temperature expansion coefficient of slot (made of
carbon steel), when the orifice assembled under normal temperature works under high temperature, the

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expansion of orifice is > expansion of slot, but the surrounding of the orifice is limited, the surplus
expansion volume is contained by the distortion of the orifice internal hole (form the flared outlet), the
shape of the orifice internal hole is destroyed, which will obviously change the discharge coefficient and
affect the measurement precision.
Both sides of the common orifice have sealing effect, when measuring high pressure liquid, the
requirement on the sealing face of the orifice is high, sometime, the lens pad orifice shall be adopted,
which greatly increases the price of this kind of throttling device, the replacement of seal components
during maintenance will also increase the repair cost, and increase the burden of the user.
However, this patented product --- annular orifice is used for measuring high temperature liquid, the
surrounding area of the flow measurement board keeps at free state, temperature expansion only
changes the external dimension (which can be precisely calculated) and won ’t change the edge
sharpness and shape, therefore, it won’t change the discharge coefficient and affect the measurement
precision. When measuring high pressure liquid, since the flow measurement board is in the pipe, and is
not related with the static pressure, the processing cost is not high; only the pipe, flange dimension,
material and welding type should be taken into consideration, therefore, it won’t obviously increase the
price of the product, the price of the annular orifice used for high pressure is lower than that of the high
pressure standard orifice of same specification.
(3) Compared with segmental orifice and eccentric orifice, it features more reliable performance
and precise measurement
People always adopted common segmental orifice and eccentric orifice to measure the dirt liquid, this
kind of orifice can’t reduce the possibility of jamming the pressure port, additionally, the processing
precision is not high, and it is difficult to achieve geometrically similar, therefore, the measuring precision
is not high. However, for the annular orifice, it is difficult to jam the pressure port, due to its simple
geometrical shape, it allows precise processing and assembly, and the measuring precision can be
easily improved. Therefore, this product can completely substitute the segmental orifice and eccentric
orifice.
(4) The corrosion resistant type can be made with relatively low cost for measuring the flowrate
of corrosive liquid
Due to the special structure, this product can adopt the material with high corrosion resistant
performance (such as plastic), with low cost and wide adaptive temperature and pressure range, in
some sites with flowrate change lower than 4 times, it is too expensive to select the electromagnetic
flowmeter, then the corrosion resistant type annular orifice can be adopted.
(5) With simple external shape, this product can be easily made into jacket heat insulation type
Steam is supplied in the jacket to prevent the tested liquid (such as heavy oil, residual oil) condensing or
conglutinating in the measuring tube section; when cooling fluid is supplied, it can prevent vaporous
liquid to form the steam-fluid two-phase flow (for example liquid ammonia) when flows through the flow
measurement board. In the aspect of structure, it is simple than the metal tube rotor flowmeter with
substantial price and more specifications.
(6) It adopts equalizer ring structure to reduce the measurement error source
The static pressure average value of pressure taking pipe cross section of the flow measurement board
upper and lower reaches is introduced to the differential pressure transmitter, which can reduce the
influence of the velocity distribution distortion formed by upper reach local resistance to the precision,
the actual precision is approximate to the basic precision.
(7) Front and rear straight pipe section with relatively low requirement
The throttling part (annular orifice) itself has a section of measuring tube, which is better compared with
the standard orifice which is directly welded with the process pipe, the welding slags may easily insert in
the pipe or disturbance vortex will be easily generated. Under general conditions, front 3DN and rear
2DN can meet the measurement requirement, If the upper reach has 90°elbow or half open valve, it
shall still keep at least front 5DN and rear 3DN isometric straight pipe section to improve the
measurement precision. In the 1930s, USA scholar Howell proposed first, in 1960s, the British National
Engineering Laboratory (NEL) made some experiments on it, it was shown through experiment that the
discharge coefficient change of standard orifice under rotating flow reached 25%, but the change of
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annular orifice was < 1%, which means that the annular orifice doesn’t’t need long straight pipe section,
and can work in the severe pipe condition, which is the other advantage of it besides that it can work in
the dirt gas medium.
(8) It adopts integrated structure type to reduce the pipe laying
The integrated annular orifice flowmeter is a kind of flowmeter integrated with the annular orifice
throttling device and differential pressure transmitter. It provides great convenience and benefit for
installation, user doesn’t’t need to lay the installation pipe, and it can greatly prevent fault: installation
simple, structure compact, less maintenance work load. With the intelligent differential pressure
transmitter, the measurement range can be conveniently adjusted with the “Communicator”, combining
the digital communication mode, the measurement range can be expanded to 1: 13. Ensure that the
meter shall be installed upwards when the measuring medium is gas, if the measuring medium is liquid
and steam, the meter shall be installed downwards.
(9) It adopts differential pressure transmitter with far transmission diaphragm capsule to
measure the flowrate of dirt liquid such as coal fines, residual oil and so on.
II. Working Conditions and Technical Parameters:
(1) Inside nominal diameter (mm): 50- 2800(ordering after negotiation for bigger inside diameter)
(2) Nominal pressure (MPa): ≤42
(3) Reynolds number (ReD) range of measurable liquid:
Common: 4×3- 1×7; high viscosity type: 1×3- 1×5(calibration)
(4) Precision (uncertainty of discharge coefficient):
Dry type calibration (geometrical dimension verification): ±1%, ±1.5%; caliber is >DN1200: ±2.5%
(5) Connecting mode: flange connection; welding connecting
III. Working principle and structure
(1) Principle
This product --- annular orifice throttling device, the same as the common standard orifice, is based on
the basic principle of liquid continuous equation and Bernoulli equation. The annular orifice is installed in
the round pipe, when the liquid flows through the throttling device, pressure difference will be generated
between the upper and lower reaches (please see Diagram 15), according to Bernoulli equation, the
basic equation of flowrate is derived:

c 2
qm  0.12643    D2  P  1 ……………. …. (2)
1  4

Drawing (15) Working principle diagram of annular orifice

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In the formula: qm: …………mass flowrate of liquid (Kg/h)

C: ……… discharge coefficient

ε: ………stream expansion coefficient after the liquid flows through the throttling device (to liquid ε=1)

β: ……… diameter ratio (β=d/D, d: equivalent aperture of annular orifice (mm), D: pipe internal diameter
(mm))

D: ……… internal diameter of measuring tube (under working state) (mm)

△P: ………differential pressure tested at the upper and lower reaches pressure tap of the throttling
device (KPa)

