FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pasir Gudang

Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam,
81750 Masai, Johor Darul Takzim
Tel : +607-3818000

DATA PRESENTATION: FLUID MECHANICS CHE233

Lab Title: Osborne Reynolds Apparatus (Model: FM11)

Mark :
Course: Fluid Mechanics
Date : 19 December 2021
Participant Course : CHE 233 Semester : 3 Group: 3
*Please cancel which is
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
not necessary.
1 Nur Syafiq Daniel bin Hamzah 2020861612

2 Siti Nurain Asyikin binti Shamsul Aman 2020491434

3 Rasyidah Nurdiyana binti Noredzuan 2020846086

Instructor 1. Puan Norhafini Hambali

2.
Data
Presentatio
n (graph or A.1 Experiment 1
tables)
Laminar Flow

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (S) (L/s) (m3/s) Number
0.5 323 0.00155 1.548 x 10-6 147.65
0.5 154 0.00325 3.247 x 10-6 310.11
0.5 214 0.00234 2.337 x 10-6 222.47

Transitional Flow

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (S) (L/s) (m3/s) Number
0.5 19.50 0.0256 2.564 x 10-5 2445.58
0.5 19.28 0.0259 2.593 x 10-5 2472.47
0.5 19.75 0.0253 2.532 x 10-5 2415.17

Turbulent Flow

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (S) (L/s) (m3/s) Number
0.5 4.53 0.1104 1.104 x 10-4 10530.13
0.5 5.00 0.1000 1.000 x 10-4 9537.64
0.5 4.87 0.1023 1.027 x 10-4 9792.13

A.2 Experiment 2

Lower Critical Flow (Changing from laminar changing to transitional flow)

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (S) (L/s) (m3/s) Number
0.5 37.69 0.0133 1.326 x 10-5 1264.05
0.5 24.29 0.0206 2.058 x 10-5 1963.48
0.5 19.18 0.0261 2.607 x 10-5 2486.39
 Upper Critical Flow (Changing from turbulent flow to transitional flow)

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (S) (L/s) (m3/s) Number
0.5 20.56 0.0243 2.432 x 10-5 2319.10
0.5 22.59 0.0221 2.213 x 10-5 2110.11
0.5 29.47 0.0769 1.697 x 10-5 1617.97

Analysis of The experiment was carried out to see the characteristic of the flow of the liquid in the
Data: pipe and determine the Reynolds number for each state of the flow. The Reynolds
number of each trial was calculated using obtained data and Reynolds number formula.
We also observed the characteristic of the flow with naked eyes.
There are three types of flow that we study in this experiment. Firstly, in experiment 1,
we identify laminar flow which is the type of flow that its particles move in straight line
in the form of a thin parallel sheets. Laminar flow denotes a steady condition where all
streamlines follow parallel paths. Under this condition, the dye will remain easily
identifiable as a solid core. All three trials that we done had been calculated and it prove
that Reynolds number for laminar flow is under 2400. For turbulent flow, it denotes as
unsteady condition where streamlines interact causing shear plan collapse and mixing
occurs. We can prove this condition is applied to turbulent flow because all the Reynolds
number for this experiment that we calculated is more than 4000. Lastly is transitional
flow which is happen when the flow changes from laminar to turbulent or turbulent to
laminar. Because of this, we identified that Reynolds number for transitional flow is
between 2400 and 4000. Usually, the transitional flow will be created when there has a
disturbance.
In this experiment, we also observe the lower critical flow and upper critical flow. Lower
critical point the changing from laminar flow to transitional flow and it is where laminar
flow stops. For all three trials that we done, we got the Reynolds number for this lower
critical point between 1200 and 2500. Upper critical flow is the changing from turbulent
flow to transitional flow and it is where turbulent flow starts. Reynolds number for the
upper critical flow is not the accurate ones because there was an error when we did the
experiment. The results should be the high number of Reynolds number.
Conclusion The experiment was carried out to look at the characteristics of liquid flow through
pipes, which are also utilized to calculate the Reynolds Number for each flow condition.
The experiment was also carried out to understand and learn about the flow's behavior.
In this experiment, we look at three different types of flow. To begin, there is laminar
flow, which is a type of flow in which particles travel in a straight path as thin parallel
sheets. The term "laminar flow" refers to a stable state in which all streamlines follow
parallel courses. The dye will be immediately identified as a solid core in this condition.
Then there's turbulent flow, which is when the particles travel in a zigzag manner.
Turbulent flow is an unsteady condition in which streamlines collide, causing the shear
plan to collapse and mixing to occur. Finally, transitional flow occurs when a flow shifts
from laminar to turbulent or vice versa, causing a disturbance. As turbulence develops,
this will look like a wandering dye stream prior to dispersion.

In this experiment, we noticed that when the water flow rate increased, the dye line
changed. The shape shifts from narrow threads to somewhat swirling (still with smooth
thin threads) to totally swirling. This transition is from laminar flow to transitional flow,
and then to turbulent flow, and it does not happen all at once. We must keep the valve
closed until the flow has developed.

As a result, as the water flow rate increases, the Reynolds number rises as well, and the
dye line transitions from a straight line to whirling streamlines. Reynolds number is also
demonstrated to be dimensionless, as no unit represents the value of Reynolds number.
The Reynolds number for laminar flow is less than 2300, while the Reynolds number for
turbulent flow is greater than 4000. Transition flow has a Reynolds number ranging from
2300 to 4000.