Introduction to

Reservoir Engineering
Day 2
-DR. PRINCE
Reservoir fluid properties

 viscosity
 Density
 Formation volume factor
 Compressibility
 Solution gas
 Viscosity
 For oil viscosity

- Dead oil viscosity

- Saturated oil viscosity
-Below Saturated oil viscosity
It depends on = f (P,T,δ and Rs)
The oil viscosity at reservoir conditions can vary
from 10000 cP for a heavy oil to less than 1 cP
for a light oil.

For gas
it is a function of Pseudo reduce pressures,
Temperatures and molecular weight of the gas.
Density

API = (141.5 / Sp. gravity ) - 131.5

Crude oil range = (15 – 45) API

Light crudes (Brent and WTI) = (35-45)API
Condensates (propane and butane) = more than 45 API
Medium crude oil = (25-35) API
Extra heavy oil = less than 15 API
Formation volume factor

Bo = Vres/Vsc
(Bbl/STB)
Solution gas

 the amount of gas dissolved

in the oil at any pressure.
 It increases approximately
linearly with pressure and is a
function of the oil and gas
composition
 solution gas-oil ratio varies
from 0 (dead oil) to
approximately 2000 scf/bbl
(very light oil)
 Compressibilty
Above under saturated pressure -
compressibility is low.

At and below the bubble point pressure

(saturated condition) - oil compressibility
rises with reduction in pressure.
1 dv
Co = --- --- (Below Bubble point)
V dp
1 dv
Co = - --- --- (above Bubble point)
V dp
Reservoir classification

Oil reservoirs Gas reservoirs

Black oil Retrograde condensate

Low volatile oil Near critical gas

High volatile oil Wet gas

Near critical oil Dry gas

P-T representation of reservoir fluids
100% liq.

Parameters of P-T
Bubble point

Pressure
Dew point

99
Critical Point

Quality lines
1
Cricondentherm 10

Cricondenbar
Temperature
Oil reservoirs

Low
Gap volatile
is low

Black oil

Low Volatile High Volatile

Near Critical oil
IPR(inflow performance realtion) for
OIL

J = Qo
Pr-Pwf
 J = Qo
Pr-Pwf

Pr

Qo = J(Pr –Pwf)

Pwf = Pr –(1/J)Qo

AOF =Pr.J

Since Pwf = 0
For gas IPR
Oil recovery

Recovery Factor (RF)

Ed = Displacement sweep efficiency RF = Ed*Ea*Ev

Ea = Areal sweep Efficiency =1 (Max. recovery)

Ev = Vertical Sweep efficiency Np = N. RF

sweep efficiency Ed*Ea*Ev
Y= breadth

X=length
Z = height Ed
Ed

Ed = (Soi – So) / Soi Soi = initial oil saturation

So = final oil saturation

= Sw-Swi-Sgi / (1-Swi-Sgi)
Sw= final water saturaration

Swi =initial water saturation

Sgi = initial gas saturation

Ea

Areal sweep efficiency Ea

Before breakthrough = Winj / ( Swbt – Swi)

At Breakthrough = 0.054 + 0.031/ M + 0.3 / Exp(M) -0.005M

After Breakthrough = Eabt + 0.633*log( Winj / Wibt )

Ev

 Stills method

h1
k1
h2
k2 Lets take i = 3 then n = 5
k3 h3 ht

k4 Ev = k1 (h1 +h2 +h3) + (K2h2 +K3h3 +..+K5h5)

h4
______________________________________
k5
h5 K3(h1+…+h5)