ρ1: ………density of liquid (under the condition of working at the upper reach side throttling device)
(Kg/m3)
The flow measurement board which is made after correct design and calculation forms blocking in the
liquid, differential pressure is △P when the flowrate is qm, differential pressure value △P is converted
into standard current signal with the differential pressure transmitter, the flowrate or total volume of the
liquid is displayed via the display instrument or data processing system.
(2) Structure
The basic principle of this patented product --- annular orifice throttling device is basically the same as
the standard orifice, but the structure is different. Annular orifice itself has a section of measuring tube.
One coaxial circular plate --- flow measurement board is fixed at the middle of the measuring tube, the
supporting rib of this board is staggered within the pressure tap at (cross support), therefore, the
blocking effect to the liquid of the lower reach supporting rib shall be neglected, the upper reach of the
flow measurement board doesn’t have any block, and the flow velocity distribution at the upper reach is
completely axial symmetry, thus benefiting the geometrical analogy and power analogy, and improving
the measurement precision. Drawing (17) is the special type with equalizer ring for coal gas, it is used for
the site with irregular flow velocity distribution at the upper reach (for example: the distance to local
resistance part --- elbow and valve is not too far), 4 pressure taps uniformly distributed on the same
cross section can sense the liquid static pressure of the whole cross section, the inconsistent static
pressure generated by anisomerous flow velocity distribution is introduced to the equalizer ring, and is
homogenized inside, then is introduced to the differential pressure transmitter, which can get the
approximate real differential pressure value, and reducing the influence of velocity distribution distortion
formed in upper reach local resistance to the precision. Drawing (18) Supplying steam (heat insulation)
or cooling fluid (temperature drop) in the external cover of the jacket heat insulation type (surrounding
the housing), it can be used for viscous liquid (avoid liquid conglutinating on the measuring tube and flow
measurement board) or vaporous and volatile liquid (avoid vaporization of the liquid at the lower reach of
the flow measurement board caused by sudden drop of static pressure).
When measuring dirt liquid such as coal gas and circulating water, the special type with equalizer ring
shown in Diagram (17) features obvious advantages: the impurity in the liquid won ’t accumulate at the
front side and rear side of the flow measurement board, when there ’re more impurities in the liquid and
the impurities have conglutinated surrounding the pressure tap, it can drop the possibility of jamming or
failure of getting differential pressure --- four pressure taps can greatly drop the probability of jamming,
periodically discharge the impurities from the drain outlet to prevent jam.
When measuring high turbidity liquid such as residual oil, sewage drainage and coal fines, without
consideration on the measurement difficulty caused by double phases flow, the method of solving this
issue with suitable precision is to adopt the differential pressure transmitter with far transmission
diaphragm capsule to measure the static pressure difference, the measurement precision is higher than
the wedge flowmeter, which is incomparable for standard orifice, segmental orifice. (See diagram (20)
Dirt liquid type)
If it is restrained by the space or it is inconvenient to laying the pressure taking pipe onsite, the integrated
annular orifice flowmeter can be adopted. It features: simple installation, compact structure and less
maintenance work load. Equipped with intelligent differential pressure transmitter, it is convenient to
adjust the measurement range with “Communicator”, and reduce the space operation; it adopts digital
communication mode to expand the measurement range.
---13---
Drawing (16)-Drawing (21) display 6 kinds of structure

1. Body flange 2. Measuring tube

1. Body flange 2. Measuring tube
3. Pressure taking 4. Equalizer ring
3. Pressure taking 4. Flow
pipe 6. Flow
pipe measurement
5. Pressure lead-in measurement
5. Supporting part board
pipe board
7. Supporting part 8. Drain plug

Drawing (17) Special type with equalizer ring for

Drawing (16) Common type
coal gas

1. Body flange 2. Measuring tube

3. Pressure taking pipe 4. Flow measurement board
5. Supporting part 6. Jacket

Drawing (18) Jacket heat insulation type

1. Measuring tube 2. Pressure taking pipe

3. Flow measurement 4. Supporting part
board

Drawing (19) High pressure type

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 Differential
Differential pressure transmitter with pressure
far transmission diaphragm capsule transmitter

Drawing (20) Dirt liquid type Drawing (21) Integrated type

(3) Connecting mode and connection dimension

The common connection of annular orifice throttling device includes two modes: flange connection and
welding connecting.
For flange connection, the companion flange shall be welded on the pipe. Our company designs and
make the flange according to the standard of the Ministry of Machinery, national standard or standard of
Ministry of Power, standard of Ministry of Petroleum and also the USA, Japanese and Germany
standards to meet the demands of different users. Please see Table (1) for the connection dimension of
some specifications

Table (1) Connection dimension (opening length between two sides of the connecting flange)

Inside nominal
50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
diameter DN
L(mm) 220 270 300 380 460 520 600 700 800 850
Inside nominal
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
diameter DN
L(mm) 900 1100 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 1900 2100 2200

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Inside nominal
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2400 2600
diameter DN
L(mm) 2400 2600 2700 2800 3000 3200 3300 3400 3600 4000

2.2.3 Nozzle:
Compared with orifice, the pressure loss of nozzle is less, therefore, it can save energy, it is solid and
durable, and is applicable to high temperature and high pressure liquid. It is widely applied for steam flow
measurement industries such as power and chemicals. The ISA1932 nozzle (commonly named as
standard nozzle) and long-radius nozzle are mostly made by our company. Its design and manufacturing
meets the international standard ISO5167 or national standard GB/T2624.
(1) ISA1932 nozzle (standard nozzle)
ISA1932 nozzle is also named as standard nozzle, its design and manufacturing meet the international
standard ISO5167 or national standard GB/T2624, because some part of its inlet is circular arc with
better wear resistance, it is mostly used for high temperature high pressure liquid (such as overheat
steam, boiler main water supply and so on).
Features:
Solid structure, reliable and durable performance
The pressure loss is less than orifice, energy saving
It doesn’t’t need real flow calibration, precision is moderate
High temperature and high pressure resistant, stable performance, long service life
Main technical parameters:
Pressure taking mode: corner joint pressure taking
Nominal pressure (Mpa): ≤42
Inside nominal diameter (mm): 50- 500
Precision (not precise): ±0.8%- 1.2%
Standard nozzle outline and pressure taking mode are shown in Drawing (22):
The nozzle composes of inlet plane part A which is vertical to the axes, contraction part of circular arc
surface B and C and cylindrical throat E and protective slot F for preventing edge damage.

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 Flow
directi
on

1. Ring chamber corner joint pressure taking 2. Independent borehole corner joint pressure taking
Drawing (22) Standard nozzle external form and pressure taking mode

Flow direction

1. Front ring chamber 2. Standard nozzle 3. Pad 4. Fixing nut 5. Gasket 6. Rear ring chamber 7. Pad 8.
Flange 9. Stud bolt 10. Pipe
Drawing (23) Structure and installation diagram of corner joint (ring chamber) pressure taking
standard nozzle
(DN≤400, PN≤2.5MPa)

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 Flow direction

1. Bolt 2. Pad 3. Standard nozzle 4. Flange 5. Nut 6. Pipe

Drawing (24) Structure and installation diagram of corner joint (independent borehole) pressure
taking standard nozzle
(DN≤500, PN≤2.5MPa)

Drawing (25) Structure and installation diagram of corner joint (ring chamber) pressure taking
standard nozzle
(DN≤400, PN≤10MPa)

1. Front straight pipe section 2. Positive pressure taking flange 3. Positive pressure taking pipe 4. Pad 5.
Standard nozzle 6. Pad 7. Negative pressure taking flange 8. Negative pressure taking pipe 9. Rear
straight pipe section
Drawing (26) Corner joint (independent borehole) pressure taking standard nozzle structure and
installation diagram (DN≤500, PN≤10MPa)
---18---
1. Front pressure taking ring chamber 2. Pressure taking pipe 3. Nozzle 4. Pressure taking pipe 5. Rear
pressure taking ring chamber
Drawing (27) Structure and installation diagram of corner joint (ring chamber) pressure taking
welding standard nozzle (DN≤250, PN≤32MPa)
(2) Long-radius nozzle
The long-radius nozzle meets the international standard ISO5167 or national standard GB/T2624. It is
one kind of standard throttling device, its internal curve is one part of ellipse. It has relatively high wear
resistance, and is mostly used for high temperature and high pressure liquid (such as overheat steam,
main steam of boiler, chemicals solution and so on). It is widely applied for measuring the flowrate of
high temperature and high pressure liquid such as the main steam of power industry and main water
supply of the nuclear power industry.
Features:
Solid structure, reliable and durable;
High temperature and high pressure resistant, it is the product with strongest performance among all
throttling devices;
The pressure loss is less than orifice, energy saving;
The material of measuring tube is the same as the user site to ensure reliable welding.
Main technical parameters:
Front 1D, rear 0.5D(commonly named as span pressure taking)
Nominal pressure (Mpa): ≤42
Inside nominal diameter (mm): 50~600;
Precision (not precise): ±2%
Its structure adopts the tubulation type structure shown in Diagram (28):

Drawing (28) Structure diagram of long-radius nozzle (DN50~600, PN≤42MPa)

2.2.4 Classic Venturi tube
Classic Venturi tube also named as standard Venturi tube. Its design and manufacturing meet the
ISO5167 or GB/T2624standard, it is used for measuring the flowrate of single phase stable liquid in the
closed pipe, and is mostly used for measuring the flowrate of air, LPG, coal gas and water.

