Mechanical Engineering - GATE Exam

I.C Engine

• Mean Effective Pressure MEP:- Wnet=PMEP∆V

=MEP𝗑Piston area𝗑Stroke
= MEP𝗑Displacement
MEP= Wnet/Displacement= Wnet/Vmax-Vmin

• Otto Cycle Efficiency:- ηth,Otto = 1 − (1/rk−1)

where r = compression ratio k = cp/cv for air at room T

• Diesel Efficiency:- ηth,Diesel = 1 −(1/rk−1)[(rc)k - 1/k(rc-1)]

r = compression ratio, rc = cutoff ratio (rc = V3/V2 = v3/v2) k = cp/cv for air at
room T.
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒑 𝑰
• Indicated Thermal Efficiency:- ἠ𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊 = 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝒎𝒇 ×𝑪𝒗

Here, Ip = Indicated power, Cv = Calorific value of fuel, and Mf = Mass of

fuel/second

𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝒃𝒑
• Brake Thermal Efficiency:- ἠ𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐤𝐞 = =
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝒎𝒇 ×𝑪𝒗

Psychrometry
• Partial Pressure of Water Vapour:-

pv = partial pressure of water vapour

ps = partial pressure of dry air

where, (pvs)wb = saturation pressure of water vapour corresponding to wet bulb

temperature

p = atmospheric pressure of moist air

Twb = wet bulb temperature

Tdb = dry bulb temperature

• Absolute Humidity:-
𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐕𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐫
= 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐢𝐫(𝐌𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞)

• Specific Humidity(w):-

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐢𝐫

=
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐫𝐲 𝐀𝐢𝐫
Mechanical Engineering - GATE Exam

𝑷𝑽
𝜔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 Kg water vapour/kg of dry air
𝑷−𝑷𝑽

• Relative Humidity :-

𝑚𝑣 𝑃𝑣
∅= =
𝑚𝑠 𝑃𝑣𝑠

• Degree of Saturation (μ):-

Specific humidity of air ω

μ= =
Specific humidity of Saturated air ωs

• Dew Point Depression:-

DPD = DBT – DPT

• Enthalpy of Air (h):-

h = Cpm tab + w(hg – Cpv tdb)

• Sensible Heat Factor-

𝑺𝑯
=
𝑺𝑯 + 𝑺𝑳

• By Pass Factor:-

𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝒎=
𝒕𝟏 − 𝒕𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍

Air temperature at entry and exit is t1 and t2 respectively

• Volumetric Efficiency :-
𝟏⁄
𝜸
ἠ𝑽 = 𝟏 + 𝒄 − 𝒄(𝒓𝒑 )
p
C = Compression ratio, rp = 2⁄p1
• Vapour Absorption System C.O.P
𝑻𝒆 𝑻𝒈 − 𝑻𝒄
𝑪. 𝑶. 𝑷 = ( )×( )
𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻 𝒆 𝑻𝒈
Te=Evaporator Temperature
Tg=Generator Temperature
TC= Condenser Temperature
• Designation of Refrigerant:-
For a hydrocarbon Chemical formula is Cr Hs F1 CIy

If S+t+y=2r+2, designation of refrigerant is R(r-1)(S+1)t

It S+t+y=2r, designation of refrigerant is R1(r-1)(S+1)t

For an Inorganic Refrigerant

Designation is R(700 + molecular weight)

Power Plant Engineering
• Ranking Cycle efficiency-
Mechanical Engineering - GATE Exam

• Overall efficiency:-
=Eff. Boiler 𝗑 Eff. of Cycle 𝗑 Eff. of turbine 𝗑 Eff. of generator 𝗑 Eff. of auxiliary
• Efficiency of Brayton Cycle:-

Where rp is pressure ratio