---19---
Features:
It features simple structure, long service life and stable performance;
Low pressure loss, save energy for liquid conveying;
Among all standard throttling devices, it has shortest straight pipe section at the upper and lower
reaches:
Within the inside diameter 50-1200 range, it doesn’t’t need real flow calibration, if it exceeds this range, it
can be designed and made according to the reference. When high precision is required, real flow
calibration may be operated. The body installation dimension is long, to instrument with big caliber, it is
inconvenient for transport and installation.
Main technical parameters:
Inside nominal diameter (mm): 50-1200(- 2600) (ordering after negotiation for bigger inside diameter)
Nominal pressure (Mpa): 0.25- 4.0(- 6.3)
Précision (not precise): ±0.7%- ±1.5%

Drawing (29) Classic Venturi tube structure diagram

Please see Table (2) for main technical parameters:

Inside nominal Hole diameter Reynolds number

Venturi tube type diameter ratio Material
ReD
DN(mm) (β=d/D)
Classic Venturi tube with
“coarse casting” 100～800 0.3～0.75 2×105～2×106 Cast iron or copper
contraction section
Classic Venturi tube with
Carbon steel or
mechanical processing 50～250 0.4～0.75 2×105～2×106
stainless steel
contraction section
Classic Venturi tube with
Carbon steel or
coarse welding iron 200～2600 0.4～0.7 2×105～2×106
stainless steel
plate contraction section

When measuring the flowrate of dirt medium, equalizer ring structure can be adopted: 4~8 pressure taps
are evenly distributed on the same pressure tap section, after collecting in the equalizer ring, pressure is
transmitted to the differential pressure transmitter via pressure lead-in pipe. With lower possibility of
jamming, the impurities can be discharged from the drain outlet periodically, thus eliminating the
substance accumulated at the pressure tap.
2.2.5 Venturi nozzle
Venturi nozzle is made according to GB/T2624 and is classified in two different structure types and
profiles, it features stable discharge coefficient, high precision and good reproducibility.

---20---
 B. Non truncation diffusing
b非截尾的扩散段
section
A. Truncation
a截尾的扩散段
diffusing section

D1

Drawing (30) Outside diagram of Venturi nozzle

Working Condition:
DN: 65~500;
β: 0.316~0.775;
ReD: 1.5×105~2×106
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient ±(1.2~1.6) %
Its structure and installation diagram ARE shown in Drawing (31)

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3

Flow direction
流向 流向

1. 法兰 (J B 78 - 59 )； 2. 垫； 3. 导管 ； 1 . 法 兰； 2 . 孔 板； 3 . 法 兰；
Drawing (31) Structure and installation diagram of Venturi nozzle
4. 文丘 利喷 嘴； 5. 螺母 ；6 . 螺 栓。 4 . 螺 母； 5 . 螺 栓。
2.2.6 Quarter circular orifice
Quarter circular orifice is also named as quarter circular nozzle, although it is not the standard throttling
device, its design and manufacturing still meet the British standard BS1042. Real flow calibration is also
not necessary. Shown in Drawing (32). The inlet edge of its orifice is quarter circular arc of circle. The
overall structure type is the same as standard orifice, see Drawing (33). It is mainly used for measuring
the flowrate of liquid with low Reynolds number.
Features:
Simple structure, stable performance;
It is capable of measuring the flowrate of varied gas, liquid and steam, the measured flowrate lower limit
is much lower than that of standard orifice, but its upper limit is not as high as standard orifice.
Main technical parameters:
Pressure taking mode: corner joint (or ring chamber) pressure taking, flange pressure taking
Inside nominal diameter (mm): DN 25~500
Nominal pressure (Mpa): ≤42
Internal diameter of throttling hole (mm): d≥15

---21---
Range of Reynolds number: ReDmin≤ReD≤105β
ReDmin: 250- 3250( and βrelated, β=d/D)
Precision (uncertainty): ±2%-±2.5%

Flow Flow Flow

流向
direction 流向
direction 流向
direction

Drawing (32) Quarter circular orifice

1/4 circle orifice
φ 23 hole
+ - 1／4圆孔板
φ23孔接
connection
垫片
Pad
φ23取压板
φ 23 pressure taking board
Upper reach straight
法兰
Flange
上游直管段
pipe section Lower reach straight pipe
下游直管段
section

medium flow
介质流向
direction
D

Fastening
Stud bolt
顶丝
screw
双头螺栓
L1
L2

Drawing (33) Structure installation diagram of quarter circular orifice

2.2.7 Tapered inlet orifice
Standard orifice used upside down is mostly adopted. It adopts corner joint pressure taking, the overall
structure is the same as standard orifice. It is designed and made according to British Standard BS1042.
It is especially applicable to measuring the flowrate of liquid with low Reynolds number.

Drawing (34) Tapered inlet orifice

Working Condition:

DN: 25~500; d≥6;

β: 0.1~0.316;
ReD: 250β～2×105β（β＝d/D）；
Precision (uncertainty): ±2%

---22---
2.2.8 Segmental orifice
Segmental orifice is also named as lunette orifice, its opening shape looks like the half moon, which is
one part of circle, it can be used for measuring wet steam, generator coal gas, blast furnace coal gas,
mixing coal gas, water contained oil point, solid granule contained liquid and air contained liquid etc.
Features:
Simple and solid structure, long service life;

The impurities in the liquid can’t accumulate at the front and rear reaches of the orifice, thus avoiding
affecting the measurement precision;
It shall not be installed in vertical pipeline.
Main technical parameters:
Pressure taking mode: flange pressure taking, pressure tap is at the opposite side of the segment
Inside nominal diameter (mm): DN100~350

Nominal pressure (Mpa): ≤40

Precision (uncertainty): ±2%, ±2.5%
Structure is shown in Drawing (35):

Drawing (35) Segmental orifice

2.2.9 The structure of eccentric orifice is shown in Drawing (36):
3 2
4
1
D

1. Orifice opening 2. Pipe internal diameter 3. Orifice opening the other position 4. Orifice external
diameter
Drawing (36) Eccentric orifice
Pressure taking mode: corner joint pressure taking
Working Condition:
DN: 100~1000；β: 0.46~0.84 ；ReD : 2×105β2~106β（β＝d/D）

Précision (uncertainty): ±1% (β≤0.75); ±2% (β>0.75)

The eccentric orifice and segmental orifice are applicable to measuring wet steam, generator coal gas,
coke oven coal gas, blast furnace coal gas, mixing coal gas, flue coal gas, water contained oil point,

---23---
solid granule contained liquid and air contained liquid ETC. The precision of eccentric orifice is better
than segmental orifice, but is lower than the standard sharp orifice, therefore, it is suggested to select the
structure with one section of straight pipe section or upper and lower reaches straight pipe section
connected with flange.
The eccentric orifice and segmental orifice are only applicable to installing horizontally or in the inclined
pipe, and shall not be used for vertical pipe. If the tested liquid contains solid granule, the opening or
indentation shall be kept at the lower part; if gas precipitated in the liquid, the opening or indentation shall
be kept at the upper part; the pressure tap is at the segmental port (segmental orifice) or opposite to the
tangent point of eccentric opening and pipe (eccentric orifice). Refer to the standard orifice for the
requirements on measurement and installation of eccentric orifice and segmental orifice.
2.2.10 Wedge flowmeter
The test part of the wedge flowmeter is wedge orifice (please see Diagram 37), which is a piece of
V-shaped throttling part, its round angle is downwards. Due to its special structure, it features:
1. It is used for measuring the flowrate of viscous liquid, the allowed viscosity reaches 500mPa·s.
2. It is applicable to fluid with suspended particles and solid mixture.

3. Reynolds number features wide application range, and can be used for the extremely low
Reynolds number (ReD=300), and the upper limit of Reynolds number exceeds 6.
Main technical parameters:
Inside nominal diameter (mm): 25-1400 (ordering after negotiation for bigger caliber)

Nominal pressure (MPa): PN≤6.4MPa

Medium temperature (℃): t≤200℃;

Precision (not precise): Level 1.0 (real flow calibration), Level 1.5, Level 2.0, Level 2.5.
1 2

3 5
4

1. High pressure tap 2. Low pressure tap 3. Tested pipe 4. Wedge orifice 5. Flange
Drawing (37) Wedge flowmeter
2.2.11 Integrated (orifice, annular orifice, nozzle) flowmeter
The integrated throttling type flowmeter is designed according to international standard ISO5167 and
national standard GB/T2624, it is a kind of flowmeter with wide measurement range ratio composing of
throttling device (standard orifice, nozzle, annular orifice) and differential pressure transmitter. It provides
great convenience and benefit for installation, user doesn’t need to lay the installation pipe, installation
simple, and it can greatly prevent fault, structure compact, less maintenance work load. With intelligent
differential pressure transmitter, it is convenient to adjust the measurement range with “Communicator”,
adopting digital communication mode, the measurement range can be expanded to 1:13.
It is widely used for metering test in the industries such as chemicals, metallurgy, power, heating power
etc. It adopts reliable and overall orifice for measuring the flowrate, it is used for measuring the flowrate
of steam (saturated, overheat steam ), gas (compressed air, coal gas and so on) and cold and hot water,
industrial waste water etc.

---24---
Ensure that the meter shall be installed upwards when the measuring medium is gas, if the measuring
medium is liquid and steam, the meter shall be installed downwards. The structure diagram is shown in
Drawing (38)

Differential pressure
transmitter
差压变送器端盖 差压变送器

Drain plug
排污塞
连接头螺母
Connector nut
Heat insulation switch
隔热支关
Equalizer ring
均压环

Standard orifice
标准孔板

Drawing (38) Structure and installation diagram of integrated throttling type flowmeter
Main technical parameters:
Inside nominal diameter (mm): DN50- 1000

Nominal pressure (MPa): ≤10

Environment temperature（℃）: —20℃～+55℃

Medium temperature（℃）: —20℃～+300℃

Function setting: related instrument can be selected according to user ’s requirement to achieve the
function of signal far transmission (with site bus function),
Intelligent compensation, it can display flowrate or mass flowrate and standard volumetric flowrate.
2.2.12 Low pressure loss flow tube
The structure diagram is shown in Drawing (39), it is also named as short type Venturi tube. It combines
the advantages of orifice and Venturi tube, and features high measurement differential pressure and
convenient adjustment of flow measurement precision as orifice, and is also low pressure loss and
energy saving as Venturi tube. Comparing with classic Venturi tube: the ratio of axial length L and
diameter D is low, installation dimension is short, convenient for transport and installation, under the
same flowrate, differential pressure value is high, under the same differential pressure, the pressure loss
is low, which is energy saving. Its working principle is the same as common throttling device. It is mostly
used for measuring the flowrate of gas (such as blast furnace coal gas, converter coal gas) in the
metallurgy industry.
Features
Under the same flowrate, the measurement differential pressure is high, which convenient for selecting
differential pressure transmitter;
Under the same differential pressure, pressure loss is lower, with better energy saving effect;
The opening dimension (axial dimension) is about 3-4 times of the inside nominal diameter of the pipe,
the cost is lower than classic Venturi tube.
Main technical parameters
Inside nominal diameter (mm): 150~3000
---25---
Nominal pressure (MPa): ≤2.5
Precision (not precise): ±2.5%, ±1.5%(real flow calibration)
If high precision is required, real flow calibration is operated in our company
Inlet round pipe Equalizer Tapered Cylinder Taperred diffusing
section A ring contraction throat C section E
入口圆管段A 均压环 圆锥收缩段B
section B 圆筒喉部C 圆锥扩散段E

Drawing (39) External form abbreviated diagram of low pressure loss flow tube
2.2.13 V-cone flowmeter
V-cone flowmeter is the new type differential pressure flow measurement device with one coaxial sharp
cone installed in the measuring tube as throttling part, it is the new type throttling device based on
Venturi tube measuring principle with the combined advantages of classic Venturi tube, annular orifice
and wear resistant orifice. The structure diagram is shown in Drawing (40). V-cone flowmeter adopts
special structure, and features:
1. Short straight pipe section at upper and lower reaches: the length of upper reach straight pipe section
is 0D- 3D, (3D if it is installed at the lower reach of the valve), length of the lower reach straight pipe
section is 0D- 1D
2. Precision: ±1.0%, ±1.5%, ±0.5% (after real flow calibration); repeatability is 0.1%; measurement range
ratio reaches 15: 1
3. Resistant o dirt, low pressure loss
4. With flowing adjustment and liquid mixing function
5. Convenient installation, it is the ideal flowmeter for technical reconstruction;
6. Free of maintenance or low maintenance work load
Main technical parameters:
Throttling diameter ratio: β: 0.45- 0.85;
Inside nominal diameter (mm): DN: 15- 1800mm;
Nominal pressure (MPa): PN: 0.25- 20MPa;
Reynolds number range ReD: 5×3- 1×7

---26---
 ΔP

Flow direction P1
流向
P2

Drawing (40) Structure diagram of V-cone flowmeter

2.2.14 Rectangular Venturi tube
The blast pipeline mostly adopts rectangular pipe (welding with thin iron plate rivet), in order to measure
the air quantity (such as power plant air suction, blast, heating furnace blast), rectangular Venturi tube
may be adopted. According to the structure of contracted pipe, it is classified in single-side contraction
type and double-side contraction type. The structure diagram is shown in Drawing (41):
Features:
1. Light structure, convenient for transport, it can be assembled onsite.
2. Easy manufacturing, low cost (compared with classic Venturi tube).
3. Low pressure loss, save energy.
Working Condition:

W  H Inlet equivalency diameter (which means to inside nominal diameter) (mm): D=1.13≤1200
W: Width of the rectangular pipe (mm)
H: Height of the rectangular pipe (mm)
Precision (uncertainty): ±5%

Drawing (41) Structure diagram of rectangular Venturi tube

2.2.15 Balance orifice
Balance orifice is the optimized type for standard orifice, and is the new type structure throttling device
with the combination of orifice and flowing adjustor. It has the same characteristics as standard orifice
including applicable to varied medium, temperature and pressure and simple and solid structure,
convenient installation, reliable work and stable performance.
Features:
1. Straight pipe section is short, the shortest reaches 0.5D
2. Low permanent pressure loss
3. With good repeatability and long-term stability

---27---
4. Convenient for measuring bidirectional flow
Main technical parameters:
1. Pressure taking mode: standard pressure taking

2. Nominal pressure (MPa): ≤42

3. Inside nominal diameter (mm): 25-200 (ordering after negotiation for big caliber)
4. Precision (uncertainty): ±1.5%, ±1.0%(real flow calibration is required for higher precision)

Drawing (42) Balance orifice

2.2.16 Three-curve type, airfoil measuring device
The airfoil measuring device is a kind of velocity head flowmeter based on dynamical pressure
measurement, this device is applicable to measuring the air quantity in the rectangular pipe, it can be
directly installed in the cold air, hot air manifold between the fan blower and furnace or inserted into the
branch pipe of combustion furnace, according to user’s requirement, the connection of device and pipe
can adopt angle iron, welding or rectangular flange connection.
Features:
1. Wide measuring range, measurement range ratio is 1: 13
2. Low permanent low pressure loss
3. Short straight pipe section, length of the front straight pipe section is 0.6DN, rear straight pipe section
is 0.2DN
4. LG3Y three-curve type is applicable to measuring the gas of high pipe diameter and high flowrate
5. LGJR type is applicable to measuring the gas of high pipe diameter and low flowrate
Main technical parameters:

1. Working temperature (℃): ≤400

2. Working pressure (MPa): ≤1.0

3. Air flue dimension (mm): 500- 1500

4. Wind speed: ≥10m/s

5. Max pressure loss: ≤10- 20% of differential pressure upper limit

6. Precision rating: ±2%

---28---
 Drawing (43) Airfoil measuring device
2.2.17 Bend pipe flowmeter
LGG bend pipe flowmeter is widely used for measuring the liquid flowrate in the industries such as
petroleum, chemicals, power station, light industry, medicine, water plant and urban water supply, heat
supply etc. This flowmeter features simple structure, reliable performance, low pressure accumulation,
and is especially applicable to measuring the flowrate of liquid with big caliber, low viscosity, and high
flowrate without pressure loss.
Features:
1. Without insertion throttling part, without additional pressure loss
2. Simple and reliable, convenient installation
3. It is high temperature resistant, wear resistant, anti-brication and maintenance free
Main technical parameters:
1. Pressure taking direction: 45°direction pressure taking; 22.5°direction pressure taking
2. Inside nominal diameter (mm): 25- 600
3. Nominal pressure: ≤4.0 MPa

4. Working temperature (℃): ≤500

5. Flow velocity: gas 5m/s- 120m/s, liquid 0.1 m/s- 12 m/s
6. R/D: >1.25(R--- curvature radius at the pipe elbow, D--- internal diameter of pipe)
7. Precision rating: Level 0.5 for the calibrated bend pipe flowmeter, Level 2.5 for non calibrated real flow

Drawing (44) Bend pipe flowmeter

2.2.18 Restriction orifice
Restriction orifice is used for pressure relief and flow restriction during liquid conveying process, it
doesn’t’t need to measure the differential pressure signal as standard orifice. It reaches the purpose of
pressure relief and flow restriction with the feature of high pressure loss of sharp orifice.
The restriction orifice is classified in two types: single plate and multiple plate: single plate is classified in
two kinds: single hole and multiple hole; multiple plate combination is also named as restriction orifice
unit, and is classified in two kinds: single hole orifice unit and multiple hole orifice. Refer to standard
orifice for its structure and installation.

---29---
It features:
1. Simple structure, long service life, reliable work.

2. It doesn’t’t need to measure the pressure difference.

3. Under the condition that the pipe internal diameter is specified, the smaller the throat opening is, the
higher the flow velocity is, the better effect the pressure relief and flow restriction effect is.
Main technical parameters:
1. Inside nominal diameter (mm): 10- 500

2. Nominal pressure (MPa): ≤40

3. Pressure relief ability: each orifice can drop about 2MPa, it can adopt seeral plates to form the orifice
unit, the overall pressure relief ability is not limited.

Drawing (45) Restriction orifice

2.2.19 Internal orifice
Such orifice means integrated orifice and measuring tube, and is mainly used for small pipe diameter
(DN≤50mm), therefore, it is also named as small pipe radial orifice. When DN=50mm, it is standard
orifice, and can be designed and made according to the international standard design ISO5167; when
DN<50mm, it is non standard orifice, the discharge coefficient can be calculated according to the Stolz
formula, when the precision shall be over 2.5%, it is suggested to calibrate according to the actual
condition.
Features:
1. Compact structure, long service life, work reliable.
2. It is capable of measuring small flowrate with convenient site installation.
One straight pipe section shall be installed (front 5D, rear 2D, precise processing is required)
Main technical parameters:
1. Inside nominal diameter (mm): 15- 50

2. Nominal pressure (MPa): ≤6.3

3. Precision (uncertainty): 2.5%

---30---
 Drawing (46) Internal orifice
2.2.20 Sonic nozzle (critical flow Venturi nozzle)
Sonic nozzle is commonly named as critical flow Venturi nozzle. In recent years, critical flow Venturi
nozzle has become one important tool for flow measurement of gas, and is famous for simple structure,
reliable performance and high precision. It features simple structure, long service life, low flowing loss,
stable performance stable and reliable work, and has developed rapidly in recent year. Currently, it is
deemed both at home and abroad, in the aspect of solving the transmission standard of high pressure,
high flowrate gas flowrate, it features absolute advantages compared with other measurement methods,
therefore, it is widely and directly used in the calibration system for measuring gas flowrate, gas flowrate
restriction and gas flowmeter.
I. Working principle
When the air keeps at subsonic, the flow velocity of air at the throat of the Venturi nozzle will increase as
the drop of the throttling pressure ratio (ratio of outlet pressure P1 and upper reach stagnation pressure
P0), when the throttling pressure ratio is as low as the certain value, the throat flow velocity reaches max
flow velocity --- sonic under local condition, it reaches “critical flow”. if the throttling pressure ratio keeps
reducing, the flow velocity (flowrate) will keep unchanged, which means when the throttling pressure
ratio is as low as certain value (this value is 0.528 to air), the flow velocity (flowrate) won’t be affected by
the pressure at lower reach, and keeps at stable value.
Flowrate formula:

A*  C  C*  P0
qm  …… …… …… …… …… …… ………… ……(3)
( R / M )  T0

In the formula: qm: mass flowrate …… …… … …… ……[Kg/s];

A*: Venturi nozzle throat area …… …… …… …… ……[m2];

C: Discharge coefficient;
C*: Critical flow function (actual liquid, one-dimensional isentropic flow);

P0: Absolute stagnation pressure at the inlet of Venturi nozzle …… …… ……[Pa];

T0: Stagnation temperature at the inlet of Venturi nozzle …… …… …… ……[K];

R: Common gas constant, R=8314.4J/(k mol·K);

M: Dry mole mass of gas (molecular weight) …… …… [kg/K·mol].

II. Structure, features and parameters
(1) Structure and features
According to ISO9300 standard, critical flow Venturi nozzle has two structure types: round annular throat
Venturi nozzle and cylindrical throat Venturi nozzle.

---31---
a. The inlet contraction section of the round annular throat Venturi nozzle (please see Diagram 4 7) is the
flared curved surface, this curved surface extends to the minimum section (throat), and is tangent with
the circular tapered diffusing section at the lower reach. Therefore, throat doesn’t’t have length and is the
same one circular ring.

Drawing (47) Venturi nozzle with round annular throat

b. The inlet contraction section of cylindrical throat Venturi nozzle (please see Diagram 4 8) is the 1/4
circle with radius equaling to throat diameter, and is tangent with the throat, throat is one cylinder, the
lower reach is smoothly connected with the circular tapered diffusing section.

Drawing (48) Cylindrical throat Venturi nozzle

(2) Technical parameters
DN: 6- 500mm;
PN: 0.25- 16Mpa;
Precision (uncertainty of discharge coefficient): ±(0.1- 0.2) %.
III. Installation requirement
The installation system diagram of once device is shown in Drawing (49)

~ Nozzle inlet
喷嘴入
plane
L2>D 1T 2P 口平面
D

整流器
Straightener L1

1-温度计；2-压力计
1-thermometer; 2-pressure meter

Drawing (49) Installation system diagram of once device

---32---
Important Instructions:
The connection of the critical flow Venturi nozzle with the process pipeline includes two kinds:
welding and flange connection. If flange connection is adopted, please remind: first, select two
sections of short pipes the same as the process pipe, length shall range 100- 500mm, smoothen
the end face of the pipe, and weld it tightly with two flanges respectively (please see Diagram 50).
Then, weld this critical flow Venturi nozzle with the process pipe. Protect the gasket from burn.

Drawing (50) Installation diagram of sonic nozzle

(1) Venturi nozzle upper reach has two kinds of installation: upper reach side is the big space and upper
reach side is round section pipe. If the upper reach is round section pipe, for the new pipeline system,
critical flow Venturi nozzle shall be installed after sweeping the line to protect the Venturi nozzle from
foreign objects in the pipe.
(2) The axes of the upper reach pipe shall be coaxial with the Venturi nozzle axes, their different
coaxiality shall <±0.02D, the roundness of the pipe at upper reach within 3D shall < 0.01D, the
roughness of pipe inside wall shall < 10-4D, upper reach pipe diameter shall is >4d, strict requirement is
not available for the lower reach pipe.
(3) It shown from Drawing (49), pressure and temperature measuring points are set at the upper reach
side of the Venturi nozzle, which are the main signals for flow measurement. Refer to THE pressure
taking device of standard throttling device for the technical requirement for pressure tap setting. The
diameter of temperature test part shall not interfere the measurement of pressure and flowrate. What
should be minded is that the measured temperature shall be the stagnation temperature at the nozzle
inlet. The pressure measurement point shall be set at the place lower reach to outlet < 0.5D, which is
used for identifying if the flowing keeps at critical flow state.
(4) The drain outlet is set out of the upper reach side 1D at the upper reach side of the pressure
measurement point, it is used for discharging dirt from the pipe, the positions of the drain outlet and
pressure port shall be on different planes, the aperture of the drain outlet shall < 0.06D, the drain outlet
shall not be opened when the flowmeter is working.
(5) If the upper reach side is big space, barrier shall not be at the axial direction of in 5D distance o the
inlet plane.
IV. Application
(1) It is directly used for measuring the flowrate of gas: it is shown from research, for the range of
moderate pressure and moderate temperature, the Reynolds number of throat is not less than 1×5, its
calculation flowrate deviation won’t exceed±1.5%. If the precision of the temperature and pressure
measurement instrument shall be high enough, the measured gas flowrate deviation may be controlled
at ±0.7%.
(2) The standard measuring instrument of high pressure and high flowrate calibration system: in order to
develop the natural gas and other gas industries, the developed countries have constructed a lot of high
pressure and high flowrate gas flowmeter calibration system in recent years. This kind of system adopts
Venturi nozzle as the standard measuring instrument to calibrate the industrial gas flowmeter. This
system features simple structure, low cost, convenient operation and high efficiency.

---33---
(3) Optimize the bell jar type flowrate verification system with Venturi nozzle: bell jar system is a kind of
air flowrate verification system with wide application, and features simple structure and relatively low
cost.
(4) Use for flow restriction: after the flow velocity has reached the sound velocity at the throat, the rear
pressure won’t change as the change of the front pressure, the system works stably.

3. Installation
Important Instructions:
The connection of throttling device with process pipe including two modes: welding and flange
connection, for any structure, please remind: first, select two sections of short pipes the same as
the process pipe, length shall range 100- 500mm, smoothen the end face of the pipe, and insert
into the holes of two flanges at the front and rear sides of the throttling device, weld them tightly
or weld it with two flange tightly, then weld this throttling device with the process pipe. If it is
installed with gasket, protect the gasket from burn.
3.1 Basic requirements
1) For the new pipeline system, the throttling device shall be installed after sweeping the line to protect
the throttling device from foreign objects in the pipe.
2) Before installing, carefully check if the model and specification of the throttling device are accordant
with the pipe conditions and measurement range. The end marked with “+” near the pressure tap shall
be connected with the upper reach pipe of liquid, end marked with “-” shall be connected with the lower
reach pipe of liquid.
1
1
 3) The central line of the throttling device shall be coaxial with the pipe central line, its
non-coaxiality is not allowed to is >0.015D(), where, D is the pipe internal diameter, β is the hole
diameter ratio.
4) In principle, the pressure tap position shall ensure (when measuring gas medium flowrate) automatic
water drain or (when measuring liquid medium flowrate) automatic air exhaust, which means when
measuring liquid, the pressure tap shall be 45°below, when measuring gas, pressure tap shall be 45°
above, when measuring impurity contained gas, the flowrate shall be approximately vertical. The specific
position of pressure tap is shown in Drawing (51)

液体
Liquid 气体
Gas 蒸汽
Steam
45°
45°
45°

45°
45°
45°

Drawing (51) Position diagram of the pressure tap

3.2 Requirements on pipe

1) The throttling device shall be installed between two straight pipe of equal section, it is suggested to
that upper reach straight pipe section is 10DN and lower reach straight pipe section is 5DN. Additionally,
within the range at least 2DN to the upper reach end face of the throttling device, the difference between
the diameter of the straight pipe section at the upper and lower reach and average internal diameter D
shall not >0.3%.
2) Near the throttling device (including front and rear straight pipe section), medium must be filled in pipe;
if the isolation valve shall be installed, then the gate valve shall be selected and the valve shall keep full
open during working; if adjustment valve shall be installed, then the adjustment valve shall be installed
after the 5DN section at the lower reach.

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Table (3) Inside surface roughness upper limit of the orifice upper reach straight pipe section

Hole
diameter 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.75
ratio β
104K/D 25.0 18.1 12.9 10.0 8.3 7.1 5.6 4.9 4.2 4.0
K value is the equivalent absolute roughness

Table (4) The minimum length of orifice and upper and lower reach straight pipe section of the
nozzle is shown as below table:

Upper reach side baffle type and length of shortest straight pipe section Length
of lower
Expanded Full reach
Contracted side
Single 90º Two or pipe hole
Diameter Two or pipe minimum
elbow or several 90º (changing ball Ball
ratio several 90º (changing straight
tee (only elbows on from 0.5D valve or
β≤ elbows on from 2D to D valve full pipe
discharging the same to D gate
plane different within open section
from one within valve
planes 1.5~3D of the
branch) 1~2 full
length) throttling
length) open
part
0.20 10(6) 14(7) 34(17) 5 16(8) 12(6) 18(9) 4(2)
0.25 10(6) 14(7) 34(17) 5 16(8) 12(6) 18(9) 4(2)
0.30 10(6) 16(8) 34(17) 5 16(8) 12(6) 18(9) 5(2.5)
0.35 12(6) 16(8) 36(18) 5 16(8) 12(6) 18(9) 5(2.5)
0.40 14(7) 18(9) 36(18) 5 16(8) 12(6) 20(10) 6(3)
0.45 14(7) 18(9) 38(19) 5 17(9) 12(6) 20(10) 6(3)
0.50 14(7) 20(10) 40(20) 6(5) 18(9) 12(6) 22(11) 6(3)
0.55 16(8) 22(11) 44(22) 8(5) 20(10) 14(7) 24(12) 6(3)
0.60 18(9) 26(13) 48(24) 9(5) 22(11) 14(7) 26(13) 7(3.5)
0.65 22(11) 32(16) 54(27) 11(6) 25(13) 16(8) 28(14) 7(3.5)
0.70 28(14) 36(18) 62(31) 14(7) 30(15) 20(10) 32(16) 7(3.5)
0.75 36(18) 42(21) 70(35) 22(11) 38(19) 24(12) 36(18) 8(4)
0.80 46(23) 50(25) 80(40) 23(15) 54(27) 30(15) 44(22) 8(4)

Table (5) The minimum length of the straight pipe section of Venturi tube is shown as below
table:

Expanding Ball valve

two 90º
Diameter Single 90º Two 90ºelbows Contracting 3D 0.75D or gate
ratio elbow elbows (*)on valve full
(*) (**) on Changing D,
the same Changing D, open
β plane
different plane Length 3.5D
Length D

0.30 0.5（***） 1.5(0.5) (0.5) 0.5（***） 1.5(0.5) 1.5(0.5)

0.35 0.5（***） 1.5(0.5) (0.5) 1.5(0.5) 1.5(0.5) 2.5(0.5)
0.40 0.5（***） 1.5(0.5) (0.5) 2.5(0.5) 1.5(0.5) 2.5(1.5)
0.45 1.0(0.5) 1.5(0.5) (0.5) 4.5(0.5) 2.5(1.0) 3.5(1.5)

---35---
 0.50 1.5(0.5) 2.5(1.5) (8.5) 5.5(0.5) 2.5(1.5) 3.5(1.5)
0.55 2.5(0.5) 2.5(1.5) (12.5) 6.5(0.5) 3.5(1.5) 4.5(2.5)
0.60 3.0(1.0) 3.5(2.5) (17.5) 8.5(0.5) 3.5(1.5) 4.5(2.5)
0.65 4.0(1.5) 4.5(2.5) (23.5) 9.5(1.5) 4.5(3.5) 4.5(2.5)
0.70 4.0(2.0) 4.5(2.5) (27.5) 10.5(2.5) 5.5(3.5) 5.5(3.5)
0.75 4.5(3.5) 4.5(3.5) (29.5) 11.5(3.5) 6.5(4.5) 5.5(3.5)

3) Within the upper and lower reach straight pipe section range of the throttling part, it is not allowed to
have gasket which inserts in the pipe; avoid any condition which may disturb the flow field (for example:
liquid collecting or discharging).
4) Ensure that the minimum straight pipe section at the upper and lower reaches of the throttling device
is related with the upper reach resistance part type and throttling part diameter ratio β.
Note: 1. When thermometer bushing or jacks diameter <0.03D, the minimum length of the upper reach
straight pipe section is 5(3) D.
2. When thermometer bushing or jacks diameter 0.3D~0.13D, the minimum length of the upper reach
straight pipe section is 20(10) D.

3. The installation of thermometer bushing or jack won ’t change the upper reach straight pipe section
required for other pipe fittings.
4. If the value listed in the bracket is adopted, 0.5% additional error shall be added arithmetically basing
on the discharge coefficient error.
Value in the table is the multiple of D.

Note: 1. (*)bending radius of elbow ≥D.

2. (**) because the influences of these pipe fittings still occurs after 40D, this table can give the value
without bracket.
3. (***) generally speaking, no pipe fitting is 0.5D to the upper reach pressure tap of the standard Venturi
tube.
3.3 Requirement on the pressure taking pipe
1) The internal diameter of pressure lead-in pipe is related with the pipeline length, generally speaking, it
is is less than 45m, the pipe with internal diameter 12-16mm shall be adopted (see table below 6)

Internal
diameter (mm)
<16 16～45 45～90
Length (m)
Tested liquid
Water, steam, dry gas 7～10 10 13
Wet gas 13 13 13
Grease of low and intermediate
13 19 25
viscosity
Dirt liquid or gas 25 25 38

2) The short pipes out from the pressure tap shall keep on the same plane, if throttling device is installed
in the vertical pipe, certain distance (vertical direction) shall be kept between the pressure lead-in short
pipes, which may affect the zero point of the differential pressure transmitter, and shall be corrected via
“zero shift”.
3) The differential pressure pipeline shall have tight supporting for avoiding high load and vibration,
additionally, in order to avoid pressure taking error caused by temperature difference, two pressure
---36---
taking pipe shall be near each other and bound with heat insulation material, heat tracing shall be
adopted for preventing frozen in the chilly weather.
4) In the differential pressure signal pipeline, it is not allowed to have pocket space which may possible
reserve liquid or gas, if it is inevitable, gas collector (or exhaust valve) and clarifier (or steam trap) shall
be set. When the differential pressure pipe is very long (over 30m), the pipe shall be inclined section by
section, and gas collector (or exhaust valve) and clarifier (or steam trap) shall be set in all sections.
Notes:
① Condenser: when measuring the flowrate of steam and water with temperature >70 ℃, condenser
shall be installed.
② Isolator: when measuring corrosive, easy freezing, easy precipitating solid liquid, isolator shall be
installed.
③ Gas collector: measuring the flowrate liquid or steam, and the pressure transmitter installation position
is higher than the throttling device, gas collector shall be installed at the highest point of the connecting
pipe.
④ Clarifier: when measuring the flowrate of dirt liquid flowrate or measuring gas which may possible
precipitate condensation water or dirt contained ga, the pressure transmitter installation position is lower
than the throttling device, clarifier shall be installed.
⑤ When measuring the flowrate of gas, it is better to install the differential pressure transmitter above
the throttling device; when measuring the flowrate of liquid and steam, differential pressure transmitter it
is better to install below the throttling device.
3.4 Pipe connection of throttling device and differential pressure transmitter:
3.4.1 Connecting diagram of gas flowrate measuring pipeline is shown in Drawing (52).

---37---
3.4.2 Connecting diagram of liquid flowrate measuring pipeline is shown in Drawing (53).

---38---
3.4.3 Connecting diagram of steam flowrate measuring pipeline is shown in Drawing (54).

Description on parts number:

1. Butt welding type (socket weld) unequal-diameter joint Ф22/Ф14;
2. Seamless steel tube Ф14×2
3. Three-valve set (or five-valve set) PN16, DN5, with joint DN10;
4. Differential pressure transmitter
5. Throttling device;
6. Welding neck Formula (or slip-on) tee middle joint PN6.3, DN10
7. External thread ball valve (or stop valve), DN10;
8. Condenser, PN6.3, DN100, Ф14, with plug
9. Welding neck Formula (or slip-on) barrel middle joint, PN6.3, DN10
Note: Select the specification of pipe valve according to working pressure, temperature
parameters, which must meet the process requirement and pipe size.

---39---
3.4.4 Connecting diagram of measuring corrosive medium flowrate pipeline is shown in Drawing
(55)

2
3 1.1.测量管
Measuring tube
4 2.2.法兰
Flange
5 3.3.垫片
Pad
I
4.4.螺栓
Bolt
p 1
5.5.螺母
Nut
6.6.远传膜片密封
Far transmission diaphragm sealing
差压变送器
differential pressure transmitter
7 7.节流装置
7. Throttling device

Drawing (55)
3.4.5 Connecting mode diagram of measuring dust contained gas pipeline is shown in Drawing
(56)

Description on parts number:

1. Seamless steel tube Ф22×2; 2. Separation the container Ф55×3.53;

3. Barrel terminal joint; 4. Seamless steel tube;
5. Three- valve set; 6. Four-way;
7. Plug; 8. Separation the container Ф57×3.5;
9. Valve; 10. Tee middle joint;
11. Barrel terminal joint; 12. Differential pressure transmitter;
13. Throttling device;

4．Operation and maintenance

4.1 Operation
1) Throttling device must be used with differential pressure transmitter to measure the flowrate. For
convenient zero point adjustment onsite, the “three-valve set” must be installed at the pressure lead-in
pipe of differential pressure transmitter, please see the transmitter Instructions for the operating method.
2) In order to measure the differential pressure value of real flowrate, besides correctly laying the
pressure taking pipeline, the pressure conducting medium (static pressure value of the transmission

---40---
liquid) in the pressure taking pipeline shall keep at single phase (liquid phase or gas phase) state, which
means the flowrate of the measured liquid medium must ensure that the pressure taking pipeline is full of
liquid, gas is not allowed in the pipeline; when measuring the flowrate gas medium, the pipeline must be
filled in gas, condensation liquid is not allowed in the pipeline. Therefore, the gas collector or clarifier
may be installed to collect the gas from the liquid (periodically discharging) or liquid from the gas
(periodically eliminating).
3) Check if the design parameters of the throttling device are accordant with the actual parameters,
which has direct relation with the measurement precision. When putting the throttling device into use, if
the measured parameter keep at the design parameter range, the measurement precision won ’t exceed
the design calculation precision; however if the measured parameters is far from the design parameter
range (on the assumption that the model selection, manufacturing, installation of throttling device and
differential pressure transmitter meet the requirement), it is possible that the provided design parameters
are error, then please modify the design parameters, design and calculate the throttling device again.
4) The change of process condition during working will cause the change of liquid parameters,
temperature and pressure automatic track compensation shall be adopted, otherwise, it will cause
measurement error. Currently, varied types of intelligent flowrate displays are available in the market,
which allow to input the medium temperature, pressure, medium density under standard state,
compression coefficient, flowrate coefficient (discharge coefficient) and so on to ensure accurate
measurement of the throttling device.
4.2 Maintenance
The throttling device features reliable work, its common fault is that the pressure tap is jammed, the
pressure lead-in pipe is jammed or leaks, please periodically clean or blow the pressure tap and
pressure lead-in pipe and tighten the sealing connectors. When the environment temperature is lower
than the 0℃, heat insulation or heat tracing pipeline shall be adopted for the pressure taking pipe. When
measuring high temperature medium, condenser or isolator shall be installed to protect the pressure
measuring container of differential pressure transmitter from high temperature medium.
4.3 Site storage
The instrument storage site shall have following conditions:
a） Rain and moisture proof
b） Without mechanical vibration, and avoiding impact.

c） Temperature range: -10℃~+55℃

d） Humidity is not >80%

e） Avoid storing in the open air

5. Unpacking and cargo checking:

Before unpacking the instrument, please carefully check is the packaged is damaged with the sign of
prying or dropping, if it is suspicious and the articles in the package are damaged, please immediately
notify our company and the freighter! Open the package with care, do not scratch the throttling device or
other components. After unpacking, find the “Packaging List” in the attachment documents, and check
the components one by one according to the ordering contract, if any component is mistaken or missed
or damaged, please immediately notify our company. Confirm the instrument system configuration
according to the “Design Calculation Letter of Throttling Device”, which shall be used as reference for
installing, wiring and operating. Please carefully keep the attachment documents after checking the
components!

---41---
 Throttling device code list

Model

LGB --- standard orifice (pressure taking Accessories

mode is not limited)
LGBJ--- standard orifice (corner joint Code 0 1 2
pressure taking) Companion With, please
Accessories Without
LGBF--- standard orifice (flange pressure flange refer to contract
taking)
LGBZ--- flat orifice (DN>1000)
LGBY--- integrated orifice flowmeter
LGBX--- internal orifice (standard small Material of flange
orifice)
LGBR--- tapered inlet orifice Code 0 1 2 3
LGBS--- quarter circular orifice Stainless In the
LGBQ--- segmental orifice Carbon steel contract
Material Without
LGBP--- eccentric orifice steel
SUS304 List out
LGBT--- end socket orifice
LGBG--- high-pressure lens orifice
LGBK--- balance orifice Material of ring chamber (or measuring tube)
LGAT--- restriction orifice
Code 0 1 2 3 4
LGH --- annular orifice (common)
LGHM--- annular orifice (with equalizer Wit Stainles In the
Materi Carbo Alloy contract
ring) hou s steel
al n steel steel
LGHZ--- annular orifice (with isolation t SUS304 List out
diaphragm)
LGHY--- integrated annular orifice
flowmeter
LGHJ--- annular orifice (with jacket heat Material of throttling part (at minimum circulating section)
insulation)
LGP --- ISA1932 nozzle Code 1 2 3 4
LGPY--- integrated nozzle flowmeter
LGC--- long-radius nozzle Stainless Stainless Stainless
LGW --- classic Venturi tube See the
Material steel steel steel
LGWJ--- rectangular Venturi tube contract
SUS304 SUS321 SUS316L
LGWC--- plug-in Venturi tube
LGL --- Venturi nozzle
LGD --- low pressure loss flow tube
LGX --- wedge flowmeter
LGV --- V-cone flowmeter Nominal pressure (MPa)
LGY --- sonic nozzle (critical flow Venturi
nozzle) Code 01 02 03 04 06 07 08 09 10 11 00
LGG --- bend pipe flowmeter 0.25, 1, See the
LG3Y, LGJR--- airfoil measuring device Pressure 2.5 4 6.3 10 16 25 32 40
0.6 1.6 contract

Directly fill into the numerical value for inside nominal diameter
(mm), add 0 in the front if it is less than 4-digit
For example: inside nominal diameter is 150, code is 0150

---42---
 Kaifeng Instrument Co., LTD

Ordering Consultation Sheet of Throttling Device

Ordering Consultative Form for the Throttling Device
Mailing
Ordering Unit Address

Representative Date
Tel Fax
Model
Name of Instrument
Model
Upper limit of the selected differential pressure
Quantity meter
Up limit value for chosen pres diff meter
1. Measuring medium 11. Average atmospheric pres （using region）
12. Relative humidity Φ= %
2. Scale flowrate

3. Max flow m3/h (0℃,101.325kPa；
20℃,101.325kPa, working state)
4. Norm flow m3/h (0℃, 101.325kPa；
20℃,101.325kPa, working state)
5. Min flow m3/h (0℃, 101.325kPa；
20℃,101.325kPa；working state)
6. Work table pressure kPa
13. Pipe bore (external diameter ×wall thickness)
mm
14. Medium component
Volumetric percentage
15. Type of the selected throttling device
16. Material of the throttle element

7. Working temperature℃ 17. Material and the condition of the pipe

8. Measuring medium density (working state) kg/m3 18. Mounting position of the pipe
9. Measuring medium viscosity (working state)
19. Pressure loss
mPa ·s
10. Isentropic exponent under workingg state 20. Name of required accessories
Cautions on inputting the table:
1. This Consultation Sheet and the Contract are the reference of ordering and must be input clearly
without alteration.
2. Flowrate state must be inputed for the measuring gas flowrate: m3/h (0℃, 101.325kPa 20℃,
101.325kPa, working state)

---43---
Company Address: 38 Bianjing Rd., Kaifeng, Henan, China
Sales Hotline: 0378-2950908 2917062 2950860 2950868
Technical Support: 0371-2950859
Fax: 0378-2917062 2950860
E-Mail: KFJLFC@126. Com
Official Website: http://WWW. KFJL. COM
Postal Code: 475002